국내 재배 6년근 고려인삼과 미국삼의 가공방법에 따른 성분 비교

배봉석(Bong Seok Bae),이명우(Myeong Woo Lee),이준수(Jun Su Lee),박철수(Chul Su Pack),한민우(Min Woo Han) 한국약용작물학회 2021 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.29 No.1

Background: There are 12 species and two subspecies of ginseng in the genus Panax, of which the perennial herbaceous Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and Panax quinquefolus L. are native to Korea and America, respectively. Korean and American ginseng are characterized by differences in their composition of ginsenosides, and given that these ginsenosides comprise multiple components that undergo hydrolysis when subjected to heat treatment, the compositions are further altered depending on the type of processing. Similarly, there will be processing-dependent changes in the contents of water-soluble components. Methods and Results: As a consequence of processing, the number of ginsenosides in red ginseng increased from 11 to 20, whereas that in American ginseng increased from 10 to 19. In terms of ginsenoside composition, American ginseng has approximately 80% Rb1 and Re, and Korean ginseng has an evenly distributed composition of Ro, Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, and Rb2, each of which accounts for approximately 10% or more of the total ginsenoside composition. In addition we detected 17 and 14 types of amino acid, of which arginine had the highest content, accounting for approximately 70% - 80% of the total amino acid content. During processing, the free amino acid content of red ginseng was reduced by approximately 60%. In cotrast, among the water-soluble components, the contents of free sugars and red ginseng acidic polysaccharides in processed ginseng were higher than those fresh ginseng. Furthermore, arginyl-fructosyl-glucose and maltol, which are not found in fresh ginseng, were detected in processed white and red ginseng. Conclusions: In this study, we found that the constituents of Korean and American ginseng underwent different changes in composition during processing.

인삼의 형태 감별에 관한 연구

이한구 ( Han Goo Lee ),임덕빈 ( Deog Bin Lim ),이영종 ( Young Jong Lee ) 대한본초학회 2004 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.19 No.2

N/A Objective : To study the morphologic characteristics of Ginseng according to the growing district and stock, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer growed each in Korea and China, and P. quinquefolium L were collected. The general morphology, and the exterior, interior and the flour of each were comparatively analyzed by microscope. Method : The surface of the transverse section of the specimen was made into a slid by the Paraffin Section method, and then dyed by Safranine Malachite Green method. The flour of the specimen was mounted by a solution of Glycerin, Acetic acid and Water at the rate of 1 : 1 : 1 The samples were observed at the power of 400 by an optic microscope(OLYMPUS-BHT, Japan). Photographs were taken and also the characteristics were sketched in lines. Result The plants used as Ginseng according to the time of year for gathering and growing district were comparative analyzed by optic microscope. The results were as the followings. 1. The external form of Korean Ginseng`s upper portion of root is short but Western Ginseng` is long and has many transverse long fold on it`s main root. In addition Korean Ginseng has a short rhizome and no transverse mark but Mountain Ginseng has the long rhizome and the transverse mark. 2. The internal form, Korean and Mountain Ginseng are similar to each other but Western Ginseng has more developed secondary cork layer than Korean Ginseng. 3. In the flour form, Korean Ginseng and Western Ginseng have many starch particles and one or two comparatively big piece on crystal of calcium hydroxide. But Mountain Ginseng has lesser starch particles and no big piece on it. 4. There were no significant microscopic differences among the flours of Korean Ginseng and Western Ginseng. Conclusion There were some morphological differences in external and internal parts of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and P. quinquefolium L. But there was no morphological difference in flour states, therefore it is impossible to use microscope to distinguish each other. On the other hand there was a morphological difference in flour states between Korean Ginseng and Mountain Ginseng, it is possible to use microscope to distinguish their flour states.

Study on the Response of Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) to the Herbicide 2,4-D Application

Jo, Jae-Seong The Korean Society of Ginseng 1990 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.14 No.2

Various rates of 2,4-D were sprayed on 2 and 3 year old ginseng plants as foliar spray to define the critical concentration. No apparent plant injury was noticable for those ginseng plants when application concentration of 2,4-D doubled the recommended dosage (70 ml/10a). Neither abnormal foliar change occurred nor any inhibition in leaf and stem growth was resulted for the plants treated with 2,4-D concentrated two times of the recommended dosage. When the rates of 2,4-D application were increased greater than this level, injury ratings increased linearly with the rates of 2,4-D application and plant you was inhibited. Ethylene gas was not produced from the ginseng plant treated with 2 times concentrated 2,4-D, however the ginseng plants produced 0.03 to 0.09 ppm ethylene gas when the rate of application were increased 3 and 4 times, respectively. On the other hand the soybean treated with the recommended amount of 21-D produced ethylene gas of 10-20 times higher compared with ginseng plants and died. Photosynthesis ability of the ginseng leaf was significantly decreased by 2,4-D foliar application but it was recovered 4 weeks after 2,4-D foliar treatment. The herbicide 2,4-D was applicated to 2,3 and 4 years old ginseng plants as foliar spray with the rates of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times of the recommended dosage to define the effects of 2,4-D on the plant growth and root yield of the ginseng. There were no significant differences in the leaf and stem growth between untreated and 2,4-D treated plant. Berry maturing of 3 and 4 year old ginseng was not influenced by 2,4-D. The root weight of 4 years old ginseng plant was not reduced by application of 2,4-D concenrated 2 times of the recommended dosage, Application time of the herbicide 2,4-D had no effects on the leaf or stem growth of 2,3 and 4 year old year old ginseng plants. When the ginseng seedling was treated with 2,4-D, detrimental phenomena as stem bending and docoration of seedling leaf margin occurred, but stem bending was recovered in a few day s. Keywords Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, 2,4-D , herbicide.

국가별 인삼종의 기원 및 기내배양에 따른 종자의 특성

이현우,이세진,안진희,민유은,정유성,강영민 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2022 농업생명과학연구 Vol.56 No.3

인삼은 다양한 국가에서 과거로부터 민간의약적으로 사용해 온 유용한 한약자원으로, 동북아시아와 북아메리카에서 서식하고 있다. 인삼의 학명은 Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer로 Araliaceae에 속하고 약용 부위는 곁뿌리를 제거한 뿌리 부분이다. 본 연구에서는 전세계에 분포하는 인삼의 종류와 명칭을 정리하고, 동북아시아 공정서 내 인삼의 기원들을 알아보았다. 다양한 인삼종의 전초의 형태를 비교하였고, 여러 문헌 정보를 바탕으로 각국 인삼종의 약리학적 효능을 정리하였다. 현재 한국에서 재배되고 있는 고려인삼의 품종은 약 15종이며, 이들 중 재래종(자경종), 천풍, 연풍, 금풍, 산양삼의 형태학적 특징을 비교하였다. 한약재 활용 가능한 인삼을 수확하기 위해서는 오랜 기간 재배해야 하며, 그 조건도 까다롭다. 약리학적으 로 가치가 있는 인삼종의 시장 수요를 충족하기 위한 대량증식 방법으로 기내조직배양이 활용될 수 있다. 따라서, 각 인삼종의 종자를 수집하여 크기를 측정하고 형태를 비교하였고, 종자를 횡단면으로 절단해 배의 형태를 관찰했다. 각 인삼종의 종자를 활용하여 기내배양을 진행하였고, MS+GA 1.0mg/L 조건에서 발아율은 미국삼이, 생존율은 금풍이 가장 우수한 것으로 확인 되었다. 인삼의 한 종류인 산양삼은 자연에서 성장 속도가 느리고, 재배조건이 까다롭다는 특징을 가지고 있다. 따라서, 산양삼을 수경 재배해, 해당 인삼종에서 발견되는 다양한 미생물종을 동정하였다. 기내배양을 통한 4종의 인삼종 종자 발아 실험에서도 다양한 미생물종이 확인되었고, rDNA 염기서열 분석을 통해 동정하였다. 본 연구는 한국한의학 연구원이 제공하는 전통의학정보포탈(KIOM Oasis Portal)과 농업진흥청 원예특작과학원의 인삼특작부에서 각 인삼종의 종자를 분양받아 진행되었 다. 해당 논문은 기내배양을 통한 인삼의 대량생산 체계 구축 연구의 초석이 될 것으로 사료된다. Ginseng is a useful herbal medicine resource that has been used traditionally in various countries for a long time. Ginseng is found in Northeast Asia and North America. The scientific name of ginseng is Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, which belongs to Araliaceae and the medicinal part is the root. In this study, the types and names of ginseng distributed around the world were summarized and the origins of ginseng in Northeast Asia pharmacopoeia were examined. The pharmacological efficacy of ginseng species from various countries was summarized based on various literature information. Additionally, to harvest ginseng that can be used as herbal medicine, it is cultivated for a long time under unfavourable conditions. In order to produce pharmacologically valuable ginseng species rapidly in line with market demand, a mass production system through in vitro cultivation should be established. Therefore, we performed in vitro culture using seeds of each ginseng variety. The seeds of each ginseng variety was collected, their sizes measured, and shapes compared. The seeds were cut in cross section to observe the shape of the embryo and then hydroponically cultivated wild ginseng and identified various microbial species found in that ginseng species. The morphological characteristics of Indigenous Korean varieties Chunpoong, Yunpoong, Gumpoong and Wild ginseng were compared. Various microbial species were also found in four types of ginseng seed germination experiments through in vitro culture, and identified through rDNA sequence analysis. This study was conducted by distributing seeds of each ginseng variety in the traditional medicine information portal provided by the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM) and the Department of Herbal Crop Research of the Korea Institute of Rural Development Administration (RDA). Ginseng varieties currently cultivated in Korea are about 15. MS + GA 1.0 mg/L condition led to highest germination rate in American ginseng and the best survival rate for Gumpoong. Wild ginseng cultivars are characterized by slow growth in nature. This paper is expected to be the cornerstone of research on the construction of mass production system of ginseng through In vitro cultivation.

인삼 연작토양에서 관수 및 인삼뿌리 잔사물이 토양 미생물상 및 뿌리썩음병 발생에 미치는 영향

이성우,이승호,서문원,박경훈,장인복 한국약용작물학회 2018 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.26 No.5

Background: Some phenolics detected in the soil may inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of ginseng (Panax ginseng). This study investigated the effect of irrigation and ginseng root residue addition on the soil microbial community and root rot disease in 2-year-old ginseng. Methods and Results: Each 20 ℓ pot was filled with soil infected with ginseng root rot pathogens, and irrigated daily with 2 ℓ of water for one month. After the irrigation treatment, ginseng fine root powder was mixed with the irrigated soil at a rate of 20 g per pot. In descending order, NO3 −, electric conductivity (EC), exchangeable Na (Ex. Na) and K (Ex. K) decreased due to irrigation. In descending order, NO3 −, EC, Ex. K, and available P2O5 increased with the additon of ginseng powder to the soil. The abundance of Trichoderma crassum decreased with irrigation, but increased again with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Haematonectria haematococca increased with irrigation, but decreased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Cylindrocarpon spp. and Fusarium spp., which cause ginseng root rot, increased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Arthrobacter oryzae and Streptomyces lavendulae increased with irrigation. The abundance of Streptomyces lavendulae decreased, and that of Arthrobacter spp. increased, with the incorporation of ginseng powder. Aerial growth of ginseng was promoted by irrigation, and ginseng root rot increased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. Conclusions: Ginseng root residues in the soil affected soil nutrients and microorganisms, and promoted ginseng root rot, but did not affect the aerial growth of ginseng.

A network pharmacology approach to explore the potential role of Panax ginseng on exercise performance

( Jisu Kim ),( Kang Pa Lee ),( Myoung-ryu Kim ),( Bom Sahn Kim ),( Byung Seok Moon ),( Chul Ho Shin ),( Suji Baek ),( Bok Sil Hong ) 한국운동영양학회 2021 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.25 No.3

[Purpose] As Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng) exhibits various physiological activities and is associated with exercise, we investigated the potential active components of ginseng and related target genes through network pharmacological analysis. Additionally, we analyzed the association between ginseng-related genes, such as the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and improved exercise capacity. [Methods] Active compounds in ginseng and the related target genes were searched in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). Gene ontology functional analysis was performed to identify biological processes related to the collected genes, and a compound-target network was visualized using Cytoscape 3.7.2. [Results] A total of 21 ginseng active compounds were detected, and 110 targets regulated by 17 active substances were identified. We found that the active compound protein was involved in the biological process of adrenergic receptor activity in 80%, G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter in 10%, and leucocyte adhesion to arteries in 10%. Additionally, the biological response centered on adrenergic receptor activity showed a close relationship with G protein through the beta-1 adrenergic receptor gene reactivity. [Conclusion] According to bioavailability analysis, ginseng comprises 21 active compounds. Furthermore, we investigated the ginseng-stimulated gene activation using ontology analysis. GPCR, a gene upregulated by ginseng, is positively correlated to exercise. Therefore, if a study on this factor is conducted, it will provide useful basic data for improving exercise performance and health.

Change of Ginsenoside Profiles in Processed Ginseng by Drying, Steaming, and Puffing

( Ji-hye Shin ),( Young Joon Park ),( Wooki Kim ),( Dae-ok Kim ),( Byung-yong Kim ),( Hyungjae Lee ),( Moo-yeol Baik ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2019 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.29 No.2

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) was processed by drying, steaming, or puffing, and the effects of these processes on the ginsenoside profile were investigated. The main root of 4-year-old raw Korean ginseng was dried to produce white ginseng. Steaming, followed by drying, was employed to produce red or black ginseng. In addition, these three varieties of processed ginseng were puffed using a rotational puffing gun. Puffed ginseng showed significantly higher extraction yields of ginsenosides (49.87-58.60 g solid extract/100 g of sample) and crude saponin content (59.40-63.87 mg saponin/g of dried ginseng) than nonpuffed ginseng, respectively. Moreover, puffing effectively transformed the major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1) of ginseng into minor ones (F2, Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5), comparable to the steaming process effect on the levels of the transformed ginsenosides. However, steaming takes much longer (4 to 36 days) than puffing (less than 30 min) for ginsenoside transformation. Consequently, puffing may be an effective and economical technique for enhancing the extraction yield and levels of minor ginsenosides responsible for the major biological activities of ginseng.

산양삼(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) 지상부위의 미용 식품 활성

김명욱 ( Myeong-wook Kim ),이은호 ( Eun-ho Lee ),김예진 ( Ye-jin Kim ),박태순 ( Tae-soon Park ),조영제 ( Young-je Cho ) 한국응용생명화학회(구 한국농화학회) 2018 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.61 No.1

본 연구에서는 산양삼 지상부(줄기, 잎)의 동결건조물 함량을 달리하여 열수 추출물과 70% 에탄올 추출물을 제조하고, 항산화, 피부 미백 및 주름 개선 활성을 측정하여 미용 식품의 원료로 사용하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 산양삼 지상부열수, 에탄올 추출물은 200 μg/mL 농도에서 DPPH radical 저해율은 각각 16.69, 2.18%를 나타내었고, ABTS radical 저해율은 각각 4.04, 3.25%를 나타내었다. 200 μg/mL 농도에서 열수 및 에탄올 추출물의 PF가 각각 1.06, 1.09 PF를 나타내었고, TBARs는 모두 96% 정도의 활성을 나타내었다. PF와 TBARs가 DPPH와 ABTS 보다 우수한 활성을 나타낸 것을 통하여 산양삼 지상부 추출물은 지용성 물질에 대한 항산화능이 더 뛰어나다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 열수 및 에탄올 추출물의 elastase와 collagenase 저해율은 200 μg/mL 농도에서 각각 15.71, 32.26% 그리고 20.43, 86.74%를 나타내었다. Tyrosinase 저해율은 200μg/mL의 농도에서 각각 10.97, 52.39%를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과에 따라 산양삼 지상부 추출물의 주름 개선 효과가 특히나 우수한 것을 알 수 있었으며, 피부의 주름을 개선시키는 새로운 미용 식품의 원료로서 사용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다. This study aimed to investigate the beauty food activities of wild-cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). wild-cultivated ginseng extracts were analyzed for antioxidant, skin whitening, anti-wrinkle effect was measured in water and 70% ethanol extract. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical decolorization activities of water and 70% ethanol extracts were 16.69 and 2.18% as well as 4.04 and 3.25% at a solid content of 200 μg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant protection factors (PF) of water and 70% ethanol extracts at a solid content of 200 μg/mL were 1.06 PF and 1.09 PF, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARs) were both 96% at a solid content of 200 μg/mL. As PF and TBARs showed higher activity than DPPH and ABTS, we could know that antioxidant activity in the lipophilic component of wood-cultivated ginseng were superior to water-soluble component of wood-cultivated ginseng. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was 10.97 and 52.39% in water and 70% ethanol extracts at a solid content of 200 μg/mL. The collagenase and elastase inhibitory activities as anti-wrinkle effect were 15.71 and 20.43% in water extracts as well as 32.26 and 86.74% in 70% ethanol extract at a solid content of 200 μg/mL. The results show that anti-wrinkle effect was the best among the other experiments. This extracts from wood-cultivated ginseng, therefore, seems to be a potent beauty food resource against wrinkles.

한국내 각지에서 채집된 산삼의 균근(菌根) 형태와 감염율

이규화(Kyu Hwa Lee),이경준(Kyung Joon Lee),박훈(Hoon Park),Sri Wilarso Budi 고려인삼학회 2006 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.30 No.4

국내에서 채집되는 산삼의 내생균근(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, AMF) 감염을 조사하기 위해 전국 각지에서 생산되는 산삼으로부터 뿌리시료를 채취하였다. 균근감염은 채취한 뿌리를 세척하고 곰팡이의 균사를 trypan blue로 염색하여 관찰하였다. 본 연구에서 산삼의 품질은 12인의 전문가로 구성된 한국산삼협회의 산삼감정단에 의해 감정되었다. 감정 의뢰된 산삼의 품질은 다섯 가지, 즉, 천종(순수 자연산삼), 지종(야생 산삼의 씨앗을 자연 상태에 파종하여 생산), 인종(약간의 변경이 가해진 자연환경에 야생산삼의 씨앗이나 모종을 심어서 생산), 품질미달(연령이 10년 미만 또는 병, 상처발생 등), 수입 산삼 등 이다. 감염된 균근의 형태는 vesicle이 드물고, 세포 내부에는 arbuscule 대신 hyphal coil이 발견되어 AMF 중에서 Paristype로서 확인되었다. 본 연구대상 산삼의 평균 균근감염율은 58.3%였으며, 다섯 품질 간의 감염율에 큰 차이가 없었다. 가는 뿌리에서 채취한 시료를 관찰해본 결과 총길이의 18.7%가 균근에 감염되어 있었다. 경기지방과 해발 1,200m 이하에서 채집한 산삼의 균근 감염율이 각각 84.2%, 70%로 평균보다 높은 반면, 경북지방에서 채집한 산삼의 균근감염율이 27.8%로 낮았다. 연령이 오래된 산삼의 균근감염율이 상대적으로 낮은 것으로 나타났다. To investigate mycorrhizal infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF), samples of fine lateral roots were taken from the wild ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) naturally growing at various locations in Korea. Mycorrhiazal infections were studied by cleaning the root samples and staining fungal hyphae with trypan blue. Wild ginsengs for this study were graded by an appraisal committee consisting of 12 experts of Korea Mountain Ginseng Association. Following five quality groups were recognized: Heaven group(pure natural), Earth group (from seeding of wild ginseng), Man group(from seeding or seedlings of wild ginseng with slight environmental modification), unmarketable, and imported wild ginseng. Morphology of AMF was typical Paris-type which shows intracellular hyphal coils with rare vesicles and lack of arbuscules. Average infection rate of individual wild ginsengs was 58.3% and showed no differences among five quality groups. When portions of fine roots were quantified for mycorrhizal infection, 18.7% of the total length of the primary and secondary roots were infected by AMF. Wild ginsengs from Gyeonggi Province(84.2%), and from mountains lower than 1,200 meters above sea level(about 70%) showed higher infection rate, while the ginseng from Gyeongbuk Province(27.8%) had lower rate. Wild ginsengs at older age showed lower infection rates.

Characterization of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer)

Sang Myung Lee,Bong-Seok Bae,Hee-Weon Park,Nam-Geun Ahn,Byung-Gu Cho,Yong-Lae Cho,Yi-Seong Kwak 고려인삼학회 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.4

It has been reported that Korean Red Ginseng has been manufactured for 1,123 y as described in the GoRyeoDoGyeong record. The Korean Red Ginseng manufactured by the traditional preparation method has its own chemical component characteristics. The ginsenoside content of the red ginseng is shown as Rg1: 3.3 mg/g, Re: 2.0 mg/g, Rb1: 5.8 mg/g, Rc:1.7 mg/g, Rb2: 2.3 mg/g, and Rd: 0.4 mg/g, respectively. It is known that Korean ginseng generally consists of the main root and the lateral or fine roots at a ratio of about 75:25. Therefore, the red ginseng extract is prepared by using this same ratio of the main root and lateral or fine roots and processed by the historical traditional medicine prescription. The red ginseng extract is prepared through awater extraction (90℃ for 14-16 h) and concentration process (until its final concentration is 70-73 Brix at 50-60℃). The ginsenoside contents of the red ginseng extract are shown as Rg1: 1.3 mg/g, Re: 1.3 mg/g, Rb1: 6.4 mg/g, Rc:2.5 mg/g, Rb2: 2.3 mg/g, and Rd: 0.9 mg/g, respectively. Arginine-fructose-glucose (AFG) is a specific amino-sugar that can be produced by chemical reaction of the process when the fresh ginseng is converted to red ginseng. The content of AFG is 1.0-1.5% in red ginseng. Acidic polysaccharide, which has been known as an immune activator, is at levels of 4.5-7.5% in red ginseng. Therefore, we recommended that the chemical profiles of Korean Red Ginseng made through the defined traditional method should be well preserved and it has had its own chemical characteristics since its traditional development.