유럽연합의 마이크로크레딧 정책과 시사점

박동규 ( Tong Kyu Park ),박창균 ( Chang Gyun Park ),오규택 ( Gyu Taek Oh ) 한국EU학회 2009 EU학연구 Vol.14 No.2

We observe increased interests in micro-credit from both academia and policy makers mainly because they believe that it could be used an alternative device for credit provision to the poor to help enhance their income generating ability. However, some argue that micro-credit is not an appropriate approach to stimulate micro-enterprises in Korean context since there already exists too many suppliers in the markets for which most micro-enterprises provide their products. We pay attention to the fact that the competitive edge of micro-enterprises can be enhanced through innovative activities of micro-entrepreneurs with better technology and easier access to financial resources provided by micro-credit institutions. We suggest that policy makers in Korea should recognize the strategy value of micro-credit in combating two most debated problems recently in Korea; higher unemployment and worsening income distribution. It is also much desirable that we should build a new micro-credit model applicable to Korean environment. European experiences can provide insightful implications in designing a new micro-credit policy framework. First, micro-credit is regarded as useful policy tool to achieve both higher employment and less income inequality. Second, long-term sustainability of micro-enterprises is the ultimate target. Third, EU does not involved in direct relationship with individual micro-enterprises. Instead, MC institutions are the main target of MC policy. Fourth, a variety of policy measures to support MC are taken to cope with diverse needs of MC institutions. The measures include loan, guarantee, equity and quasi-equity investment, and technical assistance. The paper finally propose four important tasks in formulating a new MC model applicable to Korean context. First, policy goals should be clarified. Two goals, enhancing competitiveness of micro-enterprises and improving income distribution, can be pursed through promoting MC. Second, MC institutions should be allowed to exercise decision making power including setting the level of interest rate, without interruptions from outside in order to achieve long-term sustainability. Third, a new microfinance investment fund can be established. Both private and public sectors can participate in establishing the fund to ensure stable funding source for MC institutions. Fourth, policy support should be more focused on MC infrastructure such as establishment of MC network, building the framework for training MC experts, and capacity building for MC institutions.

Gender, Credit and Empowerment

Neeta Tapan 경북대학교 아시아연구소 2010 아시아연구 Vol.- No.8

In the context of modern social and development constructs, credit means an opportunity for betterment, an access to new resources, and freedom from non-institutional credit channels. The problem of credit for the poor is both a demand side and a supply side problem. Another point of concern is that women have consciously and deliberately been marginalized in the formal credit delivery system. Micro-credit or micro-finance for the poor/women has received extensive recognition as a strategy for poverty reduction and for economic empowerment. One of the purposes of micro finance as well as self-help groups is to target households and the household economy to reduce the economic insecurity of poor, not by raising their income but by protecting what little they have and reducing their vulnerability. Literature review shows that on the one hand, there are tall claims about the role of SHGs and micro credit in the process of empowerment and holistic development while on the other hand, there are equal number of evidences to prove otherwise. The present paper based on a study of self-help groups in Ujjain district of the state of Madhya Pradesh of India evaluates the impact of Self-Help Groups and micro credit in the context of certain correlates of economic and social empowerment. It is reflected in the findings of the study that with adequate interventions and support extended by the Self Help Promoting Institution or the facilitator, these groups or collectives can surely emerge as potential tools for channeling micro credit from banks or Micro Finance Institutions for the economic betterment of the poor and at the same time address gender issues also. 근대의 사회, 발전 개념의 맥락에서 신용 대출은 새로운 재화에 접근하는 하나의 방법으로써 삶의 개선의 기회와 제도화되지 않은 신용대출 경로로부터의 자유를 의미한다. 가난한 사람들에게 있어서 신용대출이 지닌 문제는 수요와 공급의 측면 모두에서 나타난다. 또 다른 관심사 가운데 하나는 여성들이 의도적으로 정식적 신용 대출 전달 방식에서 주변화되어 왔다는 사실이다. 가난한 사람들과 여성들을 위한 소액대출 혹은 소액금융은 빈곤 퇴치와 경제적 자력의 전략으로써 지대한 관심의 대상이 되어왔다. 소액 금융과 자조(自助)그룹의 목적 가운데 한 가지는 가난한 사람들의 경제적 불안정을 줄이기 위해서 가구들과 가정경제를 대상으로 한다는 것이다. 이는 그들의 소득을 늘리는 방법이 아니라 그들이 가진 최소한의 것들을 보호하고 그들의 취약함을 줄이는데 초점을 맞춘다. 한편 문헌 연구에서 보여지듯이 총체적인 발전과 자력의 부여에 있어서 자조그룹들과 소액 금융의 역할에 대한 다수의 주장들이 있어왔다면 그와 다른 상황들을 설명하기 위한 주장들도 다수 있어왔다. 인도 마드야 쁘라데쉬 주의 우제인 지역을 기반으로 수행된 본 연구는 경제적 사회적 자력의 부여라는 맥락에 있어서 자조(自助)그룹과 소액금융의 효과를 평가하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구를 통해서 자조 촉진 기구들에 의한 적극적인 개입과 지원과 함께 이러한 그룹들 혹은 집단들은 가난한 사람들의 경제적 개선을 위해 은행이나 소액금융기관들로부터 나오는 소액금융의 흐름을 바꿀 수 있는 잠재적 도구가 될 수 있음을 알수 있고 동시에 성(性)과 관련된 문제에도 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것을 살펴볼 수 있다.

중국 상장사 출자 소액대출회사의 수익성에 관한 연구

최은영 ( Eun Young Choi ) 한중사회과학학회 2014 한중사회과학연구 Vol.12 No.1

This study sampled 20 micro-credit companies invested by 20 listed companies in china and examined inducement for listed companies to invest micro-credit companies through the profitability analysis. Main results of the analysis can be summarized as follows: First, the profitability of micro-credit companies is satisfactory, and returns of investment listed companies have positive influence on its business performance. Also micro-credit companies have a good profitability than rural small and medium financial institutions. Second, the lending rate of micro-credit companies is a major factor in having impact on the profitability of micro-credit companies, and it is more influenced by supply and demand in the capital market than monetary policy. Third investment returns from micro-credit company make up for the operating loss of Chinese listed company recently. This is the reason listed companies invest aggressively micro-credit companies. Lastly currently the lending rate has declined, it has a direct influence on the drop in the profitability, and thus it will need the systematic complement to maintain the stable profit struc ure.

Comparisons Among Credit Evaluation Methodology for Micro Enterprise : Evidence from Credit Evaluation Model for Micro Enterprise of KOREG in Korea

Man-su Kang,Jin-sung Bae,Chan-Myung Park,Ji-yeon Kim 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of u- and e- Service, Scienc Vol.9 No.9

The purpose of this study was to understand which variable can most effectively benchmark subrogation and use the result to establish a more stable guarantee policy. In this study, credit ratings are calculated from the model to evaluate micro-enterprises using data mining technique for micro-enterprises. The model to evaluate micro-enterprises is obtained from the local credit guarantee foundation. With respect to prediction accuracy of each of the models from the study result, out of decision tree, CHAID was 67.7% and it is the highest model prediction accuracy and prediction of subrogated performance using CHAID model out of decision tree can bring good result of prediction. In addition, because in CHAID model of decision tree the combination grade for which added points are not applied was 79% and this shows predictor importance, it is necessary that the combination grade for which added points are not applied predicts subrogated performance as the optimum predictor and uses the result of prediction for guarantee policy. Suggestions through the study result are like the following. The result of prediction of occurrence of subrogated performance for guaranteed enterprise through evaluation model for Micro enterprisers should be reflected to guarantee supply policy to lower the rate of subrogated performance and through these basic materials that make the tax of government used efficiently are provided. Because of this, suggested is the appropriateness that each of the local foundations can predict subrogated performance through credit evaluation model and use the result of prediction for adjustment of guarantee rate before supplying guarantee, and Korean Federation of Credit Guarantee Foundations should decide whether the model to evaluate credit of Micro enterprisers was reflected or not in audit of supplementation through reguarantee. In addition, likewise Credit Scoring System(CSS) used for individual guarantee should reflect the result of prediction of subrogated performance and decide guarantee limit or whether or not of approval of guarantee. Therefore, the outcome of this study would have great significance as the method to reduce guarantee risk.

공적개발원조로서 소액금융사업의 성공 가능성에 관한 연구

김경휘(Kyoung Huy, Kim) 숭실대학교 사회과학연구소 2017 사회과학논총 Vol.20 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 ODA 사업으로서 아프리카 지역에서 확대․ 성장하고 있는 소액금융사업의 현황파악과 함께 소액금융사업(Micro-Credit)이 미치는 영향과 주요 이슈에 대해 살펴보는 것이다. 분석결과, ODA 사업으로서 소액금융사업은 빈곤가구의 경제적 문제를 해결하고, 자녀의 교육과 가족의 건강, 자산축적 등에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있다. 또한 소액금융사업은 노인, 질병자 및 장애인과 같은 취약계층에 대한 접근을 허락하지 않고 있다는 지적도 함께 받고 있다. 동시에 소액금융사업은 앞서 여성의 역량강화와 함께 인권신장에 도움이 된다고 지적하고 있지만, 역으로 가정 내에서 남편과의 권력관계에서 가정폭력을 경험하고 만들고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 본 연구에서는 소액금융사업이 빈곤자 및 저소득층에게 큰 부채를 떠안기는 결과를 가져올 수 있다는 점을 알게 되었다. 소액금융사업과 관련한 가장 심각한 문제인 이자율은 국가에서 법정 이자율을 정하고, 소액금융기관에는 행정비용을 줄이려는 노력들을 해야 할 것이다. 마지막으로 탄자니아 사례 자료를 통해 소액금융사업이 개인 및 가구의 소득증대로 시작에서 가구원들의 건강 및 의료에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인으로 작용하고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 특히 이항 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과, 가구내 자녀가 있거나, 소액금융사업에서 제공하는 프로그램에 대한 선호도가 높을수록 사업소득이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. The objective of this Study is look into the current conditions and the future effects of the growing Micro-Credit program in Africa’s ODA. The analysis shows that the ODA Micro-Credit program has a positive impact on impoverished households as it allows them to solve their economic problems, educate their children, improve their healthcare, and accumulate wealth. The Micro-Credit program has been criticized for not including the elderly, sick, disabled, and other vulnerable groups. Although there are indications that the Micro-Credit program has helped capacity building for women and the expansion of human rights, the changes to power relations with husbands have led to domestic abuse. Also, this research shows that impoverished people and other people in the low-income bracket have realized that the Micro-Credit could result in debt. A serious issue that must be addressed is the institutions that provide micro financing must make efforts to reduce administrative costs as the government has set a legal interest rate. Finally the Tanzanian case study has confirmed that Micro-Credit program can help individuals and families to increase their income and thereby improve the healthcare of the family members. The bi-nominal logistic regression analysis shows that for households with children, business income increases as their preference for programs provided by Micro-Credit projects increases.

무담보소액대출 제도 도입을 통한 제주여성창업 활성화 방안모색

정영태(Young-Tae Jung) 계명대학교 여성학연구소 2010 젠더와 문화 Vol.3 No.2

본 연구는 다른 지역과 달리 여성경제활동이 활발한 제주에서 산업기반이 약한 제조업 등의 기반 강화의 일환으로 여성 창업을 모색 하는데 목적이 있다. 특히 최근 빠르게 확산되고 있는 마이크로크레디트 제도 도입에 대한 조사를 토대로 지역 여성창업 활성화 방안을 모색하고자 한다. 조사 결과 여성 경제활동 활성화를 위하여 마이크로크레디트 제도를 도입 운영할 필요가 있다는 결론을 도출하였다. 마이크로크레디트 제도는 여성 빈곤층, 여성 예비창업자들에게 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 기대된다. 제주지역은 전국적으로 가장 높은 여성경제활동참가율과 여성자영업자 비율을 자랑하고 있지만 현실여건은 매우 취약한 실정이다. 기존의 마이크로크레디트 제도를 그대로 적용 할 경우 역시 어려움에 직면할 위험이 높다는 점을 감안하여 제주형 마이크로크레디트 모델 개발 역시 함께 고려되어야 한다. 마지막으로 기존 마이크로크레디트 제도 도입에 있어 대상자를 제주지역 여성창업으로 초점을 맞춘다면 제도 도입 및 활성화를 통한 여성의 취 · 창업 현실의 변화를 가져올 수 있을 것으로 전망된다. This study examines the women entrepreneurs aims for strengthening strategy about weak manufacturing industry base in Jeju, Especially, based on a survey of a micro-credit institutions. The vast respondents are willing to use that when introduction micro-credit in Jeju. Moreover, household income from one family member response 69.7% and women respondents are 78.6% in there. For those reason, we expect that micro-credit institution has positive impact for the poor or pre-founder women. Jeju area has highest ratio of female labor force participation and owner-operator, but weak industrial base, low establishment success, and the real situation are very fragile. Eventually, accept the existing system of micro-credit as well if you encounter difficulties at high risk given that micro-credit model, so we have to develop the micro-credit model or find a new model for Jeju area. Finally, before adoption to the micro-credit system in Jeju, we need strengthen the strength and make up for the weakness of exsiting system and focus on women's foundation in Jeju. That bring changing reality that women's foundation or owner-operator problems.

소액 신용대출의 영향

윤미경(Mi kyung Yun) 국제개발협력학회 2017 국제개발협력연구 Vol.9 No.4

본 연구는 남부 베트남에서 한 한국 NGO가 영세상인을 대상으로 진행한 소액 신용대출의 영향을 여성의 경제적 후생증가와 역량강화에 초점을 두고 분석하였다. 그 결과 소액 신용대출이 여성의 역량강화 증대에 통계적으로 유의미한 기여를 하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 신용대출은 노동투입시간 또한 증가시켰으며, 이러한 영향은 남성에 비해 여성이 거의 3배 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 신용대출 외에, 여성에 대한 훈련이나 경영 컨설팅 제공 등 여성사업의 생산성 향상을 위한 추가적인 노력이 필요함을 반증한다. 비록 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았지만 신용대출은 가구소득, 소비, 사업규모 증대와는 음의 관계를 보이는 반면 생활수준지수나 사업의 자산가치 증대와는 정의 관계를 보여 신용대출이 의도한 바와 같이 일시적인 소비보다는 사업에 대한 투자로 이어짐을 간접적으로 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과는 단기적인 데이터에 근거한, 매우 잠정적이고 한정적인 것임에 유의할 필요가 있다. This paper analyzes the effect of a micro-credit provided by a Korean NGO to poor women entrepreneurs in Southern Vietnam. The results show that micro-credit has a statistically significant and positive effect on women’s empowerment. However, this was accompanied by an increase in labor time spent on the micro-enterprise supported by the micro-credit. This effect was almost three times as large for women compared to men, which implies that women needs to work significantly more to benefit from the credit. This means that productivity of women’s enterprises must be enhanced through training and entrepreneurial support if women is to truly benefit from credit provision. Although not significant, micro-credit was shown to be negatively correlated with increases in household income, consumption and enterprise sales, but positively correlated with the value of important enterprise assets and international wealth indicator. This implies that, as intended, the credit was used to invest in the enterprise rather than to fill immediate consumption needs. It should be noted that the results reported here should be interpreted with caution, as it is temporary and limited based on data for a very short period.

출소자들의 경제적 어려움 해소와 자립지원을 위한 Micro-Credit의 활성화 방안

남재성 한국교정학회 2008 矯正硏究 Vol.- No.40

본 연구에서는 출소자들이 겪게 되는 사회적 차별과 그에 따른 경제적 궁핍에 대한 대안적 경제기반 구축의 일환으로 마이크로크레딧의 활용에 대하여 살펴보았다. 이미 영국에서는 출소자들을 대상으로 하는 마이크로크레딧이 매우 활성화되고 있었으며, 그 성과 역시 매우 우수한 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 한국에서도 향후 이에 대한 지속적인 지원과 노력이 절실하다. 특히 출소자들에게 보다 많은 혜택을 제공하기 위해 법무부가 참여하거나 휴면예금 및 지역사회의 다양한 자원을 활용하여 자본금이나 실시기관의 숫자 등 전반적인 외연의 확대를 이루어야 한다. 그리고 제도의 보완과 관련된 측면에서 먼저 대상자의 선정 및 지원금액과 관련하여 대상자를 보다 확대하고 지원금액을 상향조정할 필요가 있으며, 교육훈련 역시 장기간에 걸쳐 보다 다양한 교육이 이루어져야 한다. 또한 사후관리의 측면에서도 생활관리, 재정관리 등의 지속적 관리가 요구되며, 아울러 자금회수와 관련하여 좀 더 장기간의 상환기간을 제공하고 이자상환의 기간을 연장해주어야 할 것이다. 궁극적으로 한국의 출소자 대상 마이크로크레딧이 보다 큰 성과를 보이기 위해서는 사회의 전반적인 인식전환과 더불어 위의 내용들이 고려되어야 할 것이다. 그리고 무엇 보다 중요한 것은 이 제도가 출소자들에 대한 혜택이나 서비스의 제공이 아닌 우리 사회를 방위함과 동시에 그들을 교화개선시킬 수 있는 일거양득의 필수불가결한 제도라는 것을 인식하는 것이다. This study examined use of micro-credit for ex-prisoners' economic independence that was a solution of social discrimination and economic difficulties from which ex-prisoners suffered. In the UK, micro-credit for ex-prisoners was already used very much and its result was very good. Korea, therefore, was much demanded to support and make efforts continuously. In particular, to give ex-prisoners more benefits, the Ministry of Justice should join the activity or sleep money and community's various resources should be used to expand capital and associated organizations' numerical values externally. And, from point of view of supplementation of the system, the ones who shall be given micro-credit shall be expanded and aid money shall be raised, and long term training shall be made in various ways. And, life and finance shall be continuously managed at follow-up, and longer refund period shall be supplied in relation to collection of the fund to extend reimbursement time of interests. To get good results of micro-credit for ex-prisoners in Korea, people in the society are demanded to make change of cognition and to consider the contents above. People need to understand that the system shall be not supply of benefits and services for ex-prisoners but defense of the society and enlightenment of them to be an essential system.

Women, Micro-finance and Income Generation after the Political Conflict and the Tsunami in Aceh1Women, Micro-finance and Income Generation after the Political Conflict and the Tsunami in Aceh

SRIMULYANI, Eka Ewha Womans University Press 2013 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.19 No.1

This article examines the case of the micro-finance program in Aceh following the tsunami and the political conflict and the impact these have had on the lives of the women beneficieries of the micro-finance groups. There have been some debates regarding the effectiveness of micro-finance in providing better economic access and opportunities for the beneficiaries and on reaching the poor through these programs. The study also identifies the impact that micro-finance has had on the lives of women in the context. The main focus is on the situation following the conflict and tsunami that had posed particular challenges. Artikel ini mengkaji tentang kasus micro-finance di Aceh setelah bencana tsunami dan konflik politik yang terjadi, dan juga melihat pengaruh dari program micro-finance yang dilaksanakan terhadap kehidupan para perempuan penerima manfaat, serta tantangan-tantangan yang muncul. Selama ini memang ada perdebatan mengenai efektifitas program micro-finance dalam memberikan akses dan kesempatan perbaikan ekonomi kalangan miskin. Studi ini memperlihatkan adanya pengaruh dari micro-finance terhadap kehidupan para perempuan penerima manfaat dalam kontek tertentu. Fokus utama dari dari kajian ini adalah kontek yang terjadi setelah konflik dan tsunami yang memunculkan tantangan dan dampak tersendiri dari program tersebut terhadap kehidupan perempuan.

여성창업과 소액대출 개선에 관한 연구

서근하 ( Geun Ha Suh ),황미애 ( Mi Ae Hwang ) 부산대학교 여성연구소 2007 여성학연구 Vol.17 No.1

Since interactions among societies became more complicated, the importance and social attention of economically active women entrepreneurs has been growing. Advantages unique to women such as intuitive knowledge, creativity and sensitivity are prominently highlighted in the midst of rapidly changing environment. Therefore, recently the businesses establishment by women has been on the rise, and the portion of women-owned business in whole business has been increasing. More than 70 percent of women-owned businesses are lodging and foods, wholesale, retail sales, education services and 92.3 percent of women-owned businesses are small businesses having less than five employees. Also, the women-owned businesses have been mostly concentrated in industries which have low barriers to entry and intense competition. As the fact, growth with quality has not been accomplished. This study focus on women entrepreneurs, and micro credit system improvement. Based on the previous substantial evidence, business establishment support system by women should be improved after discovering the traits of women entrepreneurs. As a result, improving managerial and social performance of women-owned small business and micro credit system. The adoption of micro credit system improvement approach by the existent or new social service system can cater the long-ignored needs of these women entrepreneurs and micro credit system related with their financial and managerial crisis.