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나공태,김종근,홍상희,임운혁,심원준,이승용,김영옥,임재수,김은수,김경태 한국해양과학기술원 2014 Ocean science journal Vol.49 No.3
Heavy metal concentrations in the surface sediments of specially managed Ulsan Bay were investigated to determine metal distribution, pollution status and its ecological risk using pollution indices (enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index), potential ecological risk index and sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). The order of mean concentration (mg/kg) of metals was Zn (361.9) > Cu (95.6) > Pb (90.7) > Cr (64.7) > Ni (32.2) > Co (16.6) > As (15.8) > Cd (0.40) > Hg (0.16) in sediments of Ulsan Bay. Spatial distribution of metals in sediments showed a significantly higher concentration near industrial complexes, indicating that metal pollution is caused by anthropogenic sources. The results of enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) showed that sediments were significantly accumulated with Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Hg, indicating moderate to very severe enrichment (pollution) by these metals. Based on the potential ecological risk index, Hg and Cd posed a very high and a considerable potential ecological risk. Cu and As posed a moderate potential ecological risk, while, other metals (Cr, Co, Ni, Zn and Pb) rarely posed any potential ecological risk to the coastal environments. The sediments in Ulsan Bay showed a very high level of ecological risk, dominated by Hg and Cd. Metal concentrations in sediments were 80% for Cu, 96.7% for Zn, 50% for As, 70% for Pb and 50% for Hg above the threshold effects level (TEL), respectively.
시화호 코어 퇴적물 내 미량금속 분포 특성 및 오염 평가
나공태,김은수,김종근,김경태,이정무,김의열 한국해양과학기술원 2013 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.35 No.2
Metal concentrations in creek water, sewer outlets and core sediments were analyzed to identify the potential origin of metal pollution and to evaluate the extent of metal pollution and potential toxicity of Lake Shihwa. Mean concentrations for dissolved metals in creek water and sewer outlets were 1.6~136 times higher than those in the surface seawater of Lake Shihwa. Metal concentrations in creek water from an industrial region were also higher than those from municipal and agricultural regions, indicating that the potential source of metal pollution in the study area might be mainly due to industrial activities. The vertical profiles of metals in core sediments showed an increasing trend toward the upper sediments. Extremely higher concentrations of metals were observed in the vicinity of Banweol industrial complex. The results of a geo-accumulation index indicated that Cu, Zn and Cd were highly polluted. By comparing the sediment quality guidelines such as TEL and PEL, six metals such as Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb levels in core sediments nearby industrial complex exceeded the PEL value. Mean PEL quotient (mPELQ) was used to integrate the estimate of potential toxicity for measured metals in the present study. Mean PELQs in core sediments from Lake Shihwa ranged from 0.2~2.3, indicating that benthic organisms nearby the industrial complex may have been adversely affected.
나공태,이미진,노재훈,박흥식,김은수,권문상,김경태 한국해양과학기술원 2013 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.35 No.4
Heavy metals in the mangrove sediments of Chuuk and Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia were analyzed to examine the pollution levels of heavy metals using enrichment factor (EF) and pollution load index (PLI). The mean concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb in surface mangrove sediments were 642, 125, 46.9, 149, 15.6, 0.14 and 8.55 μg, respectively. Kosrae mangrove sediments showed the highest concentrations of Cr and Ni while Chuuk contains more of other metals such as Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb. Compared to those from other mangrove regions of the world, Cr, Ni and As levels in mangrove sediments from Micronesia were at higher levels whereas Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were at lower to median levels. In core sediment of Chuuk, metal concentrations in the upper part were higher than those in the lower part. Based on the EF and PLI values, As is evaluated as the heaviest contaminant in the surface sediment from Micronesia whilst other metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) are present at slightly lesser levels.
나공태(Kongtae Ra),김경태(Kyung Tae Kim),김은수(Eun Soo Kim),원은지(Eun-Ji Won),임경인(Kyoung-In Lim),박순영(Soon-Young Park),신경훈(Kyung-Hoon Shin) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2009 한국해양환경공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.11월
경기만에 위치한 인공호수인 시화호 내측 및 외측 해역에서 채집된 표층퇴적물 중 미량금속(V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sn, Sb 및 Pb)의 지화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 시화내측 정점에서의 Cu, Zn, Cd 및 Pb의 평균 농도가 외측 해역에 비해 약 2-4배 정도 높았으며, 내측 지역의 시화 및 반월 공단과 인접한 정점에서 NOAA의 ERL을 초과하는 농도를 보였다. 이들 퇴적물 내 미량금속 (Cu, Zn, Cd 및 Pb)을 생물이용가능한 형태(acid-leachable)와 잔류형태(residual fraction)로 나누어 분석한 결과 acid-leachable이 평균 50%를 차지하고 있었다. 비교적 불안정한 형태로 존재하는 미량금속이 환경 및 해양생물에 미치는 영향에 대한 다양한 조사가 필요하다. The geochemistry of sediments from Shihwa Lake and outer sea has been studied. Samples were analyzed for trace metals (V, Cr Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sn, Sb and Pb). The average metals concentrations (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) of Lake Shihwa were 2-4 times higher than that of outer sea. Metal contamination which exceeds the ERL level (NOAA) was showed in the inner part of the lake, showing a signifiant input of metals from Industrial Complexs and cities. We have also measured a bioavailable fraction in total metals after acid extraction. In case of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, acid-leachable fraction is over 50% of total fraction. Because the trace elements might be easily released from sediment, the analysis showed that sediment geochemistry (phase speciation of metal elements) may have important impacts on the environmental assessment of trace metals.
시화호와 주변해역에서 채집한 어류 및 이매패류 내 중금속 함량 연구
나공태(Kongtae Ra),김경태(Kyung-Tae Kim),이정무(Jung-Moo Lee),방재현(Jae-Hyun Bang),윤민상,김은수(Eun-Soo Kim) 대한조선학회 2011 대한조선학회 학술대회자료집 Vol.2011 No.6
본 연구에서는 시화호 내측 및 외측에 서식하는 수산물(패류 및 어류) 체내 중금속 농도를 분석하여 위해성 평가를 실시하였다. 진주담치 내 Cr, Co, Cu 농도는 시화호 내측 평균농도가 외측에 비해 다소 높았으나 Cd와 Pb는 시화호 외측해역에서 채집한 진주담치 내 체내 농도가 내측에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다. 굴의 경우, 평균적으로 외측해역에서의 농도가 내측에 비해 높았으며, 특히 Cu는 시화 외측에서의 평균농도가 49.94 ㎍/g으로 내측의 평균 15.04 ㎍/g에 비해 약 3배 높았고, Zn, As 및 Cd 역시 외측이 내측에 비해 각각 약 2배, 3배, 2.6배 높은 것으로 나타났다. 진주담치와 굴 모두 각국의 수산물 안전기준을 이하의 농도를 보였다. 어류 역시 다른 패류와 마찬가지로 우리나라 수산물 안전기준을 초과하지 않는 것으로 나타났으나 전어의 경우, Cr을 제외하고는 내장(intestines)에서 근육(muscle)과 간(liver)에 비해 높은 농도를 보였으며, 구리 및 아연의 농도가 상대적으로 높아 장기적인 섭식은 해로울 것으로 사료된다. The heavy metal concentrations in soft tissue of bivalve (mussel and Oyster) and fishes collected from Lake Shihwa and the outer sea were studied to assess the metal contamination and to evaluate the risk assessment and management for human health in the residents using marine organisms that can be useful as a marine food resources. Metal concentrations such as Cr, Co and Cu of mussel collected from Lake Shihwa were higher than those from outer sea whereas Cd and Pb concentrations from outer sea were higher than those from Lake Shihwa. For Oyster, metal concentrations such as Cu, Zn, As and Cd from outer sea were 2-3 times higher than those from Lake Shihwa. The average concentrations for heavy metals of Mytilus edulis and Oyster spp. was not exceeded the marine products safety standard. Similar to bivalue, metal concentrations of fishes collected from study areas were below the marine products safety standard. The average concentrations of metal in different tissues of fishes was descending order: intestines>liver>muscle. Because Cu and Zn concentrations of fishes from study area were relatively higher than those from other regions in Korea, further studies such as short and long-term uptake of metals through fishes should be studied to minimize the potentially detrimental effects on human health.
나공태(Kongtae Ra),김경태(Kyung-Tae Kim),김종근(Jeong-Keun Kim),김은수(Eun-Soo kim),조성록(Sung-Rok Cho),강성현(Sung-Hyun Kang),김성근(Sung-Keun Kim) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2012 한국해양환경공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2012 No.5
본 연구에서는 시화호 수질의 시공간적 분포와 함께 조력발전소 가동에 의한 영향 등에 대하여 조사하였다, 시화호 내측과 외측의 일반수질은 내측에서는 유역하천 및 반월산단 토구를 통한 강우시 대량의 담수 유입, 외측에서는 내측과 마찬가지로 담수유입과 함께 외해에 위치한 하수처리장 방류구의 영향을 가장 크게 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다, 또한 2011년 7월 저층의 용존산소 포화도는 예년과 마찬가지로 빈산소 혹은 무산소 층이 발달되었으나 8월 이후 저층에서의 용존산소 포화도가 서서히 증가하는 결과를 보였다, 조렬발전소의 시험가동으로 외해수와의 활발한 해수교환이 저층 퇴적물을 재부유시켜 저층에서의 영양염 및 부유물질의 농도를 증가시키긴 하지만 그동안 시호호의 수질악화의 주요한 원인 중 하나인 저층에서의 용존산소 고갈을 다소 개선된 것으로 나타났다. The spatial and temporal distribution of water qualities and the influence of the operation of tidal power plant in the middle of Shihwa dike has been studied. Water qulities inside of Lake Shihwa is mainly controlled by the input of stormwater runoff through streams and sewer outlets of Banweol industrial complex in the summer season. For case of outer sea of Lake Shihwa, water qulities are controlled by the stormwater ruoff, discharge from Lake inside through Watergate, and the dewatering outlets from the wastawater treatment plant(WWTP). Results of oxygen saturation in bottom water at July 2011 showed that the hypoxic or anoxic condition was well developed. However, oxygen levels was gradually increased after August because the operation of tidal power plant lead to significantly increase the water exchange between Lake inside and outer sea It suggests that seawater input from outer sea has contributed to the improvement of oxygen depletion in Lake Shihwa.