적조기상정보 : 기상인자를 활용한 연안 적조예측기술 개발

윤홍주,Yoon Hong-Joo 한국정보통신학회 2005 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.9 No.4

본 연구는 연안기상 정보를 효율적으로 이용하여 사전에 적조를 예찰하고 실용화하여 적조로부터의 재해를 저감하는데 있다. 이러한 적조예찰을 위해서는 기본적으로 우리나라 주변 해역의 적조발생에 관여하는 기상 및 해양인자들의 환경학적 특성을 파악하고 이들의 상관성으로부터 적조발생 가능성을 예측하는 정보를 제공하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 또한 이러한 정보를 공공의 활용에 쉽게 이용될 수 있게끔 정보시스템을 구축하는 것이 필요하다. 앞으로 본 연구의 결과는 이 분야에 관련되는 학계, 공공기관, 업계의 종사자들에게 유용한 정보로 활용될 것으로 기대되며 그리고 매년 연례행사처럼 국가적으로 문제시 되고 있는 우리나라 주변해역의 적조피해를 줄이는데 실질적으로 기여할 것이다. Red tide(harmful algae) in the Korean Coastal Waters has a given a given damage to the fishery every year. However, the aim of our study understands the influence of meteorological factors (air and water temperature, precipitation sunshine, solar radiation, winds) relating to the mechanism of red tide occurrence and monitors red tide by satellite remote sensing, and analyzes the potential area for red tide occurrence by GIS. The meteorological factors have directly influenced on red tide formation. Thus, We want to predict and apply to red tide formation from statistical analyses on the relationships between red tide formation and meteorological factors. In future, it should be realized the near real time monitoring for red tide by the development of remote sensing technique and the construction of integrated model by the red tide information management system (the data base of red tide - meteorological informations. Finally our purpose is support to the prediction information for the possible red tide occurrence by coastal meteorological information and contribute to reduce the red tide disaster by the prediction technique for red tide.

Satellite Monitoring and Prediction for the Occurrence of the Red Tide in the Middle Coastal Area in the South Sea of Korea

Yoon, Hong-Joo,Kim, Young-Seup The Korean Society of Remote Sensing 2003 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.19 No.1

It was studied the relationship between the red tide occurrence and the meteorological and oceanographic factors, the choice of potential area for red tide occurrence, and the satellite monitoring for red tide. From 1990 through 2001, the red tide continuously appeared and the number of red tide occurrence increased every year. Then, the red tide bloomed during the periods of July and August. An important meteorological factor governing the mechanisms of the increasing in number of red tide occurrence was heavy precipitation. Oceanographic factors of favorable marine environmental conditions for the red tide formation included warm water temperature, low salinity, high suspended solid, low phosphorus, low nitrogen. A common condition for the red tide occurrence was heavy precipitation 2∼4 days earlier, and the favorable conditions for the red tide formation were high air temperature, proper sunshine and light winds for the day in red tide occurrence. From satellite images, it was possible to monitor the spatial distributions and concentrations of red tide. It was founded the potential areas for red tide occurrence in August 2000 by CIS conception: Yeosu∼Dolsan coast, Gamak bay, Namhae coast, Marado coast, Goheung coast, Deukryang bay, respectively.

적조 기상정보 : 기상인자를 활용한 연안 적조예측 기술 개발

윤홍주 한국정보통신학회 2005 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.9 No.5

본 연구는 연안기상 정보를 효율적으로 이용하여 사전에 적조를 예찰하고 실용화하여 적조로부터의 재해를 저감하는데 있다. 이러한 적조예찰을 위해서는 기본적으로 우리나라 주변 해역의 적조발생에 관여하는 기상 및 해양인자들의 환경학적 특성을 파악하고 이들의 상관성으로부터 적조발생 가능성을 예측하는 정보를 제공하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 또한 이러한 정보를 공공의 활용에 쉽게 이용될 수 있게끔 정보시스템을 구축하는 것이 필요하다. 앞으로 본 연구의 결과는 이 분야에 관련되는 학계, 공공기관, 업계의 종사자들에게 유용한 정보로 활용될 것으로 기대되며 그리고 매년 연례행사처럼 국가적으로 문제시 되고 있는 우리나라 주변해역의 적조피해를 줄이는데 실질적으로 기여할 것이다. Red tide(harmful algae) in the Korean Coastal Waters has a given a great damage to the fishery every year. However, the aim of our study understands the influence of meteorological factors (air and water temperature, precipitation, sunshine, solar radiation, winds) relating to the mechanism of red tide occurrence and monitors red tide by satellite remote sensing, and analyzes the potential area for red tide occurrence by GIS. The meteorological factors have directly influenced on red tide formation. Thus, We want to predict and apply to red tide formation from statistical analyses on the relationships between red tide formation and meteorological factors. In future, it should be realized the near real time monitoring for red tide by the development of remote sensing technique and the construction of integrated model by the red tide information management system (the data base of red tide - meteorological informations). Finally our purpose is support to the prediction information for the possible red tide occurrence by coastal meteorological information and contribute to reduce the red tide disaster by the prediction technique for red tide.

Satellite Monitoring and Prediction for the Occurrence of the Red Tide in the Middle Coastal Area in the South Sea of Korea

Hong Joo Yoon,Young Seup Km 大韓遠隔探査學會 2003 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.19 No.1

It was studied the relationship between the red tide occurrence and the meteorological and oceanographic factors, the choice of potential area for red tide occurrence, and the satellite monitoring for red tide. From 1990 through 2001, the red tide continuously appeared and the number of red tide occurrence increased every year. Then, the red tide bloomed during the periods of July and August. An important meteorological factor governing the mechanisms of the increasing in number of red tide occurrence was heavy precipitation. Oceanographic factors of favorable marine environmental conditions for the red tide formation included warm water temperature, low salinity, high suspended solid, low phosphorus, low nitrogen. A common condition for the red tide occurrence was heavy precipitation 2~4 days earlier, and the favorable conditions for the red tide formation were high air temperature, proper sunshine and light winds for the day in red tide occurrence. From satellite images, it was possible to monitor the spatial distributions and concentrations of red tide. It was founded the potential areas for red tide occurrence in August 2000 by GIS conception: Yeosu~Dolsan coast, Gamak bay, Namhae coast, Marado coast, Goheung coast, Deukryang bay, respectively.

GOCI와 Landsat OLI 영상 융합을 통한 적조 탐지

신지선,김근용,민지은,유주형,Shin, Jisun,Kim, Keunyong,Min, Jee-Eun,Ryu, Joo-Hyung 대한원격탐사학회 2018 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.34 No.2

광역범위에 대한 적조의 효율적인 모니터링을 위하여 원격탐사의 필요성이 점차 증가하고 있다. 하지만 기존 연구에서는 다양한 센서 중 해색 센서만을 위한 적조 탐지 알고리즘 개발에만 집중되어 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 위성 기반 적조 모니터링의 한계로 지적되고 있는 탁도가 높은 연안역의 적조 탐지와 원격탐사 자료의 부정확성을 개선하고자 다중센서의 활용을 제시하고자 한다. 국립수산과학원 적조속보 정보를 바탕으로 적조 발생해역을 선정하였고, 해색 센서인 GOCI 영상과 육상 센서인 Landsat OLI 영상을 이용하여 공간적인 융합과 분광기반 융합을 시도하였다. 두 영상의 공간 융합을 통하여, GOCI 영상에서 관측 불가능하였던 연안지역의 적조와 Landsat OLI 영상의 품질이 낮았던 외해역의 적조 모두 개선된 탐지결과 획득 가능하였다. Feature-level과 rawdata-level로 나누어 진행된 분광 융합 결과, 두 방법에서 도출된 적조 분포 양상은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 하지만 feature-level 방법에서는 영상의 공간해상도가 낮을수록 적조 면적이 과대추정되는 경향이 나타났다. Linear spectral unmixing 방법으로 픽셀을 세분화한 결과, 적조 비율이 낮은 픽셀의 수가 많을수록 적조 면적의 차이는 심화되는 것으로 나타났다. Rawdata-level의 경우Gram-Schmidt가 PC spectral sharpening 기법보다 다소 넓은 면적이 추정되었지만, 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 해색 센서와 육상 센서의 공간 융합을 통해 외해뿐만 아니라 탁도가 높은 연안의 적조 역시 탐지가 가능함을 보여주었고, 다양한 분광 융합 방법을 제시함으로써 더욱 정확한 적조 면적 추정 방법을 제시하였다. 이 결과는 한반도 주변의 적조를 더욱 정확하게 탐지하고, 적조를 효과적으로 제어하기 위한 대응대책 수립을 결정하는데 필요한 정확한 적조 면적 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. In order to efficiently monitor red tide over a wide range, the need for red tide detection using remote sensing is increasing. However, the previous studies focus on the development of red tide detection algorithm for ocean colour sensor. In this study, we propose the use of multi-sensor to improve the inaccuracy for red tide detection and remote sensing data in coastal areas with high turbidity, which are pointed out as limitations of satellite-based red tide monitoring. The study area were selected based on the red tide information provided by National Institute of Fisheries Science, and spatial fusion and spectral-based fusion were attempted using GOCI image as ocean colour sensor and Landsat OLI image as terrestrial sensor. Through spatial fusion of the two images, both the red tide of the coastal area and the outer sea areas, where the quality of Landsat OLI image was low, which were impossible to observe in GOCI images, showed improved detection results. As a result of spectral-based fusion performed by feature-level and rawdata-level, there was no significant difference in red tide distribution patterns derived from the two methods. However, in the feature-level method, the red tide area tends to overestimated as spatial resolution of the image low. As a result of pixel segmentation by linear spectral unmixing method, the difference in the red tide area was found to increase as the number of pixels with low red tide ratio increased. For rawdata-level, Gram-Schmidt sharpening method estimated a somewhat larger area than PC spectral sharpening method, but no significant difference was observed. In this study, it is shown that coastal red tide with high turbidity as well as outer sea areas can be detected through spatial fusion of ocean colour and terrestrial sensor. Also, by presenting various spectral-based fusion methods, more accurate red tide area estimation method is suggested. It is expected that this result will provide more precise detection of red tide around the Korean peninsula and accurate red tide area information needed to determine countermeasure to effectively control red tide.

한국의 양식 산업 속 적조와 인간의 관계: 작은 것들의 카리스마, 적조

김지혜 한국공간환경학회 2018 공간과 사회 Vol.28 No.1

Paying attention to nonhumans as core components of society, some of political ecologists are researching on a more-than-human approach. From this point of view, society is a collectivity of human and nonhuman actors which cannot be separated from each other. Thus, researchers exploring a more-than-human world have captured the moment of encounters between human and nonhuman and sought their new relational practices. In the wave, this study explores agencies of red tides and one of red-tide species, Margalefidinium polykrikoides. In particular, it focuses on red tides as a way for small plankton to visualize their own agency and describes the encounter between red tides and human actors in the Korean aquaculture industry. Red tides entered the space of institutions and laboratories making humans consider a new network about a coastal socio-ecological system. To control massive red tides, Korean policy makers arranged a monitoring and control system, and scientists tried to represent red tides through the laboratory experiment with M. polykrikoides. However, institutions were not able to control red tides, and M. polykrikoides in the laboratory has not succeeded in representing red tides. Rather, red tides have an influence in releasing aquacultured fish. Therefore, the study concludes that red tides affect for human actors to look into an actor-network of a coastal socio-ecological system, and contribute to redesigning a network of actors. Furthermore, this study emphasizes that a red tide is an aggregate of numerous actors, and suggests that red tides and its plankton be considered as members in more-than-human commons. 비인간이 인간만큼이나 사회의 핵심적인 구성요소라는 것에 주목한 정치생태학계 연구자들은 인간 이상의 접근에 관심을 보이고 있다. 이 접근에 따르면 인간과비인간은 분리될 수 없기 때문에 사회에 대한 연구는 언제나 인간 이상에 대한 연구이다. 따라서 인간 이상의 세계를 탐구하는 연구자들은 인간과 비인간의 얽힘을포착하고 이들의 새로운 관계를 모색하고 있다. 이 연구는 적조와 적조를 구성하는 Margalefidinium polykrikoides라는 비인간에 주목하여 비인간의 행위성을 탐구한다. 특히 한국의 양식 산업에서 적조가 어떤 식으로 얽혀있는지 살펴보면서, 적조와인간의 관계에 대해 분석한다. 이 연구는 대규모의 적조와 양식어패류의 대량 폐사가 연달아 일어나면서 적조가 실험실과 제도의 공간으로 들어가는 과정에 주목한다. 이때 적조는 M. polykrikoides라는 한 종의 개체군으로 대체되고, 실험실에 들어온 M. polykrikoides는 적조의 대표자로 활동한다. 또한 제도에서 적조는 감시하고관리하며 제어해야 하는 대상으로 간주된다. 그러나 실험실의 M. polykrikoides는 적조를 재현하는 데 성공하지 못하고, 제도는 적조를 통제하지 못한다. 오히려 적조는 양식 물고기들을 방류시키는 데 영향력을 발휘한다. 적조는 연안사회생태라는행위자-연결망을 들여다보게 하고, 행위자들 간의 연결망을 강화하거나 새롭게 기획하는 데에 일조한다. 이 연구는 적조가 무수히 많은 행위자들의 집합체임을 강조하고, 적조와 그를 구성하는 플랑크톤들이 인간 이상의 공동지 속 일원임을 밝힌다.

Cochlodinium polykrikoides Red Tide Detection in the South Sea of Korea using Spectral Classification of MODIS Data

손영백,Joji Ishizaka,정종철,김현철,이태희 한국해양과학기술원 2011 Ocean science journal Vol.46 No.4

To distinguish true red tide water (particularly Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms) from non-red tide water (false satellite high chlorophyll water) in the South Sea of Korea, we developed a systematic classification method using spectral information from MODIS level products and applied it to five different harmful algal bloom events. Red tide and nonred tide waters were classified based on four different criteria. The first step revealed that the radiance peaks of potential red tide water occurred at 555 and 678 nm. The second step separated optically different waters that were influenced by relatively low and high contributions of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) (including detritus) to chlorophyll. The third and fourth steps discriminated red tide water from non-red tide water based on the blue-to-green ratio in areas with lower and higher contributions of CDOM to chlorophyll, respectively. After applying the red tide classification (using the four criteria), the spectral response of the red tide water, which is influenced by pigment concentration, showed different slopes for the blue and green bands (lower slope at blue bands and higher slope at green bands). The opposite result was found for non-red tide water, due to decreasing phytoplankton absorption and increasing detritus/CDOM absorption at blue bands. The results were well matched with the discoloration of water (blue to dark red/brown) and delineated the areal coverage of C. polykrikoides blooms, revealing the nature of spatial and temporal variations in red tides. This simple spectral classification method led to increase user accuracy for C. polykrikoides and non-red tide blooms (>46% and >97%) and provided a more reliable and robust identification of red tides over a wide range of oceanic environments than was possible using chlorophyll a concentration, chlorophyll anomaly, fluorescence analysis, or proposed red tide detection algorithms.

Mock-up test for red-tide removal using artificial float with ceramic membrane

김성열,김유택 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2018 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.19 No.3

In Korea, in particular the south coast, the marine industry has been gradually damaged by red tide. The pollution of offshoreregions and the death of wild and offshore fish-farm fishes have resulted in significant economic losses to fishermen. Theprimary approach employed to remove red tide domestically is to spray red clay. However, not only is it hard to find the effect,but phosphorus and a trace quantities of metal in red clay promote the proliferation of red-tide algae. Therefore, the use ofred clay is not ideal. In this study, a laboratory-sized mock-up test is performed to predict the efficiency of red-tide removal,water current, and flow velocity in the case where an artificial float with its membrane filled with ceramic carriers is installedaround the perimeter of an offshore underwater fish farm. Mock-up devices are classified as circular and scaled-down types. Based on the test with the circular type, the flow velocity had a reduction rate of 78% after the passage of layer 1, and it hadincreased to 81~82% after the passage of layer 2. The reduction rate of red tide was initially 2000 cell/ml at the time it passedlayer 1, and had reduced to between 400 cell/ml and 800 cell/ml after passing layer 2. In the test with the scaled-down type,the reduction pattern of the flow velocity was the same as that of the circular type. In conclusion, the artificial float with aceramic membrane was effective at removing red tide and reduced the flow velocity between membrane layers to increase thestay time of red tide. It was verified that an actual artificial float could secure a sufficient time to remove red tide by causingthe red tide to remain for a longer time between layers to increase the concentration, pumping red-tide microorganisms, andthen removing the red tide through a filter press. It is expected that the use of artificial floats will become an effective measureto remove red tide.

판별함수에 의한 진해만 적조예측

이문옥,백상호 한국환경과학회 1998 한국환경과학회지 Vol.7 No.1

The dicriminant function was introduced to understand the cause and establish the prediction method of red tides occurring in Jinhae Bay, Korea. Two sea regions of Masan and Haengam Bays and Dangdong and Wonmun Bays had different types of causes and patterns for red tides. In Masan and Haengam Bays, the red tides concentrically occurred during June and September. For example, in June the red tides occurred from physical and meteorological factors, which are related to the stratification and the increase in planktons. However, in August the red tides occurred from the water quality environment, based on these conditoins. Futhermore, in September the red tides were caused by the balance between the meteorological and water quality environmental factors. In contrast to those, in Dangdong and Wonmun Bays, the red tides mainly occurred during July and October and the frequency of occurrence was not as much as Masan and Haengam Bays. Especially, in August and September most meteorological and physical factors or water quality environmental factors appeared to contribute to the occurrence of red tides. This indicates that red tides do not easily occur as they are controlled by various environmental factors particularly in these regions. The discriminant functions were applied to predict red tides which they were actually occurred in Masan and Haengam Bays in June. The results showed that they were successful for the prediction of red tide at Haengam Bay but not at Masan Bay. The reason for their discrepancy in Masan Bay could have come from using a slight higher value of pH or COD in May, instead of its value in June.

Interactions between marine bacteria and red tide organisms in Korean waters

성경아,정해진 한국조류학회I 2013 ALGAE Vol.28 No.4

There is increasing interest in the relationships between marine bacteria and red tide organisms. Some bacteria are known to kill red tide organisms, and may be responsible for accelerating the termination of red tides. Thus, certain algicidal bacteria have been proposed for the control of red tides. Meanwhile, many red tide organisms are known to feed on marine bacteria. The roles of marine bacteria and red tide organisms are therefore reversible. In Korean waters, the killing of red tide organisms by algicidal bacteria, and also the feeding of red tide organisms on marine bacteria have been extensively investigated. The findings of such studies may influence the conventional view of red tide dynamics, and also planktonic food webs. Here, we review the species and concentrations of algicidal bacteria that kill red tide organisms in Korean waters, as well as the ingestion rate and grazing impact of red tide organisms on marine bacteria. Furthermore, we offer an insight into the ecological roles of these 2 components in marine planktonic food webs.