고려인삼과 미국삼 종간잡종의 형질 및 성분특성

정열영,정찬문,조재성,Chung, Youl-Young,Chung, Chan-Moon,Jo, Jae-Seong 고려인삼학회 2003 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.27 No.4

본 연구는 Panax속의 유용형질을 탐색하고, 고려인삼과 미국삼, 그리고 종간 잡종인 F$_1$ 식물체의 생육, 형태적 특성, 수량, 적변율 및 ginsenoside함량 등을 조사하였던 바, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 고려인삼은 적변 발생율이 연생이 높아질수록 증가하였으나, 미국삼은 적변이 발생되지 않았으며 F$_1$잡종식물체에서도 적변이 발생되지 않았다. 2. 고려인삼과 미국삼의 잡종인 F$_1$잡종식물체 인삼의 개화기는 미국삼보다 빠르고, 자경종보다는 늦었다. 3. 고려인삼과 미국삼을 교배한 F$_1$ 묘삼의 근형질 특성은 미국삼과 고려인삼에 비하여 근장과 근중이 컸다. 4. 잡종 F$_1$의 ginsenosides 함량은 대부분이 고려인삼과 미국삼의 중간 정도였으나, 양친보다 Re는 많았고 Rg$_1$, Rg$_2$ 는 적게 정량 분석되었으며, Rf가 고려인삼에서는 검출되었으나 미국삼 및 F$_1$잡종식물체에서는 검출되지 않았다. This study was carried out to ascertain the basic information on characteristics of Korean Ginseng(Panax ginseng) and American ginseng(Panax quinquefolius), F$_1$ hybrids. Interspecies hybrids between Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius were examined morphological characteristics, rusty root incidence, and contents of effective ingredients such as ginsenosides. The summarized results are as follows. In Panax ginseng, rusty root incidence tended to increase with age of ginseng, but there was no difference in the incidence among ginseng ages and cultivation years in Panax quinquefolius and F$_1$ hybrid. The interspecies hybrid of panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius flowered later than the Panax ginseng, but earlier than the Panax quinquefolius. As for the characteristics of ginseng root, Panax quinquefolius seedling was better than cv. Panax ginseng, as the former had longer and heavier seedling root than the latter. Ginsenosides of the hybrid F$_1$ showed intermediate value in amounts of Rb$_1$, Rb$_2$, Rc and Rd which were detected as in Panax gineng and Panax quinquefolius. The amount of Re of the hybrid was higher, but that of Rg$_1$ and Rg$_2$ in main and branch roots was lower compared with its parents. Rf was 0.14% and 0.20% in main and branch roots of Panax ginseng, respectively; however, no Rf was detected in Panax quinquefolius and in the hybrid F$_1$. This suggests there may be remarkable difference in Rf content among the ginseng species.

高麗人蔘과 美國參의 生育特性 比較

Youl Young Chung(鄭悅永),Chan Moon Chung(鄭燦文),Kwang Tae Choi(崔光泰),Chan Sun Chung(鄭燦善) 한국육종학회 1992 한국육종학회지 Vol.24 No.1

This study was carried out to clarify some characteristics in 6-year old Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium. The six-year old Jakyung-Jong and Hwangsook-Jong of Panax ginseng showed the similarity in characters. Panax quinquefolium was inferior in the growth to the Panax ginseng. In the frequence of multi-stem plants, the Jakyung-Jong is the highest, and the Hwangsook-Jong and Panax quinquefolium is alike. In the duplicated leaflets and funnel shaped leaflets occurrence, Panax quinquefolium was higher than Panax ginseng. Chlorophyll contents of leaf were higher in Panax quinquefolium than in Panax ginseng, and it was shown to be variable depending on the growing stage and species. In anthocyanin content, the order of the content was Jakyung-Jong, Panax quinquefolium, and Hwangsook-Jong in stem and petiole organ, but the Panax quinquefolium was the most in the peduncle organ.

Authentication of Korean Panax ginseng from Chinease Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius by AFLP analysis

Kim Bo-Bae,Jeong Jae-Hun,Jung Su-Jin,Yun Doh-Won,Yoon Eui-Soo,Choi Yong-Eui The Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology 2005 Plant molecular biology and biotechnology research Vol.7 No.2

Panax ginseng is one of the most important medicinal plants in the world. The international trade of ginseng is increasing yearly. The disguise of Chinese and American ginseng into Korean ginseng became a problem in recent years in abroad and Korea. An effective method to authenticate the Korean Panax ginseng from others at a DNA level is necessary for the healthy development of the ginseng market. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was applied to develop a method for the identification of Korean ginseng between Chinese ginseng and American ginseng. It is very difficult to detect the different polymorphic bands among Korean field cultivated ginseng, and between field and wild-cultivated ginseng. The genetic distance coefficient by AFLP analysis between field- and wild cultivated Korean ginseng was very low, 0.056. Whereas, polymorphic bands between Korean and Chinese wild-cultivated ginseng was significantly different. The genetic distance coefficient between wild-cultivated Korean and Chinese ginseng was 0.149. The genetic distance coefficients between the P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius were ranging from 0.626 to 0.666. These results support that the AFLP analysis could be applied to authenticate Korean P. ginseng from others Chinese P. ginseng and American ginseng (P. quinquefolius).

Cytohistological study of the leaf structures of Panax ginseng Meyer and Panax quinquefolius L.

Lee, Ok Ran,Nguyen, Ngoc Quy,Lee, Kwang Ho,Kim, Young Chang,Seo, Jiho The Korean Society of Ginseng 2017 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.41 No.4

Background: Both Panax ginseng Meyer and Panax quinquefolius are obligate shade-loving plants whose natural habitats are broadleaved forests of Eastern Asia and North America. Panax species are easily damaged by photoinhibition when they are exposed to high temperatures or insufficient shade. In this study, a cytohistological study of the leaf structures of two of the most well-known Panax species was performed to better understand the physiological processes that limit photosynthesis. Methods: Leaves of ginseng plants grown in soil and hydroponic culture were sectioned for analysis. Leaf structures of both Panax species were observed using a light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. Results: The mesostructure of both P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius frequently had one layer of non-cylindrical palisade cells and three or four layers of spongy parenchymal cells. P. quinquefolius contained a similar number of stomata in the abaxial leaf surface but more tightly appressed enlarged grana stacks than P. ginseng contained. The adaxial surface of the epidermis in P. quinquefolius showed cuticle ridges with a pattern similar to that of P. ginseng. Conclusion: The anatomical leaf structure of both P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius shows that they are typical shade-loving sciophytes. Slight differences in chloroplast structure suggests that the two different species can be authenticated using transmission electron microscopy images, and light-resistant cultivar breeding can be performed via controlling photosynthesis efficiency.

국내 재배 6년근 고려인삼과 미국삼의 가공방법에 따른 성분 비교

배봉석(Bong Seok Bae),이명우(Myeong Woo Lee),이준수(Jun Su Lee),박철수(Chul Su Pack),한민우(Min Woo Han) 한국약용작물학회 2021 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.29 No.1

Background: There are 12 species and two subspecies of ginseng in the genus Panax, of which the perennial herbaceous Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and Panax quinquefolus L. are native to Korea and America, respectively. Korean and American ginseng are characterized by differences in their composition of ginsenosides, and given that these ginsenosides comprise multiple components that undergo hydrolysis when subjected to heat treatment, the compositions are further altered depending on the type of processing. Similarly, there will be processing-dependent changes in the contents of water-soluble components. Methods and Results: As a consequence of processing, the number of ginsenosides in red ginseng increased from 11 to 20, whereas that in American ginseng increased from 10 to 19. In terms of ginsenoside composition, American ginseng has approximately 80% Rb1 and Re, and Korean ginseng has an evenly distributed composition of Ro, Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, and Rb2, each of which accounts for approximately 10% or more of the total ginsenoside composition. In addition we detected 17 and 14 types of amino acid, of which arginine had the highest content, accounting for approximately 70% - 80% of the total amino acid content. During processing, the free amino acid content of red ginseng was reduced by approximately 60%. In cotrast, among the water-soluble components, the contents of free sugars and red ginseng acidic polysaccharides in processed ginseng were higher than those fresh ginseng. Furthermore, arginyl-fructosyl-glucose and maltol, which are not found in fresh ginseng, were detected in processed white and red ginseng. Conclusions: In this study, we found that the constituents of Korean and American ginseng underwent different changes in composition during processing.

Comparison of the Effects of Nonfermented and Fermented Panax ginseng Root Against Hypertriglycemia in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

박찬흠,김미정,우민지,이기호,안병관,Takako Yokozawa,송영옥 한국식품영양과학회 2018 Journal of medicinal food Vol.21 No.4

Panax ginseng (P. ginseng C.A. Meyer, Araliaceae) is used as a therapeutic agent for various diseases. P. ginseng saponins, known as ginsenosides, are the main bioactive compounds responsible for its pharmacological activities. In this work, we have developed a new method of P. ginseng root processing termed solid-state fermentation and examined its effects compared with nonfermented P. ginseng. Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce hyperlipidemia and then received 100 mg·kg bw−1·day−1 of fermented or nonfermented P. ginseng orally for 3 weeks. We assessed the activities of lipogenic pathways and lipid levels in the liver and plasma. The administration of either nonfermented or fermented P. ginseng improved hepatic lipid transfer protein profiles. Nonfermented P. ginseng exhibited significant effects on the regulation of lipid synthesis and oxidation. However, apolipoprotein A4 (apoA4) expression was increased by the administration of fermented P. ginseng. When ginsenosides were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the amounts of the ginsenosides, Rg2, Rc, Rh1(S), Rh1(R), and Rd, were increased by fermentation, with Rd becoming a major constituent of fermented P. ginseng. These findings imply that nonfermented P. ginseng improves hypertriglycemia in HFD-fed mice through regulation of the hepatic lipogenic pathway. In contrast, the effects of fermented P. ginseng were mediated through increased apoA4, leading to decreased triglycerides. The HPLC profiles of ginsenosides suggest that the compositional changes in P. ginseng caused by fermentation processing could be useful in the development of novel triglyceride-lowering therapies.

고려인삼과 미국삼의 품질요인별 수삼 및 홍삼등급 비교

정찬문,신주식 韓國藥用作物學會 2006 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.14 No.4

고려인삼과 미국삼에 있어 원료수삼의 품질 외적요인과 홍삼품질과의 관계를 조사하여 종간특성을 비교하였다. 원료수삼의 편급과 등급을 결정하는 품질요인은 체형계수, 동장 그리고 근중을 적용하였으며 이들 요인과 홍삼 품질관계를 구명하였다. 1. 편급의 분포는 고려인삼의 경우 중편과 대편급이 많았으나 미국삼은 중편과 소편급이 많았으며 미국삼은 고려인삼에 비해 동장이 짧고 동직경이 굵고 부정형 지근이 많았다. 2. 원료삼 품질은 고려인삼이 미국삼에 비하여 양호하였고 홍삼품질은 고려인삼이 지삼 이상의 고급홍삼이 많았으나 미국삼은 양삼과 같이 저급홍삼이 많았다. 3. 원료수삼 품질요인중 중편삼과 대편삼의 경우 고려인삼은 체형계수 0.5 이하였으나 미국삼은 0.5를 상회하여 미국삼은 홍삼품질에 적합하지 않았다. 4. 고려인삼과 미국삼 모두 품질요인으로 동장과 근중은 홍삼품질과의 관계에서 비슷한 경향이나 체형계수가 특히 홍삼의 품질을 좌우하는 요인이었다. 5. 따라서 고려인삼과 미국삼 모두 원료삼과 홍삼품질 향상을 위해 근중, 체형계수 그리고 동장의 조정이 요망되었다. Comparison of the grade of raw ginseng and that of red ginseng was investigated. The materials used in this study were Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and American ginseng(Panax quinquefolium L.) Coefficient of body term, length of main stem and weight of raw ginseng were used as the classifying criteria of the root size and grades. Korean ginseng distinguished the distribution of weight size from that of American ginseng. Korean ginseng distributed largely in middle and large root size, and American ginseng distributed largely in middle and small root size. American ginseng had shorter length of main root, bigger diameter of main root and more number of adventitious roots than Korean ginseng. The quality of Korean ginseng was better than that of American ginseng. In Korean ginseng, high quality of red ginseng above second grade (Jisam) was obtained, but low quality of red ginseng under third grade (Yangsam) in American ginseng. In Korean raw ginseng, the coefficients of body form of middle weight and large weight size were under 0.5, but those of American ginseng was over 0.5. So American ginseng were not adequate to produce good red ginseng. Those factors as length of main root and weight of main root were not significantly influenced on the qualify of red ginseng in both Korean ginseng and American ginseng. Coefficient of body form was leading factor affecting the quality of red ginseng. To improve the quality of red ginseng, coefficient of body form, weight of main root and length of main root were controlled adequately in both Korean ginseng and American ginseng.

고려인삼과 미국삼의 수삼 및 홍삼품질 비교

정찬문,신주식 韓國藥用作物學會 2006 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.14 No.3

고려인삼과 미국삼을 공시하여 Panax속 종간의 원료수삼 및 홍삼 등급에 기초하여 품질을 평가분석하였다. 1. 미국삼은 고려인삼에 비하여 근중이 적고 부정형 지근이 동체에서 많이 발생하는 관계로 체형이 불량하였다. 2. 홍삼수율은 고려인삼이 30.4%,미국삼이 33.8%로 미국삼이 높았고 홍삼의 본삼수율은 고려인삼이 80.4%, 미국삼이 72.2로 고려인삼이 높았다. 3. 원료수삼 1등급은 고려인삼이 미국삼에 비하여 2배정도 많았으나 2등급은 미국삼이 고려인삼에 비하여 많았다. 한편 고급홍삼인 천지삼율은 고려인삼이 미국삼에 비하여 높았다. 4. 홍삼 품질의 저하 원인은 고려인삼 미국삼 모두 내공과 내백 발생에 있었고 특히 미국삼은 내공에 비해 내백이 3배 가량 많이 발생하였다. 5. 홍삼의 지별 분포에서 고려인삼은 20지 이상의 대편급이 많았고 미국삼은 20지 이하의 소편급이 많았다. This study carried out to analize quality in the evaluation based on the grades such as raw ginseng and red ginseng between Korean (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L). American ginseng was small in root length, root diameter and root weight and emergence many secondary root from rhizome and main root. Therefore body form was bad compared with Korean ginseng. As for yield of dry, Korean ginseng was 30.4 % and American ginseng was 33.8% but as for yield, Korean ginseng was 80.4% and American ginseng was 72.2%. There were as many Korean ginseng in raw ginseng first grade by about twice compared with American ginseng. However there were many American ginseng in second grade. On the other hand, Korean ginseng producted high Chunsam compared with American ginseng. The cause of decreasing quality was inside cavity and inside white in Korean and American ginseng. Especially, the inside white occurrence about 3 times compared with inside cavity in American ginseng. In the case of distribution of weight size, Korean ginseng was much above 20Ji but American ginseng was much under 20Ji.

고려인삼류와 유사생약중 ginsenoside 및 질소화합물의 함량 비교

신재영,박희준,임상철,정원태,Shin, Jae-Young,Park, Hee-Juhn,Lim, Sang-Cheol,Jung, Won-Tae 한국생약학회 1996 생약학회지 Vol.27 No.1

To differentiate the quality of Korean ginseng from those of other habitats, the quantitative analysis of free amino acids(FAA) and total amino acids(TAA) in addition to ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 was carried out using amino acid analyzer and HPLC, respectively. FAA pattern in Korean ginseng was much different from that of Panax notoginseng. The difference in total content of FAA was also found that Korean ginseng contained 26.3-39.8mg/g while Panax notoginseng contained 6.5mg/g. This FAA content had a tendency to increase with the age of radix. The contents of FAA and TAA in Korean ginseng(6 years old) from Kumsan were shown to be the highest than other ginseng origins tested. The content in the 6 years Panax ginseng from China was about same with that of 4 years Korean ginseng of Kumsan. However, regarding to gisenoside Rbl and Rg1, which have been accepted as the characteristic components of Panax ginseng-Panax notoginseng showed considerably higher content than those of any other ginseng origin.

Development of an ISSR-Derived SCAR Marker in Korean Ginseng Cultivars (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer)

Jei-Wan Lee,Young-Chang Kim,Ick-Hyun Jo,A-Yeon Seo,Jeong-Hoon Lee,Ok-Tae Kim,Dong-Yun Hyun,Seon-Woo Cha,Kyong Hwan Bang,Joon-Hyeong Cho 고려인삼학회 2011 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.35 No.1

Recently, new ginseng cultivars having superior agricultural traits have been developed in Korea. For newly developed plant cultivars, the identifi cation of distinctiveness is very important factors not only in plant cultivar management but also in breeding programs. Thus, eighty-fi ve inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were applied to detect polymorphisms among six major Korean ginseng cultivars and two foreign ginsengs. A total of 197 polymorphic bands with an average 5.8 polymorphic bands and 2.9 banding patterns per assay unit across six Korean ginseng cultivars and foreign ginsengs from 236 amplifi ed ISSR loci with an average 6.9 loci per assay unit were generated by 34 out of 85 ISSR primers. Three species of Panax ginseng including the Korean ginseng cultivars, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng, could be readily discriminated using most tested primers. UBC-821, UBC-868, and UBC-878 generated polymorphic bands among the six Korean ginseng cultivars, and could distinguish them from foreign ginsengs. Sequence characterized amplifi ed region (SCAR) marker system was introduced in order to increase the reproducibility of the polymorphism. One SCAR marker, PgI821C650, was successfully converted from the randomly amplifi ed polymorphism by UBC-821. It showed the expected dominant polymorphism among ginseng samples. In addition, the specifi c polymorphism for Sunwon was generated by treating Taq I restriction enzyme to polymerase chain reaction products of PgI821C650. These results will serve as useful DNA markers for identifi cation of Korean ginseng, especially Sunwon cultivar, seed management, and molecular breeding program supplemented with marker-assisted selection.