Study on the Models, Problems and Prospect of Eco-agriculture in China

Ma ShangPing,Lv KaiJing,Cao QingLou 원광대학교 한중관계연구원 2018 韓中關係硏究 Vol.4 No.2

농업은 국민 경제의 기반이다. 중국은 농업을 발전하는 데 총력을 기울였지만 생태 환경 문제를 소홀히 했다. 이러한 상황에서 사람들이 농업 발전에 존재한 문제점들을 반성하기 시작했고 더 나아가 생태 농업이라는 개념을 제기했다. 중국은 생태 농업의 발전에 있어 큰 성과를 얻었으나 문제점도 많이 나타났다. 본고는 문헌 요약법과 문헌 기술법을 결합시켜 중국 생태 농업의 배경과 역사를 정 리했다. 중국 개혁개방 정책 실시 이후 생태 농업의 발전 현황과 전형적인 생태 농업 모델 및 응용을 연구함으로써 중국 생태 농업 발전의 부족한 점을 전면적으로 분석했 다. 이를 바탕으로 중국이 생태 농업을 발전시키는 경험을 정리하여 다른 나라의 생태 농업 발전에 필요한 참고 자료를 제공하고자 한다. Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. China has neglected the ecological problems while vigorously developing agriculture. Under this situation, people began to reflect on the problems existing in agricultural development and put forward the concept of ecological agriculture. China has made remarkable achievements in the development of ecological agriculture but has also exposed some problems. This paper adopts a combination of literature review and summarization, and summarizes the background and history of China’s eco-agriculture. This paper mainly studies the development of Eco-agriculture after China’s reform and opening up. It introduces all-round introduction and the application of typical eco-agricultural models in China. Besides, this paper also analyzes the shortcomings during the development of China’s eco-agriculture. Moreover, China’s experiences of developing the eco-agriculture are summarized. China’s successfully development of Eco-agriculture is also a reference for other countries to develop the Eco-agriculture.

한·중관계의 악화와 사드의 교훈

김태호 신아시아연구소 2017 신아세아 Vol.24 No.4

Over the past 25 years South Korea (ROK) and China have achieved a tremendous success in all issue-areas. This can be easily verified from various statistics. At the risk of oversimplification, their 25-year-long ties can be summed up as a) a great expansion in the number of people and issue-areas involved in their ties; b) an unbalanced development across issue-areas; c) the continuing rise of China and a growing gap between the ROK and China in terms of national power; and d) an increasing difference in their systems, policies, and norms. Overall, they have developed along the spectrum of “economic cooperation and social contacts first” and “political agreement and military CBMs later.” In other words, they have largely cooperated on short-term practical questions (the “low-lying fruits) rather than specific and longer-term issues. Included in the concrete and longer-term questions are but not limited to North Korean residents in China, the North Korea issue and its nuclear program, and the Korean unification. While it is true that the THAAD issue now dominates all others, there is no shortage of controversial issues between them. Their causes are many, and their possible solutions are hard to come by. Under such circumstances, it is wise to begin with their respective positions and proceed with an exchange of candid views. This will help reduce misunderstanding as well as future uncertainties. The “post-THAAD” tasks and lessons for the ROK are a) consensus-building efforts in Korea; b) consistency in the government position, c) a rock-solid ROK-U.S. alliance system, d) “limited defense sufficiency,” e) promoting international opinions and keeping abreast of the responses from the neighboring countries, f) recognizing Japan as an important security asset; and g) establishing the “China Experts’ Network” in the government. They are not mutually exclusive; progress in one domain can make a positive influence on others. South Korea has so far pursued development in all issue-areas and confidence-building with China. In the post-THAAD phase it should be able to articulate South Korea’s visions and objectives—clearly and continuously. Two suggestions are made here: one is a host of projects that aim at long-term communications and mutual understanding with the Chinese; the other is to ponder over how to cope with the rise of China on the basis of the ROK-U.S. alliance. Finally, it is imperative that China’s real role as well as the changing and intertwined security environment be put into the ROK’s long-term strategic calculations. 한·중 양국은 지난 25년간 ‘눈부신’ 관계 발전을 이룩했다. 이는 각종 통계에서 쉽게 찾을 수 있는데, 그 간의 주요 추이와 특징은 ① 양국 관계의 참여자 및 영역의 대폭 확대, ② 각 분야별 불균형 발전, ③ 중국의 부상과 한·중간 국력 격차 확대, 그리고 ④ 체제·정책·규범상 차이의 증가이다. 전체적으로 “경제·교역>사회·문화>정치·외교>군사·안보” 순(順)으로 발전해온 양국 관계는 보다 현재적이고 ‘쉬운’ 결과(low-lying fruits)를 추구했다고 볼 수 있다. 이는 국내 연구자들이 누누이 지적해온 현상이다. 단, 양국 관계의 심화 및 교류의 확대 이면에는 다양한 우려가 남아 있는데, 이에는 재중 탈북자 문제와 같은 인권·주권관련 외교현안에서 북핵문제와 같은 다자간 안보문제, 그리고 한반도의 통일과 같은 한국의 중장기 국가안보목표가 포함되어 있다. 사실, 사드 이슈는 다른 모든 쌍무적 사안을 ‘압도’(dominate)하고 있고, 양국 관계 악화의 ‘원인’을 제공하고 있으나 그 이면에는 상당한 이견이 존재한다. 또한, 상기 사안들은 문제의 다양한 성격만큼이나 복잡한 원인에 의해 파생된 결과로서 이를 일괄적으로 해결할 방법은 현실적으로 찾기 어렵다고 판단된다. 다만, 해당 현안에 대한 양국의 입장차를 분명히 이해하고, 이를 지속적으로 해결하려는 노력이 개진된다면 적어도 양국간의 불신 해소 및 미래의 사태를 대비―즉, 불확실성 감소―하는데 도움이 될 것이다. 이를 감안하여 이 글에서 제안하는 ‘포스트(post)-사드’ 과제에는 ① 국민적 합의(consensus) 구축, ② 정부의 일관된 입장 유지, ③ 한·미 동맹의 강화, ④ 제한적 억지력 확보, ⑤ 국제 여론 동참 및 주변국 대응 주시, ⑥ 일본의 안보 자산 측면 인지, 그리고 ⑦ 정부내 중국 전문 네트워크 설립·운영이 포함된다. 이는 상호 배타적이지 않고, 한 영역에서의 발전은 다른 영역에 긍정적 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 한국은 그 간 중국과의 전면적 관계 발전과 지속적인 평시 신뢰구축을 추진해왔다. ‘포스트-사드’ 국면에서는 중·장기적 방안으로 조직적·지속적인 대중국 정책을 통해 미래 한국의 비젼 및 목표를 보다 구체적으로 제시할 수 있어야 한다. 하나는 중국인들과의 장기적 소통과 이해 증진을 위한 사업이고 다른 하나는 한·미 동맹의 기반하에 중국의 굴기에 어떻게 대처할 것인가를 숙고하는 것이다. 중국이 향후 개혁·개방노선을 유지하는 한, 이는 한국의 미래상(像)과 부합하며 양국은 우호적 관계하에서 한반도/역내 주요 위협 소멸, 경제이익의 거양, 동북아의 위상 제고 등 “새로운 25년”을 기약할 수 있을 것이다. 마지막으로 중국의 실제적 대한반도 역할과 다층적·전략적 대외 정책에 대한 올바른 이해는 한국의 중·장기 대외 전략 수립 시 반드시 고려되어야 할 사안임을 강조하고자 한다.

Future of History

Hong, Kyu-dok(홍규덕) 한국전략문제연구소 2018 전략연구 Vol.25 No.3

미래는 얼마나 과거를 반복할 것인가? 2018년 11월 11일 파리 시청 앞에서 70여 개국 정상들이 모여 1차 세계대전 종전 100주년 기념식을 조용히 치렀다. 과연 미래에는 대전장의 참상을 피할 수 있을까? 안타깝게도 동북아의 미래를 두고 많은 학자들이 비관적 전망을 하고 있다. 특히 미·중간의 전쟁 가능성에 대해 ‘투키디데스의 함정’을 피하기 어려울 수 있다는 위험성을 예고하는 목소리가 점차 확대되고 있다. 우리는 신냉전의 시대와 4차 산업에 의한 초연결 사회의 위험성을 동시에 경험하면서, 다자주의 전통과 시장경제 중심의 자유주의 경제 질서의 몰락을 목도하고 있다. 미국 우선주의와 중국의 시진핑 중심의 강력한 중화주의가 정면충돌하는 위험한 지정학적 여건 속에서도 우리는 남북평화시대의 개막이라는 새로운 기적에 도전하고 있다. 인류가 경험해 보지 못한 새로운 위협 속에서 어떻게 체제를 안정적으로 관리할 지가 21세기를 살아가는 우리 전략가들의 몫이다. 본 논문은 동북아 체제에서 왜 새로운 변화가 어려운지, 어떤 역사적 교훈들을 우리가 명심해야 하는지에 관해 정리해보고자 한다. 2019년을 맞으며 비핵화의 진전이 우리가 원하는 방향대로 이루어지지 않을 경우 우리의 군사적 대안이 무엇인지 어떻게 외교 안보의 대전략을 만들어 갈지에 관해 제안하고자 한다. How much will the future resemble the past? To what extent will three countries in Northeast Asia go back to the future? Will there be a war between the United States and China? Will there be second Korean War that invites all neighboring states with potential use of nuclear bomb? How can we sustain the peace on the Korean peninsula? Will there be more arms spending and muscle flexing among stake holders in the region even though we are miraculously beginning the peaceful era by agreeing to denuclearization of the Korean peninsular? The bipolar world is over, yet it is not going to be replaced by a unipolar world of American hegemony or by so-called G2 powers, namely the United States and China. This study is focusing on why we failed to construct the security architecture in the region and what lessons we can learn from the past experiences. In order for us to be able to weathering the storms in the future, this study will end with observation that we must strengthen the ROK-US alliance and prepare for new threats. How much will the future resemble the past? To what extent will three countries in Northeast Asia go back to the future? Will there be a war between the United States and China? Will there be second Korean War that invites all neighboring states with potential use of nuclear bomb? Will there be more arms spending and muscle flexing among stake holders in the region even though we are not fall into the war? The bipolar world is over, yet it is not going to be replaced by a unipolar world of American hegemony nor by so-called G2 powers, namely the United States and China. The world is multipolar, although it is quite different from a classical form of multi-polarity we have seen in the 18th century in Europe. Certainly, neo-isolationism has come back to the global politics and there will be a diffusion of power as nationalism grows, but interdependence increases and a transactional actors will be even more influential. The world we are living is not clean and neat, but somehow we are able to manage the crises and we are lucky enough not falling into the great war or World War III. Can we be so certain that we will be able to weathering the storms in the future as we have been successful after World War II?

Student talk in large-size mathematics classrooms: a case study of a sequence of ten consecutive lessons in China

Lianchun Dong,Wee Tiong Seah,Yiming Cao,David Clarke 서울대학교 교육연구소 2019 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.20 No.3

This study aims to reveal features of student talk over a sequence of consecutive mathematics lessons in a large-size class in mainland China. By examining the time allocation for student talk and the number of Chinese characters spoken by the students, this study finds that, in some of the lessons observed, student talk added up to a longer duration and included a larger number of Chinese characters than teacher talk. But individual students were observed to have unequal opportunities to participate in public talk and there is a large gap regarding the number of Chinese characters that an individual student could speak in public. Each individual student’s accountability to talk was recorded to be less diverse in public presentation than in non-presentation contexts (e.g., answering teacher questions). This study suggests that a unit of consecutive lessons can help a clearer and more comprehensive observation and analysis of student talk.

미국과 중국사이의 한국: 역사의 교훈 서설

김태완(Taewan Kim) 동아시아국제정치학회 2013 국제정치연구 Vol.16 No.1

The purpose of this article is to deduce lessons from Korean history to devise Korean foreign policy toward the two great powers, the U.S. and China. Despite the end of the Cold War, the legacy of the Cold War structure on the Korean Peninsula has not been eradicated for about a quarter-century. This is due to geopolitical characteristics of the Peninsula as well as the two Koreas being divided. In addition, the power competition between the U.S. and China narrows down the Korean position amidst them. However, Korea has to handle the difficult situation and achieve reunification. Fortunately, Korea has experience in initiating fluent historical decisions while in the presence of rivaling powers. It is possible to derive historical lessons from these past responses and analyze their effects on the competition of big powers. Therefore, I have drafted “The equation of the Korean Peninsula”: K{H+C)+α}→D . This equation can be applied to the current situation in the Korean Peninsula; how Korea can respond to the competing and collaborating relations of the U.S. and China. Korea’s wise behavior between the two global powers will fulfill Korea’s desire for unification and prosperity.

The Development of Cyber-Education in China: A Review of Experiences and Lessons

Zhi Ting Zhu,Wei Wang,Hong Wei Luo 한국교육공학회 2005 Educational Technology International Vol.6 No.2

Inspirations for China's Cultural Industry Development from the Construction of Korea's Cultural Industry Chain

Guo, Pingjian,Fang, Haixia The Costume Culture Association 2010 Fashion, industry and education Vol.13 No.2

The purpose of this research was to understand the successful establishment of the cultural industry chain in Korea and discover lessons for China to improve its cultural industry. It was concluded that a one-industry development pattern cannot win in market competition and a cultural industry will strengthen its sustainability only through smoothing its relationship with other industries and establishing a cultural industry chain so as to further development and resist crises together.

Inspirations for China`s Cultural Industry Development from the Construction of Korea`s Cultural Industry Chain

( Ping Jian Guo ),( Hai Xia Fang ) 복식문화학회 2010 Fashion, industry and education Vol.13 No.2

The purpose of this research was to understand the successful establishment of the cultural industry chain in Korea and discover lessons for China to improve its cultural industry. It was concluded that a one-industry development pattern cannot win in market competition and a cultural industry will strengthen its sustainability only through smoothing its relationship with other industries and establishing a cultural industry chain so as to further development and resist crises together.

Future of History: Can We Prevent the Next Great War?

홍규덕 (사) 한국전략문제연구소 2018 전략연구 Vol.25 No.3

How much will the future resemble the past? To what extent will three countriesin Northeast Asia go back to the future? Will there be a war between the UnitedStates and China? Will there be second Korean War that invites all neighboringstates with potential use of nuclear bomb? How can we sustain the peace on theKorean peninsula? Will there be more arms spending and muscle flexing amongstake holders in the region even though we are miraculously beginning the peacefulera by agreeing to denuclearization of the Korean peninsular? The bipolar world isover, yet it is not going to be replaced by a unipolar world of American hegemonyor by so-called G2 powers namely the United States and China This study is focusing on why we failed to construct the security architecture in the region andwhat lessons we can learn from the past experiences. In order for us to be able toweathering the storms in the future, this study will end with observation that wemust strengthen the ROK-US alliance and prepare for new threats. How much will the future resemble the past? To what extent will three countriesin Northeast Asia go back to the future? Will there be a war between the UnitedStates and China? Will there be second Korean War that invites all neighboringstates with potential use of nuclear bomb? Will there be more arms spending andmuscle flexing among stake holders in the region even though we are not fall intothe war? The bipolar world is over, yet it is not going to be replaced by a unipolarworld of American hegemony nor by so-called G2 powers, namely the United Statesand China. The world is multipolar, although it is quite different from a classicalform of multi-polarity we have seen in the 18th century in Europe. Certainly, neo-isolationism has come back to the global politics and there will bea diffusion of power as nationalism grows, but interdependence increases and atransactional actors will be even more influential. The world we are living is notclean and neat, but somehow we are able to manage the crises and we are luckyenough not falling into the great war or World War III. Can we be so certain thatwe will be able to weathering the storms in the future as we have been successfulafter World War II?

중국 귀주성 초등학생의 피아노 교습경험이 정서에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

두백언(Bai Yan Du),고영춘(Young Chun Ko) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2021 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.21 No.16

목적 이 연구의 목적은 피아노 교습 경험의 정도에 따라 정서적 차이를 분석함으로써 초등학생들에 대한 정서교육의 구체적인 방법을 제시하고자 함이다. 방법 연구의 대상은 중국 귀주성 H초등학교 4~6학년 학생들을 대상으로 하였다. SPSS 25의 프로그램은 정서의 하위변인들인 각 걱정, 두려움, 분노, 활동 및 사교성에 관한 신뢰도, t검증, F검증 등을 하는 데 사용되었다. 결과 이 연구의 결과들에 따르면 제각기 걱정, 두려움 및 분노의 정서에 대해서는 교습기간이 12주가 지난 후의 사후검사에서 피아노 교습경험을 한 실험군이 피아노 교습경험을 안 한 대조군에 비해서 유의수준 p≤.05에서 걱정, 두려움, 분노의 정서값이 통계적으로 유의하게 감소 되었음을 확인하였다. 각 활동과 사교성의 정서에 대해서는 교습경험이 12주가 지난 후의 사후검사에서 피아노 교습경험을 한 실험군이 피아노 교습경험을 안 한 대조군에 비해서 유의수준 P≤.05에서 활동과 사교성의 정서값이 통계적으로 유의하게 증가 되었음을 발견하였다. 결론 그러므로 본 연구의 피아노 교습경험 조건에서 제각기 걱정, 두려움, 분노, 활동, 사교성의 정서에 대해 유의수준 P≤.05에서 피아노 교습경험의 긍정적인 정서의 효과를 가져오기 위해서는 최소 12주 이상의 피아노 교습경험이 필요함을 확인하였다. Objectives The purpose of this study is to present specific methods of emotional education for primary school students by analyzing emotional differences depending on the duration of piano lesson. Methods The subjects of the study were students from academic year 4 to 6 in a Elementary School of Guizhou Province, China. The SPSS 25 program was used to perform reliability, t-verification, and F-verification in each of the subvariables of emotion: anxiety, fear, anger, activity and sociability. Results The results of this study show that for each emotion of worry, fear, and anger, the experimental group that took piano lesson experience after 12 weeks of teaching compared to the control group that did not take piano lesson experience confirmed that the emotional values of anxiety, fear, and anger were statistically significantly reduced at p≤.05 level. For each activity and sociability, the experimental group with piano lesson experience in the post-test after 12 weeks compared to the control group without piano lesson experience found significant statistical increases in the emotional value of activity and sociability at p≤.05 level. Conclusions Therefore, under the piano lesson experience conditions of this study, we confirmed that the piano lesson experience for both decrease of ‘worry, fear, anger’ and increase of ‘activity, sociability’ are needed at least 12 weeks to bring about the positive emotional effects at p≤.05 level.