학습 기반 최적화 방법론을 이용한 서울시 도로변대기측정망 확장

김태호,신지훈,김영우,이도연,백주은,이도윤,차윤경 대한환경공학회 2023 대한환경공학회지 Vol.45 No.3

Objectives In this study, a learning-based optimization method is proposed and implemented for determining new monitoring sites when expanding the roadside air pollution monitoring network. Utilizing the bigdata available in Seoul, this decision-making tool is developed that takes into account the objectives of selecting new monitoring sites and incorporates social, economic, and environmental characteristics. The optimized results can suggest potential locations for new roadside air pollution monitoring sites. Additionally, the capability of this tool to facilitate objective decision-making processes is evaluated by determining the influence range providing reliable air pollution information with the addition of the new monitoring sites. Methods The proposed learning-based optimization algorithm is a new approach for selecting the new optimal monitoring sites by comprehensively considering social, economic, and environmental factors aligned with the installation purpose of the monitoring system in Seoul. The algorithm starts with genetic algorithms to select candidate locations for new monitoring sites that maximize the influence area of the expanded monitoring network compared to the existing monitoring network, capture a high overall level of air pollution, and do not overlap with the existing monitoring network. After that, PROMETHEE method is applied to evaluate the solutions generated by the genetic algorithm and choose the final solution that best fits six evaluation factors (Information entropy, number of new monitoring sites, distance from point sources, wind speed, traffic volume, and population) to be considered when installing new monitoring sites. Results and Discussion The learning-based optimization algorithm selects 10 potential new monitoring sites adding to the existing roadside air pollution monitoring network having 15 monitoring sites. The explainable spatiotemporal range of the air pollution information that can be expected after the installation of the new monitoring sites is quantified to cover 84.33 % of Seoul, reducing the uncertainty of the air pollution information of existing monitoring network by 26.15 %. The final solution, selected from several solutions, can get new optimal roadside air pollution monitoring sites reflecting the regional characteristics of Seoul and the installation purpose of the monitoring system by having a small number of newly established monitoring locations, being close to air pollution emissions facilities, and having a high population and traffic volume. Conclusion The proposed learning-based optimization method, using relevant variables for the installation purpose of the monitoring system, can derive the objective solution for deciding new monitoring locations of the roadside air pollution monitoring network, considering additional social factors as opposed to urban air pollution monitoring network. The final solution obtained through the optimization algorithm has great potential for future use, as it can guide to determine practical and feasible new monitoring sites with additional on-site verification. Furthermore, this optimized approach can be applied widely during the decision-making process for the expansion of other environmental monitoring networks. 목적 본 연구에서, 도로변대기측정망 확장 시 신설 측정망 지점을 결정하기 위한 학습 기반 최적화 방법론을 제시 및 적용하고자 한다. 특히 서울시에서 가용한 빅데이터를 이용하여 측정망의 설치 지점 선정 원리를 잘 반영할 수 있으며 사회·경제·환경 특성을 통합적으로 고려한 의사결정 기법을 고안하고, 기법의 최적화 결과로 잠재적인 신규 도로변대기측정망 설치 후보 지점을 도출하고자 한다. 또한, 측정망 신규 설치 시 신뢰도 있는 대기오염 정보의 확보가 가능한 범위를 산정하여 객관적인 의사결정을 지원할 수 있는 도구로서의 활용 가능성을 확인하고자 한다. 방법 제시된 학습 기반 최적화 알고리즘은 서울시에서 측정망 설치 목적에 적합한 사회·경제·환경 변수를 종합적으로 고려하여 최적 신설 측정 지점을 선정하는 새로운 방법이다. 먼저 유전 알고리즘을 통해 신설 측정망 설치 시 기존 측정망과 비교해 측정망의 영향력이 최대가 되고, 전체적인 대기오염 수준이 높고, 기존 측정망과 겹치지 않는 지역에 측정소 후보 지점들을 선정할 수 있도록 학습을 진행하여 동일 수준의 복수 최적 해를 얻었다. 그 다음, PROMETHEE 방법을 적용하여 유전 알고리즘에서 도출된 해들 중 측정망 설치 시 고려해야 하는 여섯 개 평가 지표(정보 엔트로피, 측정망 설치 개수, 점 오염원과의 거리, 풍속, 교통량, 생활 인구)의 우선순위를 종합적으로 잘 만족시키는 최종 해를 결정하였다. 결과 및 토의 학습 기반 최적화를 통해 서울시에서 기존에 운영되던 15개의 도로변대기측정소에서 10개의 측정망 신설 후보 지점이 선정되었다. 측정망 신규 설치 시 설명가능한 대기오염의 시공간적 범위는 서울시의 84.33 %로 기존 측정망이 갖는 대기오염 정보의 불확실성을 26.15 % 감소시킬 것으로 기대된다. 또한, 최종 해는 도출된 여러 해들 중 신설 후보 지점의 개수가 적고, 대기오염 배출 시설과의 거리가 가까우며 생활 인구와 교통량이 많은 곳으로 선정되어 서울시의 지역적 특성을 반영함과 동시에 기존 측정망 설치 목적에 부합하는 도로변대기측정망 신규 설치 지점이라고 판단된다. 결론 제시된 최적화 방법은 측정망의 설치 목적에 적합한 변수들을 사용하여 객관적인 최종 해를 도출할 수 있는 방법으로, 도시대기측정망과 달리 사회적 요소를 추가로 고려해야 하는 도로변대기측정망의 신규지점도 도출할 수 있다. 최적화에 의해 도출된 최종 해는 실제 현장 검증과 더불어 보다 실효성 있는 신설 후보 지점을 도출할 수 있어 미래 활용 가능성이 크다. 더 나아가 구축된 최적화 방법은 다른 환경 측정망의 신규 설치 지점 결정 과정에서 범용적으로 적용할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

Software Engineering Meets Network Engineering: Conceptual Model for Events Monitoring and Logging

Al-Fedaghi, Sabah,Behbehani, Bader International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2021 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.21 No.12

Abstraction applied in computer networking hides network details behind a well-defined representation by building a model that captures an essential aspect of the network system. Two current methods of representation are available, one based on graph theory, where a network node is reduced to a point in a graph, and the other the use of non-methodological iconic depictions such as human heads, walls, towers or computer racks. In this paper, we adopt an abstract representation methodology, the thinging machine (TM), proposed in software engineering to model computer networks. TM defines a single coherent network architecture and topology that is constituted from only five generic actions with two types of arrows. Without loss of generality, this paper applies TM to model the area of network monitoring in packet-mode transmission. Complex network documents are difficult to maintain and are not guaranteed to mirror actual situations. Network monitoring is constant monitoring for and alerting of malfunctions, failures, stoppages or suspicious activities in a network system. Current monitoring systems are built on ad hoc descriptions that lack systemization. The TM model of monitoring presents a theoretical foundation integrated with events and behavior descriptions. To investigate TM modeling's feasibility, we apply it to an existing computer network in a Kuwaiti enterprise to create an integrated network system that includes hardware, software and communication facilities. The final specifications point to TM modeling's viability in the computer networking field.

실시간 미디어 전송의 종단간 성능 향상을 위한 혼성 모니터링 기법

박주원,김종원,Park Ju-Won,Kim JongWon 한국통신학회 2005 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.30 No.10B

As real-time media applications based on IP multicast networks spread widely, the end-to-end QoS (quality of service) provisioning for these applications have become very important. To guarantee the end-to-end QoS of multi-party media applications, it is essential to monitor the time-varying status of both network metrics (i.e., delay, jitter and loss) and system metrics (i.e., CPU and memory utilization). In this paper, targeting the multicast-enabled AG (Access Grid) group collaboration tool based on multi-Party real-time media services, a hybrid monitoring scheme that can monitor the status of both multicast network and node system is investigated. It combines active monitoring and passive monitoring approaches to measure multicast network. The active monitoring measures network-layer metrics (i.e., network condition) with probe packets while the passive monitoring checks application-layer metrics (i.e., user traffic condition by analyzing RTCP packets). In addition, it measures node system metrics from system API. By comparing these hybrid results, we attempt to pinpoint the causes of performance degradation and explore corresponding reactions to improve the end-to-end performance. The experimental results show that the proposed hybrid monitoring can provide useful information to coordinate the performance improvement of multi-party real-time media applications. 네트워크 및 종단 노드의 시스템에 걸친 제한된 자원을 활용하여 실현되는 영상/음성 전달 서비스를 위한 멀티미디어 응용 프로그램의 품질을 보장하기 위해서는 지연, 지터, 손실과 같은 전송 상태와 CPU, 메모리의 사용량과 같은 시스템의 상태를 동시에 관찰하는 것이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 액세스그리드 (Access Grid) 경우와 같이 IP 멀티캐스트 상에 동작하는 RTP/RTCP에 기반한 실시간 미디어 응용 프로그램을 대상으로 동적/정적 모니터링 방식을 혼용하여 멀티캐스트 상태와 시스템 상태를 측정하는 혼성 모니터링 방식을 제안한다. 또한 종단간 전송 품질이 저하된 경우 제안한 모니터링 방식에서 측정된 결과를 비교/분석하여 품질 저하의 원인을 판단하고 원인에 적합한 대응방안을 연계하고i라 한다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 네트워크/시스템의 상태 변화에 적응적인 영상/음성 전송 서비스의 가능성을 타진하고 종단간 전송 품질 저하 방지를 위한 효과를 예상한다.

Android Network Packet Monitoring & Analysis Using Wireshark and Debookee

Mi-Hwa Song 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2016 International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting an Vol.8 No.4

Recently, mobile traffic has increased tremendously due to the deployment of smart devices such as smartphones and smart tablets. Android is the world’s most powerful mobile platform in smartphone. The Android operating system provide seamless access to many applications and access to the Internet. It would involve network packet sharing communicated over the network. Network packet contains a lot of useful information about network activity that can be used as a description of the general network behaviours. To study what is the behaviours of the network packet, an effective tools such as network packet analyzers software used by network administrators to capture and analyze the network information. In this research, more understanding about network information in live network packet captured from Android smartphone is the target and identify the best network analyzer software.

Android Network Packet Monitoring & Analysis Using Wireshark and Debookee

Song, Mi-Hwa The Institute of Internet 2016 International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting an Vol.8 No.4

Recently, mobile traffic has increased tremendously due to the deployment of smart devices such as smartphones and smart tablets. Android is the world's most powerful mobile platform in smartphone. The Android operating system provide seamless access to many applications and access to the Internet. It would involve network packet sharing communicated over the network. Network packet contains a lot of useful information about network activity that can be used as a description of the general network behaviours. To study what is the behaviours of the network packet, an effective tools such as network packet analyzers software used by network administrators to capture and analyze the network information. In this research, more understanding about network information in live network packet captured from Android smartphone is the target and identify the best network analyzer software.

Android Network Packet Monitoring & Analysis Using Wireshark and Debookee

송미화 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2016 International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting an Vol.8 No.4

Recently, mobile traffic has increased tremendously due to the deployment of smart devices such as smartphones and smart tablets. Android is the world’s most powerful mobile platform in smartphone. The Android operating system provide seamless access to many applications and access to the Internet. It would involve network packet sharing communicated over the network. Network packet contains a lot of useful information about network activity that can be used as a description of the general network behaviours. To study what is the behaviours of the network packet, an effective tools such as network packet analyzers software used by network administrators to capture and analyze the network information. In this research, more understanding about network information in live network packet captured from Android smartphone is the target and identify the best network analyzer software.

비정상 트래픽 분석을 위한 네트워크 모니터링 기반의 네트워크 성능 분석 시스템

김시홍,구자환,김승해,최장원,안성진,Kim, So-Hung,Koo, Ja-Hwan,Kim, Sung Hae,Choi, Jang-Won,An, Sung-Jin 한국융합보안학회 2004 융합보안 논문지 Vol.4 No.3

Computational Grid나 Data Grid와 같은 대규모 분산 시스템은 장애 탐지, 성능 측정, 성능튜닝, 성능 예측, 스케줄링, 보안 분석 등의 작업을 위해 많은 량의 모니터링 데이터를 필요로 한다. 네트워크 특성을 나타내는 지표들은 네트워크 모니터링 시스템을 통해 얻어질 수 있으며 시스템에 의해 축적된 자료는 상기한 작업의 정확한 분석을 돕는다. 본 논문에서는 네트워크 모니터링 시스템의 한 형태로 네트워크 모니터링기반의 네트워크 성능 및 보안 분석 시스템을 소개한다. 본 시스템은 이용자 중심으로 네트워크 성능 및 보안 데이터를 제공하며, 이용자가 원격지의 네트워크 특성을 측정 환경에 따라 변화해 가며 측정할 수 있게 함으로써 해당 원격지의 네트워크 서비스를 가늠해 볼 수 있게 한다. Large distributed systems such as computational and data grids require that a substantial amount of monitoring data be collected for various tasks such as fault detection, performance analysis, performance tuning, performance prediction, security analysis and scheduling. to cope with this problem, they are needed network monitoring architecture which can collect various network characteristic and analyze network security state. In this paper, we suggest network performance and security analysis system based on network monitoring. The System suggest that users can see distance network state with tuning network parameters.

LonWorks/IP 서버를 이용한 Web 기반 환경 모니터링 시스템에 관한 연구

곽성훈,최기상,최기홍,강상혁 제어로봇시스템학회 2008 제어로봇시스템학회 국내학술대회 논문집 Vol.2008 No.10

Recently, demand for environmental monitoring system for public places such as schools, subway stations, etc. is increasing. Also, remote monitoring as well as local monitoring is becoming more and more important. However, the device control networks that can be used for monitoring purposes basically work locally, and lack the capability of easy user connection. Here comes the need for smart integration of device control network with data network. In this study a structure of virtual device network that comprises both the LonWorks device network and the IP data network is proposed for environmental monitoring purposes. Then, a Web-based environmental monitoring system based on the virtual device network is designed and realized.

지그비 메쉬 네트워크를 이용한 대형건물의 실시간 실내 환경 모니터링

임병찬(Pyeongchan Ihm),조성우(Sung Woo Cho) 한국산학기술학회 2023 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.24 No.9

사물인터넷 기술의 발전과 함께 블루투스(Bluetooth), 와이파이(WiFi), 지그비(ZigBee) 등 다양한 무선 통신기술들이 개발되어 현장에서 무선 통신모듈과 센서를 결합한 실시간 환경모니터링 방안이 측정에 활용하고 있다. 무선통신 범위도 비교적 넓고 데이터 전송속도도 빠른 와이파이는 실시간 모니터링에 적합하지만 통신모듈의 전력소비량이 상대적으로 크며 무선 통신 네트워크를 구축하는데 필요한 무선 공유기 설치에 따른 어려움이 있다. 본 연구는 대형건물에서 건물 전체를 대상으로 실시간 건물 실내 환경 모니터링이 가능한 무선 통신 센서 네트워크의 성능평가와 효과적인 네트워크 구축방안에 관하여 연구를 하였다. 또한 저전력 지그비 통신모듈과 저가의 아두이노를 활용하여 사물인터넷 시제품을 개발하였다. 이 장치들로 구성된 무선 통신 네트워크를 건물 전체를 대상으로 구축하여 네트워크의 무선 통신성능과 실시간 건물 실내 환경 모니터링의 가능성을 제시하였다. 단일 연결(one-hop)과 다중 연결(multi-hop)에 대한 지그비 통신모듈의 성능을 분석하였으며 다중 연결 상태에서 건물 전체에 대한 지그비 통신의 수신율은 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 대형건물에서 건물 전체를 대상으로 지그비 메쉬 네트워크를 사용한 무선 센서 네트워크를 구축할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. With the development of Internet of Things (IOT) techniques, several wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi, and ZigBee are being developed and currently applied to a real-time environment monitoring system combined with sensors. A WiFi communication network with broad wireless range and fast baud rate of data transfer rate is suitable for real-time monitoring. However it consumes more power for the communication module and has a difficulty in the installation of a an access point. This study evaluated the performance and the effective layout of a wireless sensor communication network for real-time monitoring of an indoor environment of a whole large-scale building. In addition, an IOT product was developed with a ZigBee module with low power consumption and low-cost Arduino module. The product was utilized to construct a ZigBee-based wireless communication network and used to evaluate the performance of a wireless communication network. One-hop and multi-hop connections of ZigBee communication were analyzed with the variation of horizontal and vertical distance within a whole building. The performance of a multi-hop connection for ZigBee communication was better than one-hop communication regarding on the received signal strength indicator and packet delivery ratio. The suggested ZigBee-based wireless mesh communication network system was applied to a whole large-scale building and is a very effective way to construct a real-time wireless sensor network for monitoring indoor environment conditions.

Concrete structural health monitoring using piezoceramic-based wireless sensor networks

Peng Li,Haichang Gu,Gangbing Song,Rong Zheng,YL Mo 국제구조공학회 2010 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.6 No.6

Impact detection and health monitoring are very important tasks for civil infrastructures, such as bridges. Piezoceramic based transducers are widely researched for these tasks due to the piezoceramic material inherent advantages of dual sensing and actuation ability, which enables the active sensing method for structural health monitoring with a network of piezoceramic transducers. Wireless sensor networks, which are easy for deployment, have great potential in health monitoring systems for large civil infrastructures to identify early-age damages. However, most commercial wireless sensor networks are general purpose and may not be optimized for a network of piezoceramic based transducers. Wireless networks of piezoceramic transducers for active sensing have special requirements, such as relatively high sampling rate (at a few-thousand Hz), incorporation of an amplifier for the piezoceramic element for actuation, and low energy consumption for actuation. In this paper, a wireless network is specially designed for piezoceramic transducers to implement impact detection and active sensing for structural health monitoring. A power efficient embedded system is designed to form the wireless sensor network that is capable of high sampling rate. A 32 bit RISC wireless microcontroller is chosen as the main processor. Detailed design of the hardware system and software system of the wireless sensor network is presented in this paper. To verify the functionality of the wireless sensor network, it is deployed on a two-story concrete frame with embedded piezoceramic transducers, and the active sensing property of piezoceramic material is used to detect the damage in the structure. Experimental results show that the wireless sensor network can effectively implement active sensing and impact detection with high sampling rate while maintaining low power consumption by performing offline data processing and minimizing wireless communication.