Phytoremediation of Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Soil in a Reclaimed Dredging Area Using Alnus Species

이덕범,남웅,곽영세,조남훈,이상석 한국생태학회 2009 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.32 No.4

To investigate the possible applications of plants to remediate heavy-metal-contaminated soil, a pilot experiment was performed for four years in a reclaimed dredging area using two Alnus species, i.e., Alnus firma and Alnus hirsuta. In a comparison of phytomass of the two species at two different planting densities, the phytomass of Alnus planted at low density was twice as high as that of Alnus planted at high density after four years. The Alnus species showed active acclimation to the heavy-metal-contaminated soil in a reclaimed dredging area. A. hirsuta showed greater accumulation of phytomass than A. firma, indicating that it is the better candidate for the phytoremediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soils. In the pilot system, Alnus plants took metals up from the soil in the following order; Pb > Zn > Cu > Cr > As > Cd. Uptake rates of heavy metals per individual phytomass was higher for Alnus spp. planted at low density than those planted at high density in the pilot system. Low plant density resulted in higher heavy metal uptake per plant, but the total heavy metal concentration was not different for plants planted at low and high density, suggesting that the plant density effect might not be important with regard to total uptake by plants. The quantity of leached heavy metals below ground was far in excess of that taken up by plants, indicating that an alternative measurement is required for the removal of heavy metals that have leached into ground water and deeper soil. We conclude that Alnus species are potential candidates for phytoremediation of heavy-metal- contaminated surface soil in a reclaimed dredging area To investigate the possible applications of plants to remediate heavy-metal-contaminated soil, a pilot experiment was performed for four years in a reclaimed dredging area using two Alnus species, i.e., Alnus firma and Alnus hirsuta. In a comparison of phytomass of the two species at two different planting densities, the phytomass of Alnus planted at low density was twice as high as that of Alnus planted at high density after four years. The Alnus species showed active acclimation to the heavy-metal-contaminated soil in a reclaimed dredging area. A. hirsuta showed greater accumulation of phytomass than A. firma, indicating that it is the better candidate for the phytoremediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soils. In the pilot system, Alnus plants took metals up from the soil in the following order; Pb > Zn > Cu > Cr > As > Cd. Uptake rates of heavy metals per individual phytomass was higher for Alnus spp. planted at low density than those planted at high density in the pilot system. Low plant density resulted in higher heavy metal uptake per plant, but the total heavy metal concentration was not different for plants planted at low and high density, suggesting that the plant density effect might not be important with regard to total uptake by plants. The quantity of leached heavy metals below ground was far in excess of that taken up by plants, indicating that an alternative measurement is required for the removal of heavy metals that have leached into ground water and deeper soil. We conclude that Alnus species are potential candidates for phytoremediation of heavy-metal- contaminated surface soil in a reclaimed dredging area

Assessment of Heavy Metal(loid)s Pollution in Arable Soils near Industrial Complex in Gyeongsang Provinces of South Korea

Kim, Yong Gyun,Lee, Hyun Ho,Park, Hye Jin,Hong, Chang Oh 한국토양비료학회 2018 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.51 No.2

Industrial complex releasing huge amounts of dusts, fumes and wastewater containing heavy metal(loid)s could be a source of heavy metal(loid)s pollution in arable soil. Heavy metal(loid)s pollution in arable soil adversely affect crops safety, subsequently human being. Hence, it is important to accurately assess the heavy metal(loid)s pollution in soil using pollution indices. The objectives of this study are 1) to compare assessment methods of heavy metal(loid)s pollution in arable soils located near industrial complex in Gyeongsang provinces and 2) to determine the relationship between concentration of plant available heavy metal(loid)s and chemical properties of soil. Soil samples were collected from 85 sites of arable lands nearby 10 industrial complex in Gyeongsang provinces. The average total concentration of all heavy metal(loid)s of the studied soils was higher than that of Korean arable soils but did not exceed the warning criteria established by the Soil Environmental Conservation Act of Korea. Only six sites of arable soils for the total concentration of As, Cu and Ni exceeded the warning criteria (As: $25mg\;kg^{-1}$, Cu: $150mg\;kg^{-1}$, Ni: $100mg\;kg^{-1}$). The contamination factor (CF) and geoaccumulation index ($I_{geo}$) of the heavy metal(loid)s in arable soils varied among the sampling sites, and the average values of As and Cd were relatively higher than that of other metals. Results of integrated indices of As and Cd in arable soils located near industrial complex indicated that some arable soils were moderately or heavily polluted. The plant available concentration of heavy metal(loid)s was negatively related to the soil pH and negative charge of soil. Available Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations had relatively high correlation coefficient with pH and negative charge of soil when compared with other heavy metal(loid)s. Based on the above results, it might be a good soil management to control pH with soil amendments such as lime and compost to reduce phytoavailability of heavy metal(loid)s in arable soil located near industrial complex.

A Study on Characteristics of Atmospheric Heavy Metals in Subway Station

Chun-Huem Kim,Dong-Chul Yoo,Young-Min Kwon,Woong-Soo Han,Gi-Sun Kim,Mi-Jung Park,Young Soon Kim,Dalwoong Choi 한국독성학회 2010 Toxicological Research Vol.26 No.2

In this study, we investigated the atmospheric heavy metal concentrations in the particulate matter inside the subway stations of Seoul. In particular, we examined the correlation between the heavy metals and studied the effect of the heavy metals on cell proliferation. In six selected subway stations in Seoul, particulate matter was captured at the platforms and 11 types of heavy metals were analyzed. The results showed that the mean concentration of iron was the highest out of the heavy metals in particulate matter, followed by copper, potassium, calcium, zinc, nickel, sodium, manganese, magnesium, chromium and cadmium in that order. The correlation analysis showed that the correlations between the heavy metals was highest in the following order: (Cu vs Zn), (Ca vs Na), (Ca vs Mn), (Ni vs Cr), (Na vs Mn), (Cr vs Cd), (Zn vs Cd), (Cu vs Cd), (Ni vs Cd), (Cu vs Ni), (K vs Zn), (Cu vs K), (Cu vs Cr), (K vs Cd), (Zn vs Cr), (K vs Ni), (Zn vs Ni), (K vs Cr), and (Fe vs Cu). The correlation coefficient between zinc and copper was 0.937, indicating the highest correlation. Copper, zinc, nickel, chromium and cadmium, which are generated from artificial sources in general, showed correlations with many of the other metals and the correlation coefficients were also relatively high. The effect of the heavy metals on cell proliferation was also investigated in this study. Cultured cell was exposed to 10 ㎎/l or 100 ㎎/l of iron, copper, calcium, zinc, nickel, manganese, magnesium, chromium and cadmium for 24 hours. The cell proliferation in all the heavy metal-treated groups was not inhibited at 10 ㎎/l of the heavy metal concentration. The only exception to this was with the cadmium-treated group which showed a strong cell proliferation inhibition. This study provides the fundamental data for the understanding of simultaneous heavy metal exposure tendency at the time of particulate matter exposure in subway stations and the identification of heavy metal sources. Moreover, this study can be used as the fundamental data for the cell toxicity study of the subway-oriented heavy metalcontaining particulate matter.

Assessment of Heavy Metal(loid)s Pollution in Arable Soils near Industrial Complex in Gyeongsang Provinces of South Korea

Yong Gyun Kim,Hyun Ho Lee,Hye Jin Park,Chang Oh Hong 한국토양비료학회 2018 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.51 No.2

Industrial complex releasing huge amounts of dusts, fumes and wastewater containing heavy metal(loid)s could be a source of heavy metal(loid)s pollution in arable soil. Heavy metal(loid)s pollution in arable soil adversely affect crops safety, subsequently human being. Hence, it is important to accurately assess the heavy metal(loid)s pollution in soil using pollution indices. The objectives of this study are 1) to compare assessment methods of heavy metal(loid)s pollution in arable soils located near industrial complex in Gyeongsang provinces and 2) to determine the relationship between concentration of plant available heavy metal(loid)s and chemical properties of soil. Soil samples were collected from 85 sites of arable lands nearby 10 industrial complex in Gyeongsang provinces. The average total concentration of all heavy metal(loid)s of the studied soils was higher than that of Korean arable soils but did not exceed the warning criteria established by the Soil Environmental Conservation Act of Korea. Only six sites of arable soils for the total concentration of As, Cu and Ni exceeded the warning criteria (As: 25 ㎎ ㎏<SUP>-1</SUP>, Cu: 150 ㎎ ㎏<SUP>-1</SUP>, Ni: 100 ㎎ ㎏<SUP>-1</SUP>). The contamination factor (CF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) of the heavy metal(loid)s in arable soils varied among the sampling sites, and the average values of As and Cd were relatively higher than that of other metals. Results of integrated indices of As and Cd in arable soils located near industrial complex indicated that some arable soils were moderately or heavily polluted. The plant available concentration of heavy metal(loid)s was negatively related to the soil pH and negative charge of soil. Available Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations had relatively high correlation coefficient with pH and negative charge of soil when compared with other heavy metal(loid)s. Based on the above results, it might be a good soil management to control pH with soil amendments such as lime and compost to reduce phytoavailability of heavy metal(loid)s in arable soil located near industrial complex.

A Study on Characteristics of Atmospheric Heavy Metals in Subway Station

Kim, Chun-Huem,Yoo, Dong-Chul,Kwon, Young-Min,Han, Woong-Soo,Kim, Gi-Sun,Park, Mi-Jung,Kim, Young-Soon,Choi, Dal-Woong Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2010 Toxicological Research Vol.27 No.2

In this study, we investigated the atmospheric heavy metal concentrations in the particulate matter inside the subway stations of Seoul. In particular, we examined the correlation between the heavy metals and studied the effect of the heavy metals on cell proliferation. In six selected subway stations in Seoul, particulate matter was captured at the platforms and 11 types of heavy metals were analyzed. The results showed that the mean concentration of iron was the highest out of the heavy metals in particulate matter, followed by copper, potassium, calcium, zinc, nickel, sodium, manganese, magnesium, chromium and cadmium in that order. The correlation analysis showed that the correlations between the heavy metals was highest in the following order: (Cu vs Zn), (Ca vs Na), (Ca vs Mn), (Ni vs Cr), (Na vs Mn), (Cr vs Cd), (Zn vs Cd), (Cu vs Cd), (Ni vs Cd), (Cu vs Ni), (K vs Zn), (Cu vs K), (Cu vs Cr), (K vs Cd), (Zn vs Cr), (K vs Ni), (Zn vs Ni), (K vs Cr), and (Fe vs Cu). The correlation coefficient between zinc and copper was 0.937, indicating the highest correlation. Copper, zinc, nickel, chromium and cadmium, which are generated from artificial sources in general, showed correlations with many of the other metals and the correlation coefficients were also relatively high. The effect of the heavy metals on cell proliferation was also investigated in this study. Cultured cell was exposed to 10 mg/l or 100 mg/l of iron, copper, calcium, zinc, nickel, manganese, magnesium, chromium and cadmium for 24 hours. The cell proliferation in all the heavy metal-treated groups was not inhibited at 10 mg/l of the heavy metal concentration. The only exception to this was with the cadmium-treated group which showed a strong cell proliferation inhibition. This study provides the fundamental data for the understanding of simultaneous heavy metal exposure tendency at the time of particulate matter exposure in subway stations and the identification of heavy metal sources. Moreover, this study can be used as the fundamental data for the cell toxicity study of the subway-oriented heavy metal-containing particulate matter.

Biochemical and Biodiversity Insights into Heavy Metal Ion-Responsive Transcription Regulators for Synthetic Biological Heavy Metal Sensors

( Jaejoon Jung ),( Sang Jun Lee ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2019 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.29 No.10

To adapt to environmental changes and to maintain cellular homeostasis, microorganisms adjust the intracellular concentrations of biochemical compounds, including metal ions; these are essential for the catalytic function of many enzymes in cells, but excessive amounts of essential metals and heavy metals cause cellular damage. Metal-responsive transcriptional regulators play pivotal roles in metal uptake, pumping out, sequestration, and oxidation or reduction to a less toxic status via regulating the expression of the detoxification-related genes. The sensory and regulatory functions of the metalloregulators have made them as attractive biological parts for synthetic biology, and the exceptional sensitivity and selectivity of metalloregulators toward metal ions have been used in heavy metal biosensors to cope with prevalent heavy metal contamination. Due to their importance, substantial efforts have been made to characterize heavy metal-responsive transcriptional regulators and to develop heavy metal-sensing biosensors. In this review, we summarize the biochemical data for the two major metalloregulator families, SmtB/ArsR and MerR, to describe their metal-binding sites, specific chelating chemistry, and conformational changes. Based on our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms, previously developed metal biosensors are examined to point out their limitations, such as high background noise and a lack of well-characterized biological parts. We discuss several strategies to improve the functionality of the metal biosensors, such as reducing the background noise and amplifying the output signal. From the perspective of making heavy metal biosensors, we suggest that the characterization of novel metalloregulators and the fabrication of exquisitely designed genetic circuits will be required.

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Soils of Shihwa Tidal Freshwater Marshes

Yun, Seok-In,Choi, Woo-Jung,Choi, Young-Dae,Lee, Seung-Heon,Yoo, Sun-Ho,Lee, Eun-Ju-,Ro, Hee-Myong The Ecological Society of Korea 2003 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.26 No.2

Shihwa tidal freshwater marsh was constructed recently to treat pollutants entering Shihwa lake. In this study, we examined the spatial and temporal patterns of heavy metal accumulation in soils of Shihwa marsh and sought correlations between several soil variables (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and acid ammonium oxalate-extractable Fe and Al contents) and the heavy metal concentration of soils. Surface soil samples (0∼20 cm) were collected in June 2000, November 2000, and July 2001, and were analyzed for heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, As, and Hg) and soil chemical properties. The neutral pH and water-saturated conditions of Shihwa marsh appeared to favor immobilization of heavy metal through adsorption onto soils. The concentrations of heavy metal (especially Zn, Cu, and Cr) in soils of Shihwa marsh increased along the sampling occasions, suggesting that soils of Shihwa marsh serve as a sink of heavy metal. Among the sub-marshes, metal concentrations were highest in Banweol high marshes and lowest in Samhwa marshes. The temporal and spatial variations in the heavy metal concentrations of soils were correlated positively with organic matter and oxalate extractable Fe and Al contents, but negatively with electrical conductivity. These results suggest that organic matter and hydrous oxide of Fe/Al may playa key role in removing heavy metals in soils of Shihwa marsh, and that heavy metal removing capacity would increase with desalinization. However, the removal patterns of heavy metal by reeds warrant further studies to evaluate the total removal capacity of heavy metals by Shihwa marsh.

천연 및 전처리 제올라이트에 의한 2 가 중금속 이온 제거능의 비교 검토

감상규,김덕수,이민규 한국환경과학회 1999 한국환경과학회지 Vol.8 No.3

The three domestic natural zeolites(Yong dong-ri (Y), Daesin-ri (D), Seogdong-ri (S)) harvested in Kyeongju-shi and Pohang-shi, Kyungsangbug-Do, were pretreated with each of the NaOH, Ca(OH)_2, and NaOH following HCl solutions, and the removal performances of divalent heavy metals(Cu, Mn, Pb, and Sr) for natural and pretreated zeolites were investigated and compared in the single and mixed solutions. The natural zeolite-heavy metal system attained the final equilibrium plateau within 20 min, irrespective of initial heavy metal concentration. The heavy metal uptakes increased with increasing initial heavy metal concentration and pH. The heavy metal uptakes for natural zeolites decreased in the following sequences : D>Y>S among the natural zeolites; Pb>Cu>Sr>Mn among the heavy metals. The pretreated zeolites showed higher heavy metal removal performances than natural zeolites and decreased in the order of NaOH, NaOH following HCl, Ca(OH)_2 treatment among the pretreatment methods. The heavy metal ion exchange capacity by natural and pretreated zeolites was described either by Freundlich equation or Langmuir equation, but it followed the former better than the latter. The heavy metal uptakes for natural zeolites decreased in the mixed solution, in comparing with those in the single solution and especially, the manganese uptake decreased greatly in the mixed solution. The pretreated zeolites showed the improved removal performances of heavy metals in the mixed solution than in the single solution and the heavy metal uptakes by those in the mixed solution showed the same trends in the single solution among the chemical treatment methods and heavy metals.

자연적 원인에 의한 중금속 오염 농경지의 합리적 관리방안 마련

황상일 ( Sangil Hwang ),명수정 ( Soojeong Myeong ),한양수 ( Yangsoo Han ) 한국환경연구원 2017 수시연구보고서 Vol.2017 No.-

인위적 원인에 의한 농경지 토양의 중금속 오염과 달리 자연적 원인에 의한 농경지 토양의 중금속 오염은 적절한 관리체계 없이 방치되고 있으며, 점차 늘어나는 추세이다. 본 연구에서는 자연적 원인에 의한 중금속 오염 농경지 토양을 합리적이며 체계적으로 관리하기 위한 목적으로, 국내외 농경지 토양의 관리 현황을 살펴보고 관련 제도를 분석하여 자연적 원인에 의한 중금속 오염 농경지 토양의 관리체계 개선(안)을 제안함으로써 향후 농경지 토양의 중금속 오염 관리 및 대응에 기여하고자 한다. 우선, 인위적 혹은 자연적 원인에 의한 농경지 토양오염의 정의를 살펴보고, 국내외 주요자연적 원인에 의한 농경지 토양의 오염 사례를 위주로 현황을 조사하며 오염된 농경지 토양의 관리를 위한 법·제도 등을 분석하였다. 이와 함께 국내 관련 법·제도 중 자연적 원인에 의한 중금속 오염 농경지 토양을 관리하기 위한 현행 「토양환경보전법」, 「농지법」, 그리고 「광산피해방지법」 등의 문제점을 파악하고, 이를 보완하기 위한 개선방안을 마련하였다. 첫째, 자연적 원인에 의한 중금속 오염 농경지 토양 관리를 위한 법·제도 개선방안으로 1) 「토양환경보전법」상 적용제외 조항 삭제, 2) 자연적 원인 판단에 대한 지침 마련, 3)농경지 토양오염에 대한 위해관리체계 및 방법 추가, 4) 자연적 원인의 농경지 토양오염에 대한 정화책임 명시, 5) 자연적 원인에 의한 농경지 토양오염에 대한 재정지원, 그리고 6)자연적 원인에 의한 토양오염의 명확한 법적 정의 규정 등을 제안하고자 한다. 둘째, 일반적인 농경지 토양오염 관리를 위한 법·제도 개선방안으로 1) 「토양환경보전법」의 농경지와 「농지법」의 농지에 대한 규정 변경, 2) 「토양환경보전법」의 1지역 기준 적용의 적정성 여부 판단, 3) 농경지로의 오염물질 유입 방지 규정 신설, 4) 농경지 토양오염 상시 감시체계 구축 및 시행, 그리고 5) 농경지 토양오염 위해관리기술 개발 등을 제안하고자 한다. 상기 두 방향의 법·제도 개선 방안에 따라 자연적 원인에 의한 중금속 오염 농경지에 대한 체계적인 관리체계를 마련한다면, 먹거리 생산 토대 중 하나인 농경지 토양과 국토를 보전할 뿐만 아니라 나아가서 국민 건강 증진에 기여할 것으로 사료된다. Unlike the heavy-metal contaminated agricultural soils by anthropogenic source, the heavy-metal contaminated agricultural soils by natural causes are being neglected without a proper management system, and the trend is under increasing. In this study, we would like to contribute to the future management of heavy-metal contaminated agricultural soils by proposing an advanced management of contaminated agricultural soils after reviewing the current systems in both domestic and international cases in order to provide a systematic management of heavy metal contaminated agricultural land by natural causes. First of all, the definition of contaminated agricultural soils by anthropogenic or natural causes was reviewed, and the case studies were presented with the current status of contaminated agricultural soils by major natural causes in Korea and foreign countries, Moreover, laws and systems for the management of contaminated agricultural soils were further investigated. In addition, problems in the current law and regulations regarding the heavy-metal contaminated agricultural soils by natural causes such as 「Soil Environmental Conservation Act」, the 「Agricultural Land Act, and the 「 Law on Prevention and Their Restoration of Mining Damages」have been reviewed, and improvement efforts have been made. First, In order to improve the law and system for heavy-metal contaminated agricultural soils management by natural causes, we suggest 1) A removal of the application exemption under the 「Soil Environmental Conservation Act」, 2) A preparation of guidelines for the decision between the two causes (anthropogenic and natural), 3) An addition of risk management system and method for contamination of agricultural soils, 4) A clear statement of responsibility for the cleanup on heavy-metal contaminated agricultural soils by natural causes, 5) A financial support for heavy-metal contaminated agricultural soils by natural causes, 6) A clear regulatory definition of the heavy-metal contaminated soils by natural causes. Second, In order to improve the law and system for general agricultural soil contamination management, we suggest 1) A change of the existing regulation on the agricultural soil of the 「Soil Environmental Conservation Act」 and the agricultural land of the 「Agricultural Land Act」, 2) A determination of appropriateness of application of the region 1 on 「Soil Environmental Conservation Act」, 3) An establishment of a new regulation to prevent an inflow of contaminants into agricultural soils, 4) An establishment and enforcement of a real time monitoring system for contamination of agricultural soils, 5) A development of new techniques for the risk management system of agricultural soils. Based on the systematic management of heavy-metal contaminated agricultural soils by natural causes with the aforementioned two ways of both law and system improvement, it would be expected to contribute not only to the preservation of the land and agricultural soils, which is a resource base of food production, but also to the improvement of public health.

수입 외국산 모발세정용 화장품의 중금속 농도에 관한 연구

문정아,문덕환,박명희,안진홍,김종은,손병철,김대환,이창희,김휘동,이채언 인제대학교 백병원 2002 仁濟醫學 Vol.23 No.5

Objective : For the purpose of preparing the fundamental data and preventing the health impairment due yo heavy metals in hair cleaner. Methods and Material : The author determined the concentration of heavy metals(Fb, fn, Cr, Ni and Cu) in hair cleaner with flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results : The results were as follows : 1. The mean concentration of heavy metals in total hair cleaner were 0.046㎍/g for Pt, 0.O67㎍/g for Mn, 0.069㎍/g for Cr, 0.046㎍/g for Ni, and 0.022㎍/g for Cu, respectively. 2. There was not statistically significant difference to mean concentrations of each heavy metal in hair cleaner by producing nation. 3. The highest mean concentration of each heavy metal in hair cleaner by type of use were 0.140㎍/g for Mn in sensitive hair cleaner(p<0.05), 0.053㎍/g for Cu in others products(p<0.01). 4. The mean concentration of heavy metals in hair cleaner by type of hair cleaner were high at 0.O54㎍/g for Pb in shampoo products(p<0.O5), 0.120㎍/g for Cr and 0.06㎍/g for Cu in combination products(p<0.01). 5. The mean concentration of heavy metals in hair cleaner by acidity were high at 0.056㎍/g for Pb, 0.124㎍/g for Cr, and 0.032㎍/g for Cu in alkali products (p<0.05). 6. Correlation coefficient of heavy metal concentration in hair cleaner were 0.175 for Pb and Cr, 0.165 for Pb and Mn, 0.824 for Cr, and Mn, 0.189 for Cr, and Ni, 0.406 for Cr, and Cu, 0.197 for Mn and Ni, and 0.375 for Mn and Cu(p<0.05). 7. Exposure amount of heavy metals per when we used lOg of hair cleaner (onetime using amount) were 0.46㎍ for Pb, 0.67㎍ for Mn, 0.69㎍ for Cr, 0.46㎍ for Ni, and 0.22㎍ for Cu, respectively. Conclusion : As above results, there was very low level concentration of heavy metal in hair cleaner but we are using the hair cleaner everyday, therefore we can exposed to heavy metals as cronic exposure so the author suggest to prepare the program of preventing the health impairment due to heavy metals.