Clinical Article : 골프 퍼팅 시 퍼팅거리와 정확성이 시각탐색에 미치는 영향

김석희 ( Seok Hee Kim ) 대한스포츠의학회 2013 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.31 No.2

The purpose of this study was to examine the eye movement depending on putting distance and accuracy in golf putting. The subjects were semi-professional 5 golfers. Golfers had performed golf putting on 2 m and 15 m distances. Visual search had used in order to examine the eye movement in success and failure of putting by eye tracker (Dikablis 2.0). During golf putting, eye movement analysis had analyzed on the ball and the hole of putting distance and accuracy. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance for repeated measures using SPSS ver. 15.0 program. Visual search to distance and accuracy on ball were as followed. Duration was significant differences in putting distance. Number of glances was significant differences in accuracy. Percentaged glance proportion was significant differences in putting distance. Glance frequency was significant differences in putting distance. Visual search to distance and accuracy on hole were followed. Total glance time and number of glances were significant differences in putting distance. Mean glance duration was significant differences in putting distance, accuracy, and between interaction. Percentaged glance proportion was significant differences in putting distance and between interaction. Maximal glance duration was significant differences in putting distance, accuracy, and between interaction. Minimal glance duration was significant differences in accuracy, and between interaction. Glance frequency was significant differences in between interaction. This study will be expected to be utilized for putting performance improvement as a basis for developing an exercise program.

여자골퍼의 어프로치 거리에 따른 퍼팅자세의 운동학적 비교분석

현승현(Hyun, Seung-Hyun),고명식(Ko, Myungl-Sikg),류재청(Ryew, Che-Cheon) 한국체육과학회 2012 한국체육과학회지 Vol.21 No.3

This study was to analyse the effective putting skills and get the data about kinematic variables needed for golfers by comparing the putting shots of each 3 meters and 15 meters, which both successful and failed putting shots to the pin in putting green respectively. The results of the above were as follows; he elapsed time of 15 meters putting showed longer than those of 3 meters on average. During golf putting motions, the left fright laterally of trunk position changes of 15 meters putting are larger than those of 3 meters putting on average during both downswing and follow-through phases. Vertical body displacements in 15 meters putting are also larger than those of 3 meters putting. The putter head speeds of 15 meters putting are faster than those of 3 meters during back-swing. And also during downswing and follow through phases, the speeds of 15 meters putting are faster than those of 3 meters. in the case of left elbow did not show significant difference statistically from address to impact phases. But left elbow was more flexed in 15 meters putting in follow through phases. And left shoulder are more extended in 15 meters putting than those of 3 meter putting. The changes of left and right hip joint angles are not different statistically between two putting motions. But in impact motions of 15 meters putting downswing phases, right joint was more spreaded. And left hip joint was more bended in 15 meters putting.

포환던지기 오브라이언식 투법 동작의 운동학적 분석

문송희,김진현 대한운동사협회 2011 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.13 No.1

[INTRODUCTION] The purpose of this study was to determine the effective form of O'Brien style in shot put. [METHOD] The form was analyzed through 3 phases of the O’Brien style: reverse, gliding, and Putting. The subjects consisted of national representive athlete (n=1) and high school athlete(n=3). The experimental method of O'Brien style of Shot-putting Motion was cinematography(3D) and analyzed with Kwon3D motion analysis system. SPSS12.0 Statistics Program was used to carry out the independent t-test, and the significance level was set at p<.05. [RESULT] The duration of each phase was in order of gliding> Putting> reverse. In the gliding phase, the elite shot-putter performed an acting force as long as possible to maximize force and stride length. Analysis of horizontal velocity showed that the elite shot-putter was slower in the gliding phase and faster in the Putting phase than the high school shot-putters. With respect to vertical velocity, the elite shot-putter was slower than the high school shot-putters during the reverse and gliding phases. As a result of both horizontal and vertical kinematics, the elite shot-putter’s COG was lower in the reverse and gliding phase but higher in the Putting phase when compared to the high school shot-putters. Analysis of the angular kinematic variable of the limbs showed statistically significant differences. In the gliding phase, the elite shot-putter maintained a smaller angle in R-hip, R-knee and R-ankle. Analysis throughout all three phases of O’Brien style showed that the elite shot-putter used a great range of motion(ROM) in R-elbow and R-shoulder. Analysis of the angular kinematic variable of the trunk showed statistically significant difference. When measuring the tilted angle of the trunk in the coronal plane, amateur shot-putters used a greater ROM throughout the 3 phases of O’Brien style. [CONCLUSION] The effective form in shot put of O’Brien style will be desirable that stride length must be maintained 1:2 ratio in right and left leg during gliding phase, COG height be maintained lower height, be gradually increase knee angle and be faster extension of upper arm with forwarding the trunk. [서론] 본 연구는 우수선수와 일반선수의 포환던지기 오브라이언식 투법 동작의 운동학적 변인을 분석함으로서 선수들에게 적합한 글라이드 거리를 유도하고 이 최적거리를 사용함으로서 경기력을 향상시키는데 있다. [방법] 국가대표 경력이 있는 우수선수 1명과 고교 재학중인 2년 이상의 포환던지기 경력이 있는 일반선수 3명을 대상자로 선정하여 각 국면별 소요시간, 신체중심위치·속도, 상지분절과 하지분절의 각운동 변인, 동체의 전후경각을 분석하였다. [결과 ] 소요시간은 Gliding〉Putting〉Reverse 순으로 나타났으며, 신체중심위치 수직변화는 우수선수가 일반선수 보다 신체중심을 낮게 유지하다가 Putting 국면에서는 신체중심을 더 높게 하는 것으로 나타났고, 수평속도변화는 Gliding 국면에서 우수선수가 일반선수보다 느리게 나타났지만 이 후 Putting 국면에서는 더 빠르게 하는 것으로 나타났다. 우수선수가 일반선수에 비해 투사 시 더욱 크게 신전시키는 것으로 나타났고 하지관절 각도변화는 우수선수가 일반선수에 비해 작은 각을 유지하는 것으로 나타났으며, 동체의 전후경각은 우수선수에 비해 일반선수가 동체에서의 굴곡이 더 두드러지는 것으로 나타났다. [결론] Gliding 국면에서 보폭의 길이는 1:2 비율인 오른발은 짧게 왼발은 길게 하며, 신체중심위치는 처음에 더 낮게 유지하고 하지관절의 각은 작게 유지하다가 점차 높게 유지하여 Putting국면으로 전환할 때 상지관절을 빠르게 신전시켜 동체를 전방으로 밀어내야 할 것으로 사료된다.

프로골퍼의 퍼팅 시 거리와 성공ㆍ실패에 따른 시간 및 퍼터헤드 궤적의 일관성 분석

강동엽(Kang, Dong-Yob),염창흥(Youm, Chang-Hong) 한국체육과학회 2014 한국체육과학회지 Vol.23 No.4

The purpose of this study was to examine the consistency analysis of time and putter head trajectory on the distances and the success or failure during putting of professional golfers. The subjects who participated in this study were 9 in professional golfers(years: 29.9±4.4 yrs, height: 178.9±6.8 ㎝, weight: 78.8±15.9 ㎏; career 12.6±5.8). The elapsed time during the back swing was found that 2 m was longer than 6 m during putting. And the consistency of the elapsed time during the follow through swing was found that 2 m putting was lower than 6 m putting. The consistency of the putter head trajectory at the back swing top was found that 6 m putting was lower than 2 m or 4 m putting, but was not showed the difference of the consistency between 2 m and 4 m putting. These differences were mainly in the anteroposterior plane. And the difference of consistency between success and failure of putting showed in 2 m and 4 m respectively.

기계학습을 이용한 주파수 분석을 통한 퍼팅 판별 알고리즘

김정헌(Jeongheon Kim),권혁준(HyeokJun Kwon),이두용(DooYong Lee),박수경(Sukyung Park) 대한기계학회 2019 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2019 No.11

Auto-scoring related wearable devices for golf have emerged to meet consumer demands. Wrist-worn devices capable of automatic scoring using inertial sensors are providing user convenience. Impact of putting is, however, relatively small , and it is difficult to extract the putting signal due to influence of the hand grip. In this study, we designed a puttingdiscrimination algorithm for auto-scoring using inertial sensors. The putting-determination consists of selecting a putting phase from arbitrary motion, and extracting a putting signal in the phase. The putting phase was determined by using Convolution Neural Network (CNN). It was determined based on manual labeling by inputting the acceleration and angular velocity data. Putting-signal extraction exploits the phenomenon that vibration caused by natural frequency occurs even for a small impact. And the putting signal is extracted by designing a bandpass filter which passes only the natural frequency in the putting phase. The natural frequency of the putting is analyzed by assuming the putter as a beam, The parameters are estimated to identify the grip boundary conditions. The impact is derived through the frequency analysis, and experimentally verified. The method presented can be employed to increase accuracy of the wrist-type automatic scoring devices for other sports.

훅 라인 그린에서 깃대의 유무, 볼스피드와 볼의 홀컵 중앙 통과 정도가 볼이 정지한 위치에 미치는 영향

김구선,고민종,홍준희 한국골프학회 2019 골프연구 Vol.13 No.3

[Purpose] Main purpose of this research is to suggest first putting strategies for second putting through the analysis of effect of the presence or absence of flagstick, ball speed and ball part passing the hole cup center on the final position of the ball at hook line green. [Method] In this test, final position of the ball when the ball passes center of the hall cup in 3 speeds was measured by using stimpmeter at 3 degrees hook line. Cross tabulations analysis was conducted to derive results by using of SPSS 18.0. [Result] Analysis of the variables influencing the stopping position of the ball in the hook line showed that putting under the flagstick in condition rather than pulling it out was favorable for hold or subsequent putting. It was preferable to put the ball speed at 1.8m or 2.7m over the hole and to be minimized intersection area of the left part of the putted ball and the center of the hole cup for hold and subsequent putting. [Conclusion] Therefore, putting the ball such conditions as the flagstick in, 1.8 or 2.7m hole past ball speed and minimizing intersection area of the left part of the putted ball and the center of the hole cup will make the best results for hold and subsequent putting. [목적] 본 연구는 훅 라인 그린에서 깃대의 유무, 볼스피드와 볼의 홀컵 중앙을 통과한 정도가 볼이 정지한 위치에 미치는 영향에 대한 분석을 통해 첫 번째 퍼팅의 홀인 실패 시 후속 퍼팅의 홀인 성공률을 높이기 위한 첫 번째 퍼팅의 전략을 제시함에 그 목적이 있다. [방법] 본 연구를 위해 제주도에 소재한 캐슬렉스컨트리클럽 3번 그린 2.8도 경사의 훅 라인에서 스팀프미터(Stimpmeter)를 사용하여 핀의 유무에 따른 다양한 상황을 실험하고 SPSS 18.0을 통한 교차분석을 실시하였다. [결과] 훅 라인에서 퍼팅한 볼이 정지하는 위치에 영향을 미치는 변인들을 분석한 결과, 깃대를 뽑고 퍼팅하는 것 보다는 꽂고 퍼팅하는 것이 홀인이나 후속 퍼팅에 유리한 것으로 나타났다. 볼스피드는 1.8m 또는 2.7m 홀을 지나치는 속도로 퍼팅하는 것이 바람직하며, 홀인과 후속 퍼팅을 고려할 때 퍼팅한 볼의 왼쪽 부분을 홀컵 중앙과 최소 교차시키는 것이 가장 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. [결론] 따라서 훅 라인에서는 후속 퍼팅, 홀인 등을 고려해 볼 때 깃대를 꽂고 1.8m 또는 2.7m 홀을 지나치는 속도로 볼의 왼쪽 부분을 홀컵 중앙과 최소 교차시키는 퍼팅이 가장 좋은 결과를 가져올 것으로 판단된다.

프로 골퍼와 아마추어 골퍼의 골프 퍼팅 시 시선변화의 연구

문성식,홍준희 한국골프학회 2019 골프연구 Vol.13 No.4

[목적] 본 연구는 프로골퍼와 아마추어 골퍼의 퍼팅 시 시선변화의 차이를 실험을 통하여 확인하여 밝힘으로써 아마 추어 골퍼의 퍼팅 시 시선 동작을 연습하는 데 도움을 주고, 아마추어의 퍼팅 능력 향상을 위한 기초자료를 제공하 는 데 목적이 있다. [방법] 이를 위해 아마추어 골퍼 7명과 KPGA 프로 이상의 자격을 가진 7명의 프로 골퍼 등 총 14명이 실내 퍼팅그린에서 실험에 참여하였다. 시선변화를 측정하기 위한 아이트래킹 장비는 Tobii pro사의 Tobii Pro Glasses 2를 이용하여서 하였고, 퍼팅 결과는 QEP의 유무에 따라 Clevett의 퍼팅 검사를 응용하여 점수화하였다. 실험을 통해 도출된 자료는 SPSS 18.0을 통해 독립 t-test를 실시하였다. [결과] 도출된 결과를 살펴보면 QEP가 있는 집단에서 퍼팅 점수가 비교적 높게 나타났으며, 그중에서 QEP가 있는 프로 골퍼 집단에서 퍼팅 점수가 가장 높게 나왔다. [결론] 아마추어 골퍼는 시선변화에서 프로골퍼와 다르게 대부분 QEP가 없다는 점이 나타났다. 따라서 아마 추어 골퍼는 퍼팅 시 QEP를 응시하는 자신만의 루틴을 연습하여야 할 것이다. [Purpose] This study helps to practice the gaze of putting an amateur golfer by checking the difference of Eye movement when putting a professional golfers and an amateur golfers, The purpose is to provide basic data for improving amateur putting skills. [Method] To do so, a total of 14 participants, including 7 amateur golfers and 7 professional golfers with qualifications above KPGA Pro, participated in the experiment on the indoor putting green of the golf practice range. Eye tracking equipment was measured by using a Tobii Pro Glasses Tobii Pro Glasses 2, Putting results were scored by applying Clevett’s putting test. Based on the experiment, an independent t-test was conducted through SPSS 18.0. [Result] As a result showed that the putting score was relatively high in the group with QEP, Among the pro golfer groups with QEP, the putting score was the highest. [Conclusion] As Amateur golfers have no QEP in most eyes, unlike professional golfers. Therefore, amateur golfers will have to practice their routines to stare at QEP when putting.

골프 숙련도에 따른 시각적 착시 연습이 퍼팅 과제의 학습 및 자기 효능감에 미치는 효과

김정원,홍석범,육동원 한국스포츠심리학회 2022 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.33 No.4

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of visual illusion on the self-efficacy according to golf putting skill and to test golf putting performance and learning effect. Methods: The subjects in Experiment 1 were 14 women in their 20s who had no prior experience in golf putting. In addition, seven subjects were assigned to the PLT (perceived large target) and PST (perceived small target) groups according to visual illusion conditions. For the task in Experiment 1, MRE and BVE were measured with a putting task of 2.5 m. self-efficacy were measured before the acquisition test, before the immediately retention test, before the delayed retention test. In the pre-test, participants was no difference in golf putting ability between the two groups and peformed a total of 10 putts. In the acquisition stage, a total of 50 times were performed 10 times, and immediate, delayed, and transfer tests were performed 10 times, a total of 20 times. The data analysis of acquisition phase, immediate, delayed, transfer tests were carried out under group×block factorial design with repeated-measure on block. The subjects of Experiment 2 consisted of six female professional golfers registered in KLPGA, and counterbalancing was performed so that they could put in both PLT and PST conditions. The experimental task was a 3m putting task, and the dependent variable was as shown in Experiment 1. All participants putted a total of 40 times, 20 times for each condition. The data analysis were carried out under condition×block factorial design with repeated-measure on block. self-efficacy were measured before each condition. The data analysis were carried out Paired t-test. Results: In Experiment 1 for novice, the PLT group showed more efficient learning effects in MRE and BVE than the PST group. There was no significant difference in self-efficacy between the two groups, but a gradual improvement occurred when the hole was largely perceived. In Experiment 2, PLT conditions showed more efficient learning effects at MRE and BVE than PST conditions, but there was no significant difference in self-efficacy. Conclusion: Through this study, it was confirmed that it was effective for task performance and learning to allow novice and experts to perceive the target size largely. However, it was not clearly suggested whether it was an effect due to self-efficacy. Nevertheless, it was confirmed that visual illusion is an important variable that explain a discriminatory effect not only on novice but also on golf putting of experts.

골프 핑거 본 그립의 퍼팅 동작에 관한 운동역학적 특성 비교

김재정(Kim, Jai-Jeong),소재무(So, Jae-Moo) 한국체육과학회 2012 한국체육과학회지 Vol.21 No.1

The objective of this study was to propose that putting grips should be chosen on a scientific bases and to provide preliminary data for golfers to enhance athletic performance, through comparing kinematic variables and ann muscle activity of finger bone grip and reverse-overlap grip putting. The study population included two male college golfers each using finger bone grip and reverse-overlap grip for 3m and 5m putting stroke motions, analyzed through 3D image analysis and EMG. The longer the distance, the more time spent for the entire motion, and the more time spent for the backswing segment using finger bone putting grip. The club head movement remained insignificant on the Y-axis, however, the movement was greater towards the aim from impact to finish using finger bone putting grip. On the Zraxis, the club head maintained more constant during the impact segment using the finger bone grip compared to reverse-overlap grip putting. Finger bone grip uses right brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis, widens the right elbow angle which increases the angular velocity for the impact, whereas, reverse-overlap grip uses brachioradialis and radial flexor of wrist, narrows the right elbow angle for the impact. The findings above indicate that finger bone grip leads to natural straightening out movement of the right elbow compared to reverse-overlap putting grip

경기력 수준에 따른 남자 대학골프 선수의 퍼팅 수행시 뇌파 및 근전도의 변화

이준우(Lee, Jun-Woo),최봉암(Choi, Bong-Am),정채원(Jung, Tchae-Won) 한국체육과학회 2012 한국체육과학회지 Vol.21 No.2

Golf-putting is required accuracy and allocation of powers for the playing as few strokes per round and this is could be key factor for championship. The purpose of this study is to compare of changes in surface brainwave and electromyogram between high and low performance of players during golf-putting. We would build up the training foundation for improving golf-putting performance. For this study, The 13 subjects was divided into 2 groups(low and high performance players" group in competitions), and then their electroencephalo-graphy(EEG) and electromyogram(EMG) was measure both pre and post golf-putting. Statistical analysis was done using repeated ANOVA with SPSS 15.0, statistical significance was set at the level of p<.05. As a result changes of brainwave and electromyogram were significant different between time(pre/post putting) and group(low/high performance). These results explained that high performance college golf players have ability to concentrate all his energies and control of his stress upon putting. In conclusion golf coach should interest in improving player"s concentration and stress management to make plans for putting training program.