Population viability analysis to estimate the needed number of capture-and-remove wild boars for control of African swine fever in the Republic of Korea

조희경(Hee-Kyeung Cho),정봉수(Bong-Su Jung),정충식(Chung-Sik Jung),박선일(Son-Il Pak),김으뜸(Eu-Tteum Kim) 한국예방수의학회 2020 예방수의학회지 Vol.44 No.4

Since the first detection of the African swine fever (ASF) virus in the Republic of Korea in 2019, the Korean government has applied interventions, including fencing, increasing the biosecurity level at domestic pig farms, and the capture-and-removal of wild boars. In particular, wild boars are an important risk factor for ASF control because they can spread disease among susceptible animals, such as wild boars or domestic pigs. A capture-and-removal method aims to reduce the likelihood of ASF transmission from wild boars to domestic boars or among wild boars by decreasing the number of susceptible wild boars. This study estimated the required number of wild boars captured and removed for ASF control using population viability analysis. Population factors, such as a life span, sex ratio, or an inbreeding depression with different capture-and-removal proportions of wild boars, were included in the analysis. Ten scenarios with different capture-and-removal proportions of wild boars and different periods of culling were considered. According to the results, a method in which 75% of wild boars are captured-and-removed for at least three years showed long-term effectiveness for more than ten years. The current ASF control method, in which 33% of wild boars are captured-and-removed, decreased the number of wild boars for three years, after which the wild boar population increased to more than its initial number. Given the limited human and material resources for controlling ASF in the Republic of Korea, it is recommended that resources be prioritized to increase the capture-and-removal proportion of wild boars to take full advantage of the ASF-control effectiveness.

Basic reproduction number of African swine fever in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and its spatiotemporal heterogeneity in South Korea

Jun-Sik Lim,김으뜸,Pan Dong Ryu,박선일 대한수의학회 2021 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.22 No.5

Background: African swine fever (ASF) is a hemorrhagic fever occurring in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and domestic pigs. The epidemic situation of ASF in South Korean wild boars has increased the risk of ASF in domestic pig farms. Although basic reproduction number (R0) can be applied for control policies, it is challenging to estimate the R0 for ASF in wild boars due to surveillance bias, lack of wild boar population data, and the effect of ASF-positive wild boar carcass on disease dynamics. Objectives: This study was undertaken to estimate the R0 of ASF in wild boars in South Korea, and subsequently analyze the spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Methods: We detected the local transmission clusters using the spatiotemporal clustering algorithm, which was modified to incorporate the effect of ASF-positive wild boar carcass. With the assumption of exponential growth, R0 was estimated for each cluster. The temporal change of the estimates and its association with the habitat suitability of wild boar were analyzed. Results: Totally, 22 local transmission clusters were detected, showing seasonal patterns occurring in winter and spring. Mean value of R0 of each cluster was 1.54. The estimates showed a temporal increasing trend and positive association with habitat suitability of wild boar. Conclusions: The disease dynamics among wild boars seems to have worsened over time. Thus, in areas with a high elevation and suitable for wild boars, practical methods need to be contrived to ratify the control policies for wild boars.

The Robust Phylogeny of Korean Wild Boar (Sus scrofa coreanus) Using Partial D-Loop Sequence of mtDNA

In-Cheol Cho,한상현,Meiying Fang,Sung-Soo Lee,Moon-Suck Ko,이항,임현태,Chae-Kyoung Yoo,이준헌,전진태 한국분자세포생물학회 2009 Molecules and cells Vol.28 No.5

In order to elucidate the precise phylogenetic relationships of Korean wild boar (Sus scrofa coreanus), a partial mtDNA D-loop region (1,274 bp, NC_000845 nucleotide positions 16576-1236) was sequenced among 56 Korean wild boars. In total, 25 haplotypes were identified and clas-sified into four distinct subgroups (K1 to K4) based on Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. An extended analysis, adding 139 wild boars sampled worldwide, confirmed that Korean wild boars clearly belong to the Asian wild boar cluster. Unex-pectedly, the Myanmarese/Thai wild boar population was detected on the same branch as Korean wild boar sub-groups K3 and K4. A parsimonious median-joining net-work analysis including all Asian wild boar haplotypes again revealed four maternal lineages of Korean wild boars, which corresponded to the four Korean wild boar sub-groups identified previously. In an additional analysis, we supplemented the Asian wild boar network with 34 Korean and Chinese domestic pig haplotypes. We found only one haplotype, C31, that was shared by Chinese wild, Chinese domestic and Korean domestic pigs. In contrast to our expectation that Korean wild boars contributed to the gene pool of Korean native pigs, these data clearly suggest that Korean native pigs would be introduced from China after domestication from Chinese wild boars.

경상남도 농경지에서 멧돼지에 의한 피해 경향 분석

김슬옹 ( Seul Ong Kim ),권관익 ( Kwan Ik Kwon ),김태수 ( Tae Su Kim ),고현서 ( Hyun Seo Ko ),장갑수 ( Gab Sue Jang ) 한국환경복원기술학회 2014 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.17 No.6

Wild boars are one of the major wild life animals of which the number has increased a lot because there has been any predator and/or competitor in the Korean ecosystem. The increase of their number was a cause damaging crops in farm lands during the growing season in South Korea. This study was done to recognize the spatial pattern of farm lands damaged by wild boars. Totally 2,342 farms were known damaged by wild boars in 2012, and used to statistically analyze the perspectives of the farm land damages by wild boars in ArcMap v. 9.3. Damages by wild boars frequently happened in the western part of Gyeongnam Province including Jinju city, Tongyoung city and Namhae county. Most farm lands damaged were located nearby large mountains in this area. It might cause the number of wild boars increased in this area, which could finally stimulate the increase of farm land damaged by the species. Farm land damages by wild boars were also coincident with the preference of wild boars on their food. They preferred crops (e.g., sweet potato and corn) in uplands and rice paddies and orchards. The reason of their preference on rice, upland crops and fruits was related to the efficiency of their getting much more energy in a unit area. Another reason for the species to come into a rice paddy would be that they enjoy mud bath in there for scraping off parasites such as ticks and lice. Wild boars were seemed much overcrowded during the period from July to October when most of crops and fruits get ripen. About three-quarters of total farm land damages happened in this period. This analysis also said that 1,915 fields (81.8% of total targets) appeared within the 100-meter buffer from boundaries of mountain areas. This meant that wild boars were more sensitive to the anthropogenic land uses than we expected. They seemed to conservatively try their feeding activities in farm lands with paying attention to the human activity.

경남 거창 농경지 멧돼지(Sus scrofa)의 식이물 분석

이성민 ( Seong Min Lee ),이우신 ( Woo Shin Lee ) 한국임학회 2014 한국산림과학회지 Vol.103 No.2

최근 멧돼지의 개체수 및 농작물 피해 증가로 인하여 사회적 문제를 야기 시키고 있다. 국내 멧돼지에 대한 연구는 미미하여 향후 효과적인 멧돼지 관리를 위해서는 종에 대한 생태적 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구는 2012년 5월부터 12월까지 경남 거창군 일대에서 유해야생동물 포획을 통해 수집된 멧돼지 위 내용물(n=79) 분석을 통하여 식이습성 구명 및 선호 농작물을 파학하기 위해 수행되었다. 연구 결과 멧돼지는 주로 식물성 먹이를 섭식하며, 계절별로 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 식물성 먹이는 잎-줄기가 83.5%로 가장 높은 출현율 보였으며, 농작물을 포함한 식물성 먹이는 건중량의 93.5%을 차지하였다. 무척추동물의 발견 빈도는 높았으나 빠르게 소화되는 특성으로 인하여 건중량은 낮게 나타났다. 식이농작물로는 밤, 벼, 사과 등이 선호하는 농작물로 나타났다. 수확기 농작물은 멧돼지가야생 먹이보다 선호하여 의도적으로 섭식하는 것으로 판단된다. 지렁이는 총 수집된 위에서 50%의 출현율을 보였으며, 섭식 마릿수는 여름에 가장 높고, 겨울에 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 멧돼지는 전형적인 잡식성의 성향을 보이며, 시기에 따라 섭식하는 식이물이 다른 것으로 나타났다. 향후 멧돼지에 의한 농작물 피해를 줄이기 위해서는 밤나무림에 인접한 논과 사과 과수원의 우선적인 피해방지가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. Wild boar have increased in recent years in Korea where damage to agricultural crops is considered as a social issue. The ecological studies on wild boar are essential for the effective management in the future. During May and December 2012, We collected 79 wild boar stomach samples from culling program implementation to reduce agricultural damage in Geochang County and analyzed stomach contents to figure out wild boar diet habit and which crop was preferred. There was seasonal variation in the diet. Plant foods represented up to 93.5% of the diet and were consumed more frequently than animal foods. Invertebrates occurred with high frequency but were underestimated in dry weight because they are rapidly digested. Agricultural crops consumed comprised mainly chestnuts(33%), rice(33%), and apples(24%). Agricultural crops are also a potentially important food resources for wild boar. The frequency of occurrence of earthworms was 50% of diet. Earthworm consumption generally increased in summer, and then decreased in winter. Our results show that wild boar can be considered an omnivore whose diet consists of plant and animal foods. To reduce wild boar agricultural damages, We have to focus on the prevention effort to rice paddy adjacent to chestnut forest and to apple orchard.

일본고전문학에서의 멧돼지 이미지

홍성목 ( Seong Mok Hong ) 한국일어일문학회 2014 日語日文學硏究 Vol.91 No.2

「고사기」의 오쿠니누시 야마토타케루, 오시쿠마 왕의 이야기는 왕자王者에게 죽음을 가져다주는 존재로 멧돼지가 등장한다. 고대 일본인에게 있어서멧돼지는 인간에게 해를 끼치는 무서운 존재였기 때문에, 죽음의 이미지의 상징으로 인식되고 있었던 것이 아닐까 생각된다. 그런데 멧돼지가 가진 죽음의 이미지는 오진 천황조 무렵부터 기기記紀 모두 등장하지 않고, 단지 사냥의 대상으로 묘사된다. 그것은 한반도를 통한 대륙문화의 유입과 함께 멧돼지의 이미지 또한 변한 것으로 보인다. 또한 「고사기」와 「속일본기」의 기사에서 고대의 멧돼지 사육과 관련된 직업의 존재와일반 백성도 멧돼지를 기르고 있던 것을 알 수 있다. 그리고 돼지가 멧돼지를 가축화되는 동안 품종화된 동물임을 감안하면 가축화된 멧돼지는 고대에서 현대에 이르기까지 일본인의 생활에 큰 영향을 끼쳤다고 할 수 있을 것이다. 이처럼 멧돼지는 왕자王者에게 죽음을 가져다 무서운 존재, 즉 신과 같은 위치에서 점차 단순한 사냥의 대상이 되고, 또한 가축으로 취급되어졌다. 이것은 고대인들이 모시던 신이 시대가 변함에 따라 단순한 사냥의 대상이 되고, 가축화되어 버린 이른바 신의 영락零落이라고도 말할 수 있을 것이다. As described above, in the story of Okuninushi “Kojiki”, Yamatotakeru, ofOshikumaokimi, wild boar appeared as the presence that causes death to a monarch. It is believed that for wild boar was a horrible existence that harm to human beingsfor the ancient Japanese, that it might be had been recognized as a symbol of theimage of death. However, the image of death of wild boar does not appear in both Kiki fromOjin dynasty, I just come to be portrayed as the subject of hunting. I suspect ithas evolves over the influx of culture of the continent via the Korean Peninsula. I also suggests that from the article and “Kojiki” and “Shokunihonki”, and thepresence of the occupation involved in the breeding of wild boar rocks in ancienttimes, the general farmer was also kept a wild boar. And he said that consideringthat it is an animal began to breed into among pigs are domesticated wild boar,wild boar that have been domesticated and has had a significant impact on the livesof Japanese people ranging from ancient times wax. In this way, frightening presence that causes death to champion, from a positionthat is like God, it becomes the subject of hunting just gradually, wild boar willbe treated as livestock. It can be said that this is God who worshiped the ancients,that is domesticated hunting just, or extermination, as the era down, also faded gloryof the so-called God.

Responses of an herbaceous community to wild boar (Sus scrofa coreanus Heude) disturbance in a Quercus mongolica forest at Mt. Jeombong, Korea

Lyang, Doo-Yong,Lee, Kyu-Song The Ecological Society of Korea 2010 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.33 No.3

This research identified a disturbance regime caused by wild boar in a mature Quercus mongolica forest and analyzed the impact of this disturbance on the structure and distribution of herbaceous plants in Mt. Jeombong, Korea. We demonstrate that disturbance by wild boar was most frequent from winter to early spring, but also occurred year round. Areas which were frequently disturbed by wild boar included the mountain ridge, the mild slope on the north face, and sites with high concentration of Erythronium japonicum. The disturbance cycle by the wild boar in this region was estimated at approximately 2.8 years. The wild boar's reduced the community's species diversity and herbaceous coverage, and increased its evenness. This disturbance reduced the coverage of spring ephemeral; Veratrum nigrum var. ussuriense, Symplocarpus niponnicus, Anemone koraiensis and Corydalis turtschaninovii were particularly sensitive. In addition, summer green herbaceous plants such as Astilbe chinensis, Ainsliaea acerifolia, Meehania urticifolia, and Pimpinella brachycarpa were sensitive to the wild boar's. It was found that wild boar ate E. japonicum most selectively of all plants in this investigation area. In conclusion, together with micro-topography, wind, formation of gaps of a forest and rearrangement of litter layer, wild boar's disturbance is an important factor influencing the dynamic changes of an herbaceous community in a mature temperate hardwood forest.

Responses of an herbaceous community to wild boar (Sus scrofa coreanus Heude) disturbance in a Quercus mongolica forest at Mt. Jeombong, Korea

양두용,이규송 한국생태학회 2010 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.33 No.3

This research identified a disturbance regime caused by wild boar in a mature Quercus mongolica forest and analyzed the impact of this disturbance on the structure and distribution of herbaceous plants in Mt. Jeombong, Korea. We demonstrate that disturbance by wild boar was most frequent from winter to early spring, but also occurred year round. Areas which were frequently disturbed by wild boar included the mountain ridge, the mild slope on the north face, and sites with high concentration of Erythronium japonicum. The disturbance cycle by the wild boar in this region was estimated at approximately 2.8 years. The wild boar’s reduced the community’s species diversity and herbaceous coverage, and increased its evenness. This disturbance reduced the coverage of spring ephemeral; Veratrum nigrum var. ussuriense, Symplocarpus niponnicus, Anemone koraiensis and Corydalis turtschaninovii were particularly sensitive. In addition, summer green herbaceous plants such as Astilbe chinensis, Ainsliaea acerifolia, Meehania urticifolia, and Pimpinella brachycarpa were sensitive to the wild boar’s. It was found that wild boar ate E. japonicum most selectively of all plants in this investigation area. In conclusion, together with micro-topography, wind, formation of gaps of a forest and rearrangement of litter layer, wild boar’s disturbance is an important factor influencing the dynamic changes of an herbaceous community in a mature temperate hardwood forest.

비침습 샘플 DNA 분석으로 유추한 영월 한반도습지 내 멧돼지(Sus scrofa)의 생태 연구

김민경,이상임,박효민,이상돈 한국환경영향평가학회 2020 환경영향평가 Vol.29 No.3

본 연구는 비침습 샘플인 털을 이용하여 영월 한반도습지 내 서식하는 멧돼지(Sus scrofa)의 유전분석을 통하여 그들의 서식 생태를 유추하였다. 털 시료는 2018년 11월부터 2019년 5월까지 한반도습지(2.772km2) 내에서 비빔목 및 헤어트랩을 이용하여 수집하였다. 털 시료로부터 DNA를 추출하여 개체의 종과 성을 PCR을 통해 파악하였으며 6개의 마이크로새틀라이트 마커를 이용하여 개체 구분과 개체 간 유전적 근연관계를 유추하였다. 수집된 털 시료 중 총 16개의 털이 멧돼지의 시료였으며, 이는 암컷 7마리, 수컷 3마리의 10개체로부터 수집된 것임이 판명되었다. 이 10개체의 유전적 관계를 추정해 본 결과, 이들이 만들어내는 45쌍 중에 9쌍의 개체가 친족관계일 가능성이 높게 나타났다. 개체 쌍의 친족관계와 털 시료가 채집된 위치를 함께 고려하여 본 결과, 한반도습지 일대에서 서식하는 멧돼지는 암컷과 그 자손으로써 모계 가족단위로 생활하는 것으로 추정되며, 이는 기존에 알려진 멧돼지의 습성과도 일치하는 결과이다. 그러나 본 연구에 사용된 샘플과 마이크로새틀라이트 마커의 수가 제한적이므로 향후 추가적인 분석이 필요하다. This study inferred the ecology of habitat use of the wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Yeongwol Hanbando wetland through DNA analysis using non-invasive samples of hairs. From November 2018 to May 2019, hair samples were collected from rubbing trees and hair traps within the Hanbando wetland (2.772 km2). We extracted DNA from the hair samples and conducted PCR to verify the species and identify sex of the individuals. In addition we analysed 6 microsatellite markers to identify individuals and genetic relationship among the pairs of individuals. A total of 16 boar hairs were sampled, which turned out to be from 10 individual (7 females and 3 males) boars. We found that 9 pairs, out of 45 possible pairs, were most likely to be relatives. The result from kinship data and the location of the sampled hairs suggest that wild boars in this area live as family groups that consist of a mother and her offspring, which is consistent with known habits of wild boars. It is needed to include more samples and microsatellite markers for better precise estimation of kinship among the boar individuals.

Comparison of antibiotic resistance profiles for Escherichia coli isolated from wild boar and domestic pig fecal samples

Yoo, Sung J.,Sunwoo, Sun Young,Seo, Sang Won,Lyoo, Young S. The Korean Society of Veterinary Science 2015 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.55 No.1

Increasing presence of wild boar around cities and suburban areas is a growing concern with respect to agronomy, environmental ecology, and public safety. In this study, antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia (E.) coli isolated from wild boar and domestic pig fecal samples were compared. Eighty E. coli samples were isolated from wild boars. Resistance of the bacteria to 14 common antimicrobial agents used in human and veterinary medicine was evaluated. Ninety-five E. coli isolates from domestic pig farms were used for comparison. Common and distinct antibiotic resistance patterns were observed when comparing wild boar and domestic pig isolates, indicating that wild boars may significantly influence environmental microbiology.