대구지역 총 부유분진중 중금속

이찬형 한국환경보건학회 2003 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.29 No.1

This study was carried out to characterize the behavior and sources of particulate trace metal in Daegu city. TSP (Total Suspended Particulate matter) was collected by filters on High Volume Air Sampler from the four areal (reference, residential, commercial, industrial area). The moult were analyzed by AAS after preliminary treatment. The average centration trend of trace metals contained in TSP was shown as follows : Fe > Cu > Pb > Mn > Ni > Cr > Cd. The trace metals showed the highest concentration in the industrial area. This study showed the seasonal variation of trace metals. Fe and Mn showed high concentration in spring, whereas Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb showed high concentration in winter. Also this study showed the regional variation of trace metals. The order of the average concentration of trace metals was : industrial > commercial > residential > reference area. Using Mn as a reference element, the enrichment factor analysis were used for identifying the trace element contributors. The enrichment factors of Cr, Fe < 10 were considered to have a significant dust and soil source and termed nonenriched. Pb, Cd, Cu >>10 were enriched and had a significant fraction which was contributed by anthropogenic sources.

가로림만 표층 퇴적물 내 미량금속 분포 특성

박경규,최만식,조동진,장동준,박소정,PARK, KYOUNGKYU,CHOI, MANSIK,JOE, DONGJIN,JANG, DONGJUN,PARK, SOJUNG 한국해양학회 2020 바다 Vol.25 No.2

가로림만 퇴적물에서 미량금속의 인위적인 영향을 평가하기 위하여 2010년과 2015년 총 77개의 표층 퇴적물 시료를 채취하여 물리적 특성 요소(입도 및 비표면적)와 지화학적 요소(주성분(Al, Ca, Fe, K, Ba) 및 미량금속(Mn, Cs, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb), 유기탄소 및 탄산칼슘)들을 분석하였다. 가로림만 표층 퇴적물의 평균 입도는 0.51-5.58 Ø(평균 3.98 Ø) 범위였으며 외만에서부터 내만으로 증가하였고, 수로에서 육지 방향으로 증가하였다. 일부 원소를 제외한 대부분의 금속 농도는 입자의 크기가 작아지고 비표면적이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 미량금속의 농도를 조절하는 요인을 추정하기 위하여 요인분석(factor analysis)을 실시하여, 총 3개의 요인을 추출(총 변이의 92.7%) 하였다. 요인 1은 총 변이의 71.3%를 설명하였는데 입도 요인이었고, 요인 2는 총 변이의 14.2%를, 요인 3에서는 총 변이의 7.2%를 설명하였다. 배경농도를 이용하여 농축인자를 계산하였다. 농축인자가 1.5 이상인 금속과 그 시료 수는 Cr 4개(정점 1, 16, 27, 39)와 Pb 1개(정점 39)였으나 이 들 금속에 대한 용출 금속 농도에서는 타 시료와 차이가 없었다. 가로림만의 총 금속 농도에 대한 1M HCl 용출 금속 농도의 백분율은 Pb~Co>Cu>Zn~Mn>Ni>Cr 순서로 감소하였으며 Pb은 입도에 따른 변화를 보였으나 다른 금속들은 모래를 제외하면 매우 일정한 값을 보였다. 이 값을 오염된 지역 및 청정 해역과 비교하면 모든 지역에서 Cu, Zn 및 Pb의 농도 수준과 관련없이 금속별 백분율이 유사하였다. 이는 1M HCl 용액과 퇴적물 구성 성분 사이의 반응 여부에 따른 결과라고 판단되고, 농축 정도를 판단하는데 이 용출 비율을 사용하는 것은 한계가 있음을 나타낸다. In 2010 and 2015, total 77 surface sediment samples were collected to assess the anthropogenic effects of trace metals in surface sediments of Garolim Bay, and the physical characteristics (particle size and specific surface area) and geochemical components (major (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Ba) and trace metals (Mn, Cs, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb), organic carbon and calcium carbonate) were analyzed. Mean grain size of Garolim Bay surface sediments ranged from 0.51-5.58 Ø (mean 3.98 Ø) and increased from the inlet of bay to the inner bay, and from the waterway to the land. Most of the metal concentrations except for some elements showed the similar distribution to those of mean grain size and specific surface area. As the particle size decreased and the specific surface area increased, the metal concentration increased. In order to estimate the factors controlling the concentration of trace metals, factor analysis was performed, and three factors were extracted (92.7% of the total variation). Factor 1 accounted for 71.3% of the total variation, which was a grain size factor. Factor 2 accounted for 14.2% of the total variation, Factor 3 accounted for 7.2% of the total variance. Enrichment factor was calculated using the particle size corrected background concentration. Metals with a enrichment factor of 1.5 or higher and the number of samples were 4 for Cr (St. 1, 16, 27, 39) and 1 for Pb (St. 39), but there were little differences in the concentrations of 1M HCl leached metals for these metals. The percentage of 1M HCl leached fraction to total metal concentration decreased in the order of Pb~Co>Cu>Zn~Mn>Ni>Cr. Comparing this value with contaminated and clean sediments in other coastal areas, the percentages for each metal were similar regardless of the trace metal levels in all regions. This fact might be resulted from the reaction between the 1M HCl solution and the different sediment constituents, indicating that there is a limit to apply this percentage of leached metal to the estimation of the contamination extent.

금강 하구역 해수 및 표층퇴적물 내 미량금속 분포 특성

정혜령,이연정,최동한,나공태 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2022 한국해양환경·에너지학회지 Vol.25 No.2

The spatial and temporal distribution characteristic of trace metals in seawater and surface sediments were investigated in the Geum River Estuary. Concentrations of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb in seawater and sediments tended to decrease from inside of the Estuary to outer sea, showing distinct regional differences. In the July survey, where precipitation was relatively high, the mean concentrations of these metals in dissolved phase and total suspended particles (TSS) were higher than those of other surveys, indicating that terrestrial- and runoff-derived trace metals were discharged from Geum River. However, trace metal concentrations in surface sediments were higher in the September than in July. The mean particle size of sediments was 131.6 μm, and large particles were present compared to other sampling periods. Therefore, it was found that fine particles with a high concentration of trace metals were removed to the outer part of Estuary due to the discharge of Geum River. The overall contamination level of trace metals in TSS and surface sediments was very low, and there was a good positive correlation among trace metals. These results suggest that the discharge through the Geum River Bank due to precipitation rather than the pollution source existing around the Geum River Estuary is a factor that mainly affects the spatial-temporal distribution of trace metals. 본 연구에서는 금강 하구역의 해수 및 표층퇴적물 내 미량금속의 시·공간적 분포 특성에 대한 조사를 수행하였다. 해수 및 퇴적물 내 Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, 및 Pb의 농도는 하구 내측에서 외해역으로 갈수록 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 하구역 내측의 미량금속 농도가 상대적으로 높은 뚜렷한 지역적 차이를 보였다. 강수량이 많았던 7월 조사에서 이들 해수 중 용존 형태와 입자형태(총부유물질) 내 미량금속의 평균농도는 다른 조사시기보다 높아, 금강 하구둑 방류로 인한 육상기인 입자와 및 비점오염원에 기인한 미량금속이 유출되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 표층퇴적물의 경우, 7월 조사의 평균농도가 다른 조사시기에 비해 낮은 특징을 보였다. 7월 조사에서 퇴적물 입도의 평균은 131.6 μm로 다른 시기에 비해 큰 입자가 퇴적되어 있었다. 따라서 금강 하구둑을 통한 담수의 방류로 인해 하구역에서는 세립한 입자가 외해역으로 제거되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 총부유물질과 퇴적물 내 미량금속 오염도는 낮았으며, 미량금속 원소들 간의 좋은 상관관계가 존재하고 있었다. 이들 결과는 금강 하구역 주변에 존재하는 오염원(장항제련소, 군산 국가산업단지)보다는 강우로 인한 금강 하구둑을 통한 담수 유출의 강도가 금강 하구둑의 미량금속의 시·공간 분포에 주요하게 영향을 미치는 요인임을 시사한다.

Monitoring Trace Metals in Seawater using a Diffusive Gradient in Thin Film Probe in Ulsan Bay, East Sea, Korea: Comparison with Transplanted Mussels

김미선,최만식,김찬국 한국해양과학기술원 2016 Ocean science journal Vol.51 No.2

To evaluate the applicability of a diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT) probe for monitoring dissolved metals in coastal seawater, DGT-labile metal concentrations were compared with total dissolved metal concentrations using spiked and natural seawater samples in the laboratory and transplanted mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). This was achieved through the simultaneous deployment of DGT probes and transplanted mussels in Ulsan Bay during winter and summer. DGT-labile metal concentrations were 45% (Cu) ~ 90% (Zn) of total dissolved concentrations, and the order of non-labile concentrations was Cu > Pb > Co ~ Ni > Cd ~ Zn in both metal-contaminated and non-contaminated seawater samples, which was similar to the order of stability of metal complexes in the Irving– Williams series. The overall variability of the DGT probe results within and between tanks was less than 10% (relative standard deviation: RSD) for all the metals tested during a 48-h deployment. The accumulation of metals, as determined by DGT probes, represented the spatial gradients better than the transplanted mussels did for all of the metals tested, and the extent of metal accumulation in mussels differed depending on the metal. The comparison of results for the DGT probe and the transplanted mussels in two seasons (winter and summer) suggested that metal accumulation in mussels was controlled by the physiological factors of mussels and partly by their diet (particulate metal loadings). The DGT probe could be used as a monitoring tool for dissolved metals in coastal seawater because its results explained only labile species. When using the DGT probe, slightly more than half of the total dissolved concentration in seawater samples for all the metals investigated displayed timeintegrated properties and distinct spatial gradients from pristine to metal-contaminated seawater.

남해안 패류양식해역(여자만과 강진만)의 퇴적물내 미량금속 분포특성 및 오염도 평가

최민규,이인석,김형철,황동운 한국수산과학회 2015 한국수산과학회지 Vol.48 No.5

The concentrations of trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, and Zn) were determined in 49 surface sediment samples collected in Yeoja and Gangjin Bays on the south coast of Korea, which contain many shellfish farms, in order to assess the contamination level and to understand the spatial distribution of trace metals. The average metal concentrations in the surface sediments of both bays decreased in the order Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Hg. There were no differences in metal concentrations between shellfish farms and reference sites. The metal concentrations were significantly higher in Gangjin Bay than in Yeoja Bay. Notably, the Cu, Cd, and Hg concentrations were nearly twice as high in Gangjin Bay as in Yeoja Bay. A multivariate analysis showed a strong correlation among Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, and Cr in the sediments of both bays, implying that the metal concentrations in the sediments in the study area were mainly dependent on natural processes, such as crustal components and diagenesis. Based on the geoaccumulation index and marine sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), the surface sediments in Yeoja and Gangjin Bays are not polluted by trace metals.

Numerical study on the particle distribution of coal for recovery of critical metals

Jha Vandana Kumari 한국자원공학회 2023 Geosystem engineering Vol.26 No.5

Coal is considered to be a significant resource of critical metals and minerals. Recovery of these critical metals is considered to be highly important in terms of advancement and technology. This paper presents a numerical study of the particle size distribution of coal and its impact on the recovery of critical metals. This study uses the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to simulate the transport and deposition of coal particles inside a helical domain, which can be used as a device for separating particles. The numerical study , based on the particle tracing model for fluid flow and particle tracing, is used to simulate the behavior of coal particles in a slurry under different flow conditions. The transient study for a six-turn helical coil domain is analyzed for different flow velocities ranging from 4000 � Re � 8000. The simulation results show that the particle size distribution of coal plays a crucial role in the recovery of critical metals. Additionally, the distribution of critical metals inside the domain varies with the size and density of the particles. It is observed that increasing the fluid velocity can significantly increase the recovery of critical metals. Finally, the transmission probability of particles remaining trapped inside the domain is also calculated, which could help in optimizing the helical geometry so that all the particles could come out of the flowing conduit. The number of particles coming out of the helical domain increases with the increase in flow rate. The results of the study show that the particle size distribution of coal plays a significant role in the recovery of critical metals. The findings can help guide the development of more efficient and cost-effective methods for extracting critical metals from coal.

곰소만 바지락(Ruditapes phillippinarum) 양식장 주변 퇴적물 내유기물과 미량금속 분포특성

최민규,이인석,김청숙,김형철,황동운 한국수산과학회 2015 한국수산과학회지 Vol.48 No.4

Organic matter and trace metals were investigated in surface sediments of Gomso Bay, where there is dense Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum farming activity, to evaluate contamination of sediments in intertidal shellfish farming area. We measured mean grain size (Mz), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ignition loss (IL), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), total organic carbon (TOC), and total nitrogen (TN), and trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn) in intertidal and sublittoral sediments. The intertidal sediments were mainly composed of coarser sediments (sand, silty sand, and sandy silt), with Mz values ranging from 2.61 to 4.79 Ø. Mz and the content of organic matter in sediments were lower in the intertidal zone than in the sublittoral zone. The mean metal concentrations in surface sediments decreased in the order Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Hg. The metal concentrations in surface sediments showed a significant positive correlation with Mz and organic matter content, indicating that metal concentrations in the surface sediments of Gomso Bay are controlled by Mz and organic matter. The concentrations of organic matter and trace metals in the study region were lower than or similar to those in other intertidal zones in western coast and much lower than those reported in other shellfish farming areas in Korea. Our results suggest that intertidal Manila clam farming sediments from Gomso Bay are not contaminated by organic matter and trace metals.

정삼투 여과를 통해 중금속 제거 시 잔류성 유기물질에 의한 정삼투 여과 성능 변화

조경근 대한환경공학회 2021 대한환경공학회지 Vol.43 No.3

목적:중금속과 잔류성 유기물질이 존재하는 Feed 용액을 정삼투 여과로 처리 시 잔류성 유기물질의 존재가 정삼투 여과에서 중금속 제거율과 물 투과도에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대해 파악하고자 하였다. 방법:총 4가지 Feed 용액(① 중금속만을 포함, ② 중금속과 Trimethoprim을 포함, ③ 중금속과 Ibuprofen을 포함, ④ 중금속과 Triclosan을 포함)을 이용하여 정삼투 여과실험을 진행하였다. 그리고 Feed 용액에 따른 물 투과도와 중금속 제거율에 대한 실험결과를 비교 및 분석하였다. 결과 및 토의:물 투과도는 Ibuprofen을 제외한 유기물질을 포함하는 실험에서 더 높게 나타났다. 이는 멤브레인 지지층 내 유기물질의 흡착으로 인한 내부 농도 분극의 감소가 영향을 미쳤다고 판단된다. Ibuprofen을 포함하는 실험에서는 Gibbs-Donnan 효과로 역염투 여과도가 증가하여 물 투과도가 감소되었다고 판단된다. 중금속 제거율은 정삼투 여과에서 대부분 제거되는 중금속의 경우 유기물질의 영향이 없었지만, 그렇지 않은 중금속의 경우 유기물질이 포함될 때 제거율이 증가하는 모습을 보였다. 이는 주로 멤브레인 내 흡착에 따른 막힘현상이 영향을 미쳤다고 판단된다. 결론:이번 연구에서 Feed 용액 내 잔류성 유기물질의 존재가 물 투과도와 중금속 제거율에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 중금속과 다양한 유기물질을 포함하는 Feed 용액을 정삼투 여과로 처리할 시 용액의 구성에 따라 여과 성능이 변할 것으로 판단된다. Objectives:The purpose of this study was to examine how the presence of trace organic compounds (TROCs) affects water flux and heavy metal rejection in forward osmosis (FO) filtration when feed solution (FS) contains TROCs and heavy metals. Methods:Four FS (① only heavy metals, ② heavy metals and Trimethoprim, ③ heavy metals and Ibuprofen, ④ heavy metals and Triclosan) were used, and the FO filtration experiments were conducted to perform comparative analysis on the water flux and the rejection rate depending on the FS type. Results and Discussion:The water flux was higher when FS contained TROCs except Ibuprofen, compared to FS containing only heavy metals. It is speculated that the increased water flux was influenced by the decrease in the internal concentration polarization (ICP), which was caused by the adsorption of the TROCs in the support layer of the membrane. The water flux decreased when FS contained Ibuprofen, and this may be because reverse salt flux increased due to the Gibbs-Donnan effect. The rejection rate was not affected by TROCs when heavy metals were mostly rejected in FO filtration, but for the heavy metal that was not fully rejected, the rejection rate increased when FS contained TROCs. It is speculated that this was mainly due to clogging caused by the adsorption on the membrane. Conclusions:It was demonstrated that the presence of TROCs in FS can affect water flux and the rejection rate of heavy metals. Therefore, when the FS containing heavy metals and various organic substances is treated by FO filtration, the performance of the filtration is expected to change depending on the composition of the solution.

Isotachophoretically Assisted On-Line Complexation of Trace Metal Ions in a Highly Saline Matrix for Capillary Electrophoresis

Jihye Kim,최기환,Sunyoung Cho,아시프,정두수 대한화학회 2012 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.33 No.3

Trace metal ions such as Cd2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ in a highly saline sample were subjected to on-line complexation with 4-(2-thiazolylazo) resorcinol (TAR) dissolved in a background electrolyte (BGE) under transient isotachophoresis (TITP) conditions. A long plug of the saline sample, containing the trace metal ions but devoid of TAR, was injected into a coated capillary filled with a BGE composed of 150 mM 2-(cyclohexylamino) ethanesulfonic acid (CHES) and 110 mM triethylamine (TEA) at pH 9.7. Since the electrophoretic mobility of TAR fell between the mobilities of the anionic leading electrolyte (Cl− in the sample) and the anionic terminating background electrolyte (CHES−), a highly concentrated zone of TAR from the BGE was formed at the rear of the sample matrix and then the metal cations toward the cathode were swept by isotachophoretically assisted on-line complexation (IAOC) between the metal ions and the isotachophoretically stacked TAR. As a result, anionic metal-TAR complexes were formed efficiently, which satisfy the TITP conditions between Cl− and CHES−. The enrichment factors of metal ions including Cd2+ were up to 780-fold compared to a conventional CZE mode using absorbance detection. The detection limits were 17 nM, 15 nM, and 27 nM for Ni2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ in a 250 mM NaCl matrix, respectively. Our method was successfully applied to the analysis of urine samples without desalting.

시화호 퇴적물 내 미량금속의 지화학적 특성

나공태(Kongtae Ra),김경태(Kyung Tae Kim),김은수(Eun Soo Kim),원은지(Eun-Ji Won),임경인(Kyoung-In Lim),박순영(Soon-Young Park),신경훈(Kyung-Hoon Shin) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2009 한국해양환경공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.11월

경기만에 위치한 인공호수인 시화호 내측 및 외측 해역에서 채집된 표층퇴적물 중 미량금속(V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sn, Sb 및 Pb)의 지화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 시화내측 정점에서의 Cu, Zn, Cd 및 Pb의 평균 농도가 외측 해역에 비해 약 2-4배 정도 높았으며, 내측 지역의 시화 및 반월 공단과 인접한 정점에서 NOAA의 ERL을 초과하는 농도를 보였다. 이들 퇴적물 내 미량금속 (Cu, Zn, Cd 및 Pb)을 생물이용가능한 형태(acid-leachable)와 잔류형태(residual fraction)로 나누어 분석한 결과 acid-leachable이 평균 50%를 차지하고 있었다. 비교적 불안정한 형태로 존재하는 미량금속이 환경 및 해양생물에 미치는 영향에 대한 다양한 조사가 필요하다. The geochemistry of sediments from Shihwa Lake and outer sea has been studied. Samples were analyzed for trace metals (V, Cr Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sn, Sb and Pb). The average metals concentrations (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) of Lake Shihwa were 2-4 times higher than that of outer sea. Metal contamination which exceeds the ERL level (NOAA) was showed in the inner part of the lake, showing a signifiant input of metals from Industrial Complexs and cities. We have also measured a bioavailable fraction in total metals after acid extraction. In case of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, acid-leachable fraction is over 50% of total fraction. Because the trace elements might be easily released from sediment, the analysis showed that sediment geochemistry (phase speciation of metal elements) may have important impacts on the environmental assessment of trace metals.