‘므스’와 ‘므슥/므슴/므슷’의 의미특성 및 형태변화

이광호(Lee Kwang-Ho) 국어국문학회 2009 국어국문학 Vol.- No.151

'므스' and '므슥, 므슴, 므슷' have a basic form 므스 as a matter of fact. `므스 and 므슥, 므슴 have a noun function, and then `므스 and 므슴, 므슷 have a pre-noun function. 므스 and 므슥 owns jointly the two functions of noun and pre-noun. `므스 has distributed constant restrictions. `므스고 'with `므스 where precedes '-고' in only the expression which is in order to appear. 므슴 comes forms the relationship of restriction which cooccurs with '-과, -만, -?다'. However only from in the thing which has a noun function from medieval age, is connected with modern age. 므슥 is free the connection which starts with vowels. Most is active applies from the distributive side. `므스 with pre-noun function is limited to '일, 것'. Quite does the pre-noun duty which is restricted. 므슴 operates with the function of mostly ironical doubt from medieval age, and then in modern age, distributions are free and comes magnifies with the function of simple doubt gradually. 므슷 is considerably restricted modifier which does the pre-noun duty. As a result of diachronic change, in now to relate with these are '무엇 and 무슨. The noun function takes charge of `무엇, the pre-noun function takes charge of `무슨. `므스 and 므슥, 므슴 which have a noun function from medieval age, comes with modern age the whole function atrophies. `므슷>므섯 which has a pre-noun function is occupied these noun function. In modern age, 므슷>므섯 is connected with `무엇‘ in now. `므? of medieval age' is changed ‘므슷>므읏’ or ‘므섯>므엇>무엇’. `므스 which has a pre-noun function from medieval age is disappears, 므슷 converts with noun function in modern age. Finally the pre-noun function takes charge of this `므슴, this becomes re-structure in the form which adds 'ㄴ'.

Numerical Investigation into the Effect of Uniaxial and Biaxial Pre-Strain on Forming Limit Diagram of 5083 Aluminum Alloy

F. Zhalehfar,S.J. Hosseinipour,S. Nourouzi,A.H. Gorji 한국소성가공학회 2011 기타자료 Vol.2011 No.8

In this paper, numerical simulations are carried out to determine the forming limit diagram (FLD) of 5083 aluminum alloy. The aim is to predict the effect of strain path change on the forming limit curve (FLC) of this alloy. For this purpose, out-of-plane formability test method with hemispherical punch was simulated by using commercial finite element software, ABAQUSE 6.9. In the first stage, square blanks were modeled and then some of them were pre-strained uniaxially by tension test and some others were pre-strained biaxially by stretching over the hemispherical punch. In the second stage, the formability test specimens’ models were prepared by trimming the pre-strained blanks with the longitudinal axis parallel and perpendicular to the rolling direction. For trimming, a program was written in MATLAB 7.6 which could determine the new elements and introduce their properties to the FEM model. Ductile fracture criteria were used to predict failure. Furthermore, forming limit stress diagram (FLSD) was determined. The numerical results were compared with the experimental findings. Uniaxial pre-straining increased and shifted the FLC to the left hand side of the diagram for both parallel and perpendicular to the rolling direction. Biaxial pre-straining shifted the FLC to the right hand side of the diagram for both directions, and also decreased the FLC for the specimens parallel to the rolling direction.

관형사의 문법적 특징

최웅환(Choi, Ung-hwan) 한국어문학회 2013 語文學 Vol.0 No.121

This paper reviewed Grammatical Characteristics of Korean Pre-nouns. Generally, Korean Pre-noun are modifiers in semantical viewpoints. We did not study for a long time a Grammatical Characteristics of Korean Pre-nouns as a whole. Only from the point of view of parts of speech Characteristics of Korean Pre-nouns are discussed. The first purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the existence of Korean Pre-nouns as a word class. Second to define the Grammatical Characteristics of Korean Pre-nouns. Conclusions are as follows. First, Korean Pre-nouns is a word class of parts of speech. Korean Pre-nouns should be classified as one of the parts of speech, because a historical phenomenon on the Lexical Origins and phenomenon on Language Typology of Korean Pre-nouns is meaningless. Second, Korean Pre-nouns are component of ‘Structure island’. Grammatical Characteristics of Korean Pre-noun should be applied. Therefore Korean Pre-nouns can not escape the ‘Structure island’. Structure island constraint is greater explanatory for the use of Korean Pre-nouns.

Microstructure control to improve creep strength of alumina-forming austenitic heat-resistant steel by pre-strain

Jang, Min-Ho,Kang, Jun-Yun,Jang, Jae Hoon,Lee, Tae-Ho,Lee, Changhee Elsevier 2018 Materials characterization Vol.137 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>At 700°C and 200MPa, the creep rupture time of W-containing alumina-forming austenitic heat-resistant (WAFA) steel increases from 1044 to 3119h by pre-strain. Pre-strain introduces a lot of dislocation into the matrix and most of the dislocations remain stable to the end of creep without recovery and recrystallization. In addition, the dislocations have enabled secondary NbC and Laves phase to be uniformly distributed and refined. However, the dislocations lower grain boundary strength due to the coarsening of precipitates along grain boundaries Therefore, the increase in the creep rupture time in spite of deterioration of grain boundary strength is attributed to the dislocation strengthening and enhanced precipitation hardening within grains.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The effect of pre-strain on creep strength of AFA steel was studied. </LI> <LI> The creep test was performed at 700°C and 200Mpa, and the aging test was carried out using box furnace at 700°C to simulate the microstructural evolution during creep. </LI> <LI> Microstuctural evolution was observed by using SEM, EBSD, and TEM to investigate the relationship between creep strength and microstructure. </LI> </UL> </P>

액압성형시 예비변형에 따른 튜브의 강도 변화

박현규(Hyun Kyu Park),임홍섭(Hong Sup Im),이혜경(Hyae Kyung Yi),김광순(Kwang Soon Kim),문영훈(Young Hoon Moon) 대한기계학회 2008 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2008 No.5

In recent years, developments of light weight vehicle are one of the most important issues in automotive industry. It is important to know the variations of the mechanical properties in the hydro forming process for the safe and durable design purposes. Generally, tube hydro forming process consists of three main processes such as bending, preforming, and hydro forming. It means that the strain hardening histories of final products are nonlinear. In this study, strain hardening behavior during hydro forming has been investigated by hydroforming of engine cradle as a model process. The variation of mechanical properties such as local hardness and strength were used as an index of strain hardening during respective processes. The correlationship between strength and hardness obtained from tensile test at various pre-strain conditions has been equivalently converted into correlation between hardness and pre- strain.

다구찌기법을 이용한 자동차용 드럼 클러치 허브 제조를 위한 예비성형체의 최적화

김승규(Seung-Gyu),박영철(Young-Chul Park),박준홍(Joon-Hong Park) 한국기계가공학회 2010 한국기계가공학회지 Vol.9 No.6

The drum clutch investigated in this study is formed in 5 forming steps, which are 1st deep drawing, 2nd deep drawing, restriking, embossing, and Grob™ processes. Dimensional accuracy of the final products greatly depends upon how much more accurate pre-form is manufactured in the previous forming processes before the Grob™ process. The deep drawing, restriking and embossing processes in which the pre-form is formed are very important and decisive steps. Thus in some cases, excessive strain by these operations causes dimensional inaccuracy and cracks initiated from the base and wall of the product. Process variables such as the punch shapes both of 1st and 2nd deep drawing, and punch angle were selected to evaluate the deformation characteristics. The optimum parameters were determined from forming simulations using commercial FEM codes, DEFORM and Tauchi method, specifically developed for metal forming simulation. Finally, experiments for the whole drum clutch forming processes were carried out to verify the optimized forming parameters and the analytical results.

An Experimental Study on Tensile Properties of Al–Li Alloy 2198-T3 by Pre-stretching and Artificial Aging

최동국,이경한,이수용,이준성 한국항공우주학회 2024 International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sc Vol.25 No.1

Aluminum–lithium (Al–Li) alloy, one of the 2xxx aluminum–copper alloys, have higher specific strength and stiffness than the other aluminum alloy systems. The 3rd generation Al–Li alloys provide increased corrosion resistance, good fatigue crack growth resistance, enhanced strength, and toughness compared with the previous generation. The mechanical characteristics of the Al–Li alloys are modified by a method of stretch forming and heat treatment. However, the material properties can be non-uniform in this process. To investigate the effects of stretch forming and heat treatment, the tensile tests were performed on the pre-stretched and artificially aged specimens. The specimens were pre-processed in several combined conditions which were under 0–3% stretching strain with 14–17 h aging time before the tensile test. The tensile properties such as elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and elongation at break were analyzed to find the highest strength value. Based on the experimental results, the effects of pre-stretching and artificial aging on the change in the Al–Li alloy properties were discussed to see whether it could be applied to the manufacturing process.

영어권 학습자의 한국어 관형사형 어미 오류 분석

전영아 ( Jun¸ Young-a ) 한국언어문화교육학회 2004 언어와 문화 Vol.1 No.1

The purpose of this study is to analyze English-speaking learners' errors in using Korean Attributive forms. To analyze the errors, I used not only the compositions written by English-speaking learners form various Korean language institutes, but also a questionnaire where the learners had to fill in the blanks in sentences using Korean attributive forms. The followings are the types of errors analyzed in this study. I also suggested how teachers could explain these errors to learners. First, common morphologic errors were made when the attributive forms come after the tense pre-final endings. Another type of morphologic error is using ‘-어-’ or ‘으-’ in front of ‘는’ or ‘던’. Therefore, teachers should explain when to use tense pre-final endings in front of the attributive forms and when not to use them Korean tense pre-final endings. ‘겠’ and ‘았’ can come in front of ‘던’ but not in front of ‘-는, 을, 은’. even if the preceding consonant starting attributive forms such as ‘는’, or ‘던’, but ‘으’ has to be used in front of ‘-ㄹ’ or ‘-ㄴ’. Second, learners confused ‘-(으)ㄹ’ and ‘-는’, when ‘-는’, has meaning other than present progressive. The difference between ‘-(으)ㄹ’ and ‘-는’ can be explained through the idea of the speaker's intention. ‘-(으)ㄹ’conveys the speaker's intention while ‘-는’ does not. Vcnrd, ‘-던’, ‘-았던’ and ‘-(으)ㄴ’ were confused by learners. ‘-(으)ㄴ’ represents past perfective’, while ‘-던’ represents past imperfective’. ‘Imperfective’ can be either progressive, habitual, repetitive, or incompletion. ‘-았던’ can be used instead of ‘-(으)ㄴ’ or ‘-던’ for most of cases except ‘incompletion’. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

The Flow Behavior and Forming Limit Modeling of an Al- Cu-Mg Aluminum Alloy Sheet Considering the Effects of Pre-Strain and Solution Heat Treatment

Xiao-Qiang Li,Gui-Qiang Guo,Hong-Zhi Gao,Nan Song,Dong-Sheng Li 한국정밀공학회 2015 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.

Al-Cu-Mg aluminum alloy sheet is widely used for aircraft skin. Multi-stage forming combined with Solution Heat Treatment (SHT) is necessary for some geometrically complex productions in aircraft skin components. However, the effects of pre-strain and natural ageing time on the formability of Al-Cu-Mg aluminum alloy sheet are not fully understood. In this study, the deformation responses of an Al-Cu-Mg aluminum alloy sheet, over a range of pre-strain levels (0% to 6%) and natural ageing time levels (0 h to 2 h) were investigated. A modified Hollomon constitutive model coupling with pre-strain and natural ageing time was proposed to characterize the deformation responses of the Al-Cu-Mg aluminum alloy sheet. The hemispherical dome tests were performed at natural ageing time levels ranging from 0.25 h to 1.5 h. Marciniak and Kuczynski (M-K) theory was used to obtain the forming limit prediction model which takes pre-strain and natural ageing time into account. The theoretical Forming Limit Curves (FLCs) were compared with the experimental results.

도시정비법상 조합설립 동의의 유효성 및 매도청구권과의 관계

노경필 사법발전재단 2010 사법 Vol.1 No.14

This paper deals with interpretation and application of the decision 2009Da10881 rendered by the Supreme Court on August 4, 2010 on the relationship between the right of claim for sale and the validity of the consent as to the Establishment of the Partnership for the Reconstruction under the Act on the Maintenance and Improvement of Urban areas and Dwelling conditions for Residents (hereinafter referred as "Act on MIUDR"). In the case, the Supreme Court decided that the consent to Establishment of the Partnership for reconstruction under the pre-formulated Form provided by the "Act on MIUDR" is regarded as lawful. Meanwhile, unlawfulness of the consent to Establishment of the Partnership for reconstruction should not be a ground for claims against the validity of the exercise of a right of claim for sale, the party shall insist and prove that the unlawfulness of the consent results in revocation of authorization for the establishment of partnership or the arrangement for approval is null and void from the beginning. Under the old version of Act on MIUDR Supreme Court had said that the reconstruction resolution should contain specific requirements such as the amount of contributions for reconstruction or the standards of calculating the amount during the reconstruction process in order to avoid additional process of resettlement over those requirements. In particular, Supreme Court had said that not just the consent but the exercise of the right of claim for sale based on the consent was not lawful, if these requirements were not satisfied. However, since Act on MIUDR took effect the reconstruction resolution was replaced by the consent to the Establishment of the Partnership. The Act stipulates that pre-formulated Form shall be used to get consent to establishment of partnership. As a result, many claims against the legality of the pre-formulated Form have been filed regarding whether the consent in the pre-formulated Form includes the requirements above mentioned same as the reconstruction did. There have been controversies over the cases as the each lower court interprets the law in a different way and renders different decisions. Considering that, the Supreme Court decision on the case has great significance as it sets the precedent over a case in kind and to define the new concept of legal nature about the consent in terms of the Establishment of the Partnership. Supreme Court had closely examined differences between the Act on the Ownership and Management of Aggregate Buildings and the Act on MIUDR under which business operators could exercise the right of claim for sale. Recently the court makes clear the relationship between the right of claim for sale and the validity of the consent as to Establishment of the Partnership for the Reconstruction on the basis of the approval for the Establishment of the Partnership, which is accorded as the status of the disposition with certain statutory requirements by the decision of 2008Da60568 made by the Supreme Court on September 24, 2009. Finally it provides an overview of the legal disputes in the field of the Reconstruction. I hope that the Supreme Court's decision will lead to reducing the number of unnecessary disputes regarding reconstruction and redevelopment. 이 글은 도시정비법상 조합설립에 관한 동의의 유효성 및 매도청구권과의 관계에 관한 대법원 2010. 4. 8. 선고 2009다10881 판결의 해설이다. 대법원은 위 판결에서 관련 법령에서 정하고 있는 표준동의서에 의한 조합설립 동의는 적법하고, 한편 조합설립 동의가 위법함을 이유로 매도청구권의 적법 여부를 다투기 위해서는 조합설립 동의가 위법하다는 것만으로는 부족하고 나아가 그로 인하여 조합설립인가처분이 취소되었거나 혹은 당연무효임을 주장ㆍ입증하여야 한다고 판시하였다. 구법상의 재건축사업에 관하여 대법원은 재건축결의의 내용이 재건축사업의 실행단계에서 다시 합의를 하지 않아도 될 정도로 그 분담액 또는 기준을 구체적으로 정하여야 하며, 이에 이르지 못한 재건축결의는 위법하고, 이에 근거한 매도청구권 행사도 위법하다는 입장을 취해 왔다. 그런데 도시정비법 시행 이후 재건축결의가 조합설립 동의로 대체되면서 관계 법령에서는 조합설립 동의에 표준동의서를 사용하도록 하였다. 이에 따라 표준동의서의 내용이 종전 재건축결의에서와 마찬가지로, 사업의 실행단계에서 다시 합의를 하지 않아도 될 정도로 그 분담액 또는 기준을 구체적으로 정하고 있는지와 관련하여 그 적법성 여부가 다투어졌고, 하급심에서도 결론이 엇갈리는 등 많은 논란이 있어 왔다. 그런 의미에서 이에 관한 이 사건 대법원 판결은 매우 시의적절하고 의미 있는 판결이라고 생각된다. 나아가 대법원은, 도시정비법에서는 사업시행자가 매도청구권을 행사할 수 있다고 하여 집합건물법과 다르게 규정하고 있는 점에 주목하고, 또 최근 조합설립인가처분을 설권적 처분으로 보는 대법원 2009. 9. 24. 선고 2008다60568 판결 등을 바탕으로 하여, 조합설립 동의와 매도청구권과의 관계에 관하여 앞서와 같이 판시함으로써 그 관계를 명확히 하였다. 이 판결을 계기로 향후 재건축ㆍ재개발 현장에서 불필요한 분쟁이 조금이나마 감소되기를 기대해 본다.