한국 서해안 표층수 온도와 기온의 상관성 연구

김정철 ( Kim Jung-chul ),김도균 ( Kim Do-gyun ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2018 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.30 No.1

본 연구는 1982년부터 2014년 사이의 국립수산과학원 해안정지관측 표층수온 자료와 서해안 주요 해안지역 및 섬지역의 AWS 기온자료를 이용하여 우리나라 서해안 주요지역과 섬지역의 해수 표층수온과 기온의 상관관계를 파악하고 수온과 기온의 계절별 차이, 지역별 차이를 고찰하고, 그 차이를 발생하게 만드는 원인과 경향성을 조사·분석 하였다. 서해안 해수 표층수온과 기온의 상관관계는 높았고, 상관계수가 매우 높은 것은 평균기온, 최저기온, 최대기온, 평균수온, 최저수온, 최대수온 등으로 상관계수 0.92이상 이었다. 해수의 표층수온과 기온은 지역별로 차이가 있었다. 유사한 위도에서도 가까운 바다와 먼 바다의 표층수온과 기온의 분포가 다르게 나타났다. 수온은 위도 방향으로 겨울철에 남쪽 바다에서 높았고 북쪽 바다에서 낮았으나, 차가운 하천수가 유입되는 지역은 수온이 낮았다. 유사한 위도에서 먼 바다와 해안가 수온이 높았고, 해안에서 20~40km 떨어진 섬지역의 수온은 낮았다. 생물서식에 민감하게 작용하는 섬지역 및 해안지역의 극최저기온은 위도별로 -17.90∼-7.70℃로 북에서 남으로 갈수록 높아지나, 해안에서 거리별로는 먼 바다로 갈수록 따뜻하지만, 해안선에서 40∼60km 떨어진 지역에서는 바다의 수온에 따라 기온이 영향을 받아 기온이 낮아지는 지역이 있었다. 겨울철 표층수온과 기온의 영향관계를 회귀분석한 결과 해수 평균수온이 -2.94℃의 절편에서 기울기 1.124이었고, 극최저수온이 -7.24℃의 절편에서 기울기 1.262이었고, 유의확률 값은 0.00으로 유의하였다. 서해안은 수심이 비교적 얕고 겨울철에 북서계절풍에 의한 취송류(吹送流)인 서해연안류가 한류를 형성하여 남하함에 따라 해안가와 인접한 섬지역의 기온은 급격한 변동성을 나타내며, 일부 먼 바다에서는 북상하는 황해난류의 영향을 받는 등 수온분포가 불규칙적으로 나타나는 경향으로 추정되었다. 결론적으로 서해안의 표층수온과 기온은 상관성을 가지며, 지역별로 수심, 해류의 영향, 도시화 정도에 따라 수온과 기온의 변화가 다양하였다. 이는 장래 기후변화 예측에서 내륙지방과 달리 해안이나 먼 섬지역에서는 수온과 상관성을 가지며 복잡하게 전개될 가능성을 시사하였다. This study investigated and analyzed the correlation between sea surface temperature and air-temperature. Using sea surface temperature data observed between 1982 and 2014 from the yellow sea. The correlation between sea surface temperature and air-temperature was high with a correlation coefficient equal to or greater than 0.92. The highest correlation coefficients were average air-temperature, minimum air-temperature, maximum air-temperature, average sea surface temperature, minimum sea surface temperature, and maximum sea surface temperature. Sea surface temperature and air-temperature differed by region. The distribution of sea surface temperature and air-temperature in near and distant seas from a similar latitude was different. The extreme lowest air-temperature in the coastal area was between -17.90 ∼-7.70℃ based on latitude and the air-temperature was higher from north to south. It was warmer as the sea surface temperature became more distant from the coast, but the area which is 40-60 km away from the coast showed lower air-temperatures due to the influence of sea surface temperature. Regression analysis of sea surface temperature and air-temperature in winter showed that at the mean sea surface temperature intercept of -2.94℃, the slope was 1.124 and at the extreme lowest sea surface temperature intercept of -7.24℃, the slope was 1.262. In the west coast, the water level was shallow and the air-temperature of the islands rapidly fluctuated due to the influence of Yellow Sea-Littoral Current (cold current) in winter. However, in the distant seas, warm regions influenced by the northward Yellow Sea warm current were also detected.

Daily Changes in Red-Pepper Leaf Surface Temperature with Air and Soil Surface Temperatures

Eom, Ki-Cheol,Lee, Byung-Kook,Kim, Young-Sook,Eom, Ho-Yong 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.47 No.5

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in daily surface temperature of red pepper leaf compared to air and soil surface temperature. The maximum, minimum and average daily temperatures of red pepper leaf were 27.80, 11.40 and $19.01^{\circ}C$, respectively, which were lower by 0.10, 7.60 and $3.86^{\circ}C$ than air temperature, respectively, and lower by 15.00, 0.0 and $4.38^{\circ}C$ than soil surface temperature, respectively. Mean deviations of the difference between measured and estimated temperature by the E&E Model (Eom & Eom, 2013) for the air and surface temperature of red pepper leaf and soil were 0.64, 1.82 and $4.77^{\circ}C$, respectively. The relationships between measured and estimated scaled factor of the air and surface temperature of red pepper leaf and soil were very close to the 1:1 line. Difference between air and surface temperature of red pepper leaf showed a linear decreasing function with the surface temperature of red pepper leaf. Difference between soil surface temperature and air and surface temperature of red pepper leaf linearly increased with the soil surface temperature.

투.보수성 시멘트 콘크리트 포장의 열물성 및 수분보유특성이 표면온도에 미치는 영향

류남형,유병림,Ryu Nam-Hyang,Yoo Byung-Rim 한국조경학회 2006 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.34 No.1

This study was undertaken to analyze the effects of pavement thermal properties and water retention characteristics on the surface temperature of the gray permeable cement concrete pavement during the summer. Following is a summary of major results. 1) The hourly surface temperature of pavement could be well predicted with a heat transfer model program that incorporated the input data of major meteorological variables including solar radiation, atmospheric temperature, dew point, wind velocity, cloudiness and the evaporation rate of the pavements predicted by the time domain reflectometry (TDR) method. 2) When the albedo was changed to 0.5 from an arbitrary starting condition of 0.3, holding other variables constant, the peak surface temperature of the pavement dropped by 11.5%. When heat capacity was changed to $2.5\;kJm^{-3}K^{-1}\;from\;1.5\;kJm^{-3}K^{-1}$, surface temperature dropped by 8.0%. When daily evaporation was changed to 1 mm from 2 mm, temperature dropped by 5.7%. When heat conductivity was changed to $2.5\;Wm^{-1}K^{-1}\;from\;1.5\;Wm^{-1}K^{-1}$, the peak surface temperature of the pavement fell by 1.2%. The peak pavement surface temperature under the arbitrary basic condition was $24.46^{\circ}C$ (12 a.m.). 3) It accordingly became evident that the pavement surface temperature can be most effectively lowered by using materials with a high albedo, a high heat capacity or a high evaporation at the pavement surface. The glare situation, however, is intensified by raising of the albedo, moreover if reflected light is absorbed into surrounding physical masses, it is changed into heat. It accordingly became evident that raising the heat capacity and the evaporative capacity may be the moot acceptable measures to improve the thermal characteristics of the pavement. 4) The sensitivity of the surface temperature to major meteorological variables was as follows. When the daily average temperature changed to $0^{\circ}C\;from\;15^{\circ}C$, holding all other variables constant, the peak surface temperature of the pavement decreased by 56.1 %. When the global solar radiation changed to $200\;Wm^{-2}\;from\;600\;Wm^{-2}$, the temperature of the pavement decreased by 23.4%. When the wind velocity changed to $8\;ms^{-1}\;from\;4\;ms^{-1}$, the temperature decreased by 1.4%. When the cloudiness level changed to 1.0 from 0.5, the peak surface temperature decreased by 0.7%. The peak pavement surface temperature under the arbitrary basic conditions was $24.46^{\circ}C$ (12 a.m.)

Daily Changes in Red-Pepper Leaf Surface Temperature with Air and Soil Surface Temperatures

Ki-Cheol Eom,Byung-Kook Lee,Young-Sook Kim,Ho-Yong Eom 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.47 No.5

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in daily surface temperature of red pepper leaf compared to air and soil surface temperature. The maximum, minimum and average daily temperatures of red pepper leaf were 27.80, 11.40 and 19.01°C, respectively, which were lower by 0.10, 7.60 and 3.86°C than air temperature, respectively, and lower by 15.00, 0.0 and 4.38°C than soil surface temperature, respectively. Mean deviations of the difference between measured and estimated temperature by the E&E Model (Eom & Eom, 2013) for the air and surface temperature of red pepper leaf and soil were 0.64, 1.82 and 4.77°C, respectively. The relationships between measured and estimated scaled factor of the air and surface temperature of red pepper leaf and soil were very close to the 1:1 line. Difference between air and surface temperature of red pepper leaf showed a linear decreasing function with the surface temperature of red pepper leaf. Difference between soil surface temperature and air and surface temperature of red pepper leaf linearly increased with the soil surface temperature.

Daily Changes in Red-Pepper Leaf Surface Temperature with Air and Soil Surface Temperatures

엄기철,이병국,김영숙,엄호용 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.47 No.5

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in daily surface temperature of red pepper leaf comparedto air and soil surface temperature. The maximum, minimum and average daily temperatures of red pepper leafwere 27.80, 11.40 and 19.01°C, respectively, which were lower by 0.10, 7.60 and 3.86°C than air temperature,respectively, and lower by 15.00, 0.0 and 4.38°C than soil surface temperature, respectively. Mean deviationsof the difference between measured and estimated temperature by the E&E Model (Eom & Eom, 2013) for theair and surface temperature of red pepper leaf and soil were 0.64, 1.82 and 4.77°C, respectively. Therelationships between measured and estimated scaled factor of the air and surface temperature of red pepperleaf and soil were very close to the 1:1 line. Difference between air and surface temperature of red pepper leafshowed a linear decreasing function with the surface temperature of red pepper leaf. Difference between soilsurface temperature and air and surface temperature of red pepper leaf linearly increased with the soil surfacetemperature.

MODIS 지표면 온도 자료와 지구통계기법을 이용한 지상 기온 추정

신휴석,장은미,홍성욱 대한공간정보학회 2014 Spatial Information Research Vol.22 No.1

Near surface air temperature data which are one of the essential factors in hydrology, meteorology and climatology, have drawn a substantial amount of attention from various academic domains and societies. Meteorological observations, however, have high spatio-temporal constraints with the limits in the number and distribution over the earth surface. To overcome such limits, many studies have sought to estimate the near surface air temperature from satellite image data at a regional or continental scale with simple regression methods. Alternatively, we applied various Kriging methods such as ordinary Kriging, universal Kriging, Cokriging, Regression Kriging in search of an optimal estimation method based on near surface air temperature data observed from automatic weather stations (AWS) in South Korea throughout 2010 (365 days) and MODIS land surface temperature (LST) data (MOD11A1, 365 images). Due to high spatial heterogeneity, auxiliary data have been also analyzed such as land cover, DEM (digital elevation model) to consider factors that can affect near surface air temperature. Prior to the main estimation, we calculated root mean square error (RMSE) of temperature differences from the 365-days LST and AWS data by season and landcover. The results show that the coefficient of variation (CV) of RMSE by season is 0.86, but the equivalent value of CV by landcover is 0.00746. Seasonal differences between LST and AWS data were greater than that those by landcover. Seasonal RMSE was the lowest in winter (3.72). The results from a linear regression analysis for examining the relationship among AWS, LST, and auxiliary data show that the coefficient of determination was the highest in winter (0.818) but the lowest in summer (0.078), thereby indicating a significant level of seasonal variation. Based on these results, we utilized a variety of Kriging techniques to estimate the surface temperature. The results of cross-validation in each Kriging model show that the measure of model accuracy was 1.71, 1.71, 1.848, and 1.630 for universal Kriging, ordinary Kriging, cokriging, and regression Kriging, respectively. The estimates from regression Kriging thus proved to be the most accurate among the Kriging methods compared. 수문학, 기상학 및 기후학 등에서 필수적인 자료중의 하나인 지상기온 자료는 최근 보건, 생물, 환경 등의 다양한 분야로까지 활용영역이 확대되고 있어 그 중요성이 커지고 있으나 지상관측을 통한 지상기온자료의 취득은 시공간적인 제약이 크기 때문에 실측된 기온자료는 시공간 해상도가 낮아 높은 해상도가 요구되는 연구 분야에서는 활용성에 큰 제약을 갖게 된다. 이를 극복하기 위한 하나의 대안으로 상대적으로 높은 시공간 해상도를 가지고 있는 위성영상자료에서 얻을 수 있는 지표면온도 자료를 이용하여 지상기온을 추정하는 많은 연구들이 수행되어 왔다. 본 연구는 이러한 연구의 일환으로써 기상청에서 제공하고 있는 AWS(Automatic Weather Station)에서 취득된 2010년 지상 온도 자료(AWS data)를 바탕으로 대표적인 지표면 온도 자료인 MODIS Land Surface temperature(LST data:MOD11A1)와 지상기온에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 Land Cover Data, DEM(digital elevation model) 등의 보조 자료와 함께 다양한 지구통계 기법들을 이용하여 남한 지역의 지상기온을 추정하였다.추정 전 2010년 전체(365일) LST자료와 AWS자료와의 차이에 대한 RMSE(Root Mean Square Error)값의 계절별 피복별 분석결과 계절에 따른 RMSE값의 변동계수는 0.86으로 나타났으나 피복에 따른 변동계수는 0.00746으로 나타나 계절별 차이가 피복별 차이보다 큰 것으로 분석 되었다. 계절별 RMSE 값은 겨울철이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났으며 AWS자료와 LST자료와 보조 자료를 이용한 선형 회귀분석결과에서도 겨울철의 결정 계수가 가장 높은 0.818로 나타났으며, 여름철의 경우에는 0.078로 나타나 계절별 차이가 매우 크게 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 지구통계 기법들의 대표적인 방법론인 크리깅 방법 중 일반적으로 많이 사용되고 있는 정규 크리깅, 일반 크리깅, 공동 크리킹, 회귀 크리깅을 이용하여 지상기온을 추정한 후 모델의 정확도를 판단할 수 있는 교차 검증을 실시한 결과 정규 크리깅과 일반 크리깅에 의한 RMSE 값은 1.71, 공동 크리깅과 회귀 크리깅에 의한 RMSE 값은 각각 1.848, 1.63으로 나타나 회귀 크리깅 방법에 의한 추정의 정확도가 가장 높은 것으로 분석되었다.

GRID/GIS 및 RS 자료를 이용한 에너지 평형 모형으로부터의 국지적 지표 온도 산출

신선희 ( Sun Hee Shin ),하경자 ( Kyung Ja Ha ),김재환 ( Jae Hwan Kim ),오현미 ( Hyun Mi Oh ),조명희 ( Myung Hee Jo ) 大韓遠隔探査學會 2004 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.20 No.2

지표 온도를 산출하는 중규모 대기 모형은 일반적으로 태양 복사의 직달 일사량에 대하여 경사진 지형의 효과를 고려하지 않는다. 이는 실제 태양 복사량의 국지적 차이를 나타내지 못하며, 그 결과 국지적인 지표 온도에서의 큰 오차를 가져온다. 따라서 지형의 기하학적 특성뿐만 아니라 지표의 식생 특성을 고려함으로써, 정확한 국지적 지표 온도를 나타내고자 하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 GIS의 그리드 모형을 적용한 에너지 균형 모형(EBM)을 사용하여 진단적으로 지역적 지표 온도를 산출하는 것이다. 본 연구에서, 한반도 남부 지역의 지형적 비균질성은 그리드 내의 지형 방위각과 경사각의 함수인 조도각의 항으로써 흡수된 지표 일사량 계산에 고려되었다. 또한 지표 온도 변화에 주요한 변수가 되는 지표의 식생 특성이 NDVI의 항으로 사용하였다. 지표의 경사진 지형의 효과와 식생 특성이 고려된 지표 온도의 상세한 지역적 분포가 연구 결과로써 제시되었다. 이러한 지역적 지표 온도 분포는 저층 대기에서 지형에 의한 지역 순환을 형성할 수 있으며, 실제 자연에서의 지역 순환을 더욱 잘 설명할 수 있을 것이다. The mesoscale atmospheric models to produce surface temperature can not generally consider the effect of the sloped terrain for direct solar radiation. These have not showed the regional difference of solar radiation and as a result, have made the big error in the local surface temperature. Therefore, we wished to represent the exact locality of surface temperature by considering the geometric properties of surface as well as the vegetated properties of surface. The purpose of the study is to produce local surface ground temperature in sloped terrain diagnostically using surface Energy Balance Model (EBM) with the use of GRID model in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). In this study, surface inhomogeneity over southeastern part of Korean peninsula are considered in estimation of the absorbed surface solar radiation in terms of the illumination angle, depending on topographical aspect and slope in GRID. Also, the properties of vegetated surface which the major components for the variability of surface temperature are considered in terms of NDVI. The results of our study show the locally changes in the surface ground temperature due to local ground aspect and slope effect and local properties of vegetated surface. The more detailed distribution of local surface temperature may drive the local circulation at lower atmospheric and it may explain better the real local circulation.

목업 평가(Mock-up Test)를 통한 바닥 건식난방 패널의 표면온도 분포 분석 및 개선 방안

정창호(Chang-Ho Jeong),이규동(Gyu-Dong Lee),여명석(Myoung-Souk Yeo),김광우(Kwang-Woo Kim) 한국생활환경학회 2013 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.20 No.4

In this study, the surface temperature of a floor panel was measured during space heating, in a mock-up residential house in which a typical prefabricated floor heating panel was installed. Characteristics of the surface temperature distribution were analyzed, and improvement strategies for the surface temperature distribution were derived. Then, the improved effect on the surface temperature distribution for each derived alternative was compared and analyzed. The mock-up test result showed that the higher the supply water temperature, the more disadvantageous it was, in terms of the highest value, and the deviation of the surface floor temperature. Therefore, strategies to improve the surface floor distribution by increasing the vertical and horizontal heat transfer efficiency in the floor panel are needed. So, these strategies should permit the supply of relatively low temperature water. Four alternatives reflecting each improvement strategy were derived, and, through experiment, the U type panel was selected as the most effective alternative for vertical heat transfer efficiency and horizontally even heat distribution. Under the condition of the same supply water temperature(70℃, 60℃, and 50℃), compared with the typical prefabricated floor heating panel before improvement, the highest surface floor temperature was improved from 39.8℃, 28.9℃, 25.1℃, to 36.1℃, 33.6℃, 29.9℃, respectively, and the maximum deviation of surface temperature also was reduced from 8.5 K, 7.8 K, 7.0 K, to 4.6 K, 3.8 K, 2.6 K, respectively, in the U type prefabricated floor heating panel. These results showed that the vertical and horizontal heat transfer efficiency were improved in the U type prefabricated floor heating panel.

시간스케일에 따른 해양표면수온과 기온의 변동 및 상관연구

장이현,강용균,서영상 한국환경과학회 2000 한국환경과학회지 Vol.9 No.4

The relationship between air temperature and sea surface temperature are studied using the daily air temperature and sea surface temperature data for 25 years (1970∼1994) at 9 coastal stations in Korea. Seasonal variations of air temperature have larger amplitudes than those of sea surface temperature. The seasonal variations of air temperature leads those of sea surface temperature by 2 to 3 weeks. The anomalies of sea surface temperature and air temperature are positively correlated. The long term anomalies of sea surface temperature and air temperature with time scales more than 1 month are more highly correlated than those of short term, with time scales less than 1 month. Accumulated monthly anomalies of sea surface temperature and air temperature for 6 months showed higher correlation than the anomalies of each month. The magnitudes of sea surface temperature and air temperature anomalies are related with the duration of anomalies. Their magnitudes are large when the durations of anomalies are long.

우드세라믹 통전에 의한 마루판의 표면온도 변화

오승원 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2012 농업생명과학연구 Vol.46 No.1

To examine possibilities to make use of woodceramics for the lower material of hot-floored ondol boards, woodceramics made from sawdust board with Pinus densiflora, put them in a wood frame and concrete block and heated them sending an electric current, and measured changes in surface temperature of a laminated floor board and a plywood floor board. As the sending an electric current to time passed, their surface temperature increased rapidly up to 20 minutes, and then gradually ascended. In terms of the surface temperature in the wood frame, the beginning temperature of a plywood floor board was higher than that of laminated floor one; however, as time passed, a laminated floor board's temperature rose, and after 60 minutes, it showed similar to the temperature of a floor board of lamination. On the other hand, the surface temperature in a concrete block showed that the laminated floor board was higher than the plywood floor board in both early and 60-minute later temperatures. With the lapse of time after switching off, the surface temperature of floor boards slowly dwindled up to 9 minutes, and from that time on, began to drop sharply. In terms of the descent speed of surface temperature, when woodceramics' surface temperature was adjusted at 70℃, the laminated floor board was the highest; when it was at 80℃, the plywood floor board was the highest, resulting in rapid descent speed of heat. 소나무 톱밥보드로 제조된 우드세라믹에 전선을 연결하여 목재 틀과 콘크리트 블록 속에 넣고 통전하여 강화마루판과 합판마루판의 표면온도 상승과 하강변화를 조사 하여 우드세라믹을 온돌마루판 하부소재로 이용할수 있는 가능성을 검토하였다. 통전시간 60분 후 마루판의 표면온도와 처음 시작온도 차이는 강화마루판이 크게 나타나 합판마루판보다 열전달이 빠름을 알 수 있었다. 목재 틀에서 우드세라믹 표면설정온도가 70℃와 80℃일 때 60분 후 강화마루판의 표면온도는 각각 37.8℃와 39.4℃로 높게 나타나 열전달이 우수하였다. 각 우드세라믹 표면설정온도별 처음 시작온도와 30분후의 표면온도 하강차이는 목재 틀이 콘크리트 블록보다, 강화마루판이 합판마루판보다 커서 온도하강이 빠름을 알 수 있었다. 우드세라믹 자체의 표면온도 하강은 목재 틀보다 콘크리트 블럭에서 하강속도가 빨랐으며, 마루판의 하강속도가 우드세라믹의 하강속도보다 느려 마루판이 오랜 시간 열을 유지하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.