연구논문 : 서울시 도시공간구조와 온실가스-대기오염 통합 배출량의 통계모형분석

정재형 ( Jae Hyung Jung ),권오열 ( O Yul Kwon ) 한국환경과학회 2015 한국환경과학회지 Vol.24 No.3

The relationship between urban spatial structures and GHG-AP integrated emissions was investigated by statistically analyzing those from 25 administrative districts of Seoul. Urban spatial structures, of which data were obtained from Seoul statistics yearbook, were classified into five categories of city development, residence, environment, traffic and economy. They were further classified into 10 components of local area, population, number of households, residential area, forest area, park area, registered vehicles, road area, number of businesses and total local taxes. GHG-AP integrated emissions were estimated based on IPCC(intergovernmental panel on climate change) 2006 guidelines, guideline for government greenhouse inventories, EPA AP-42(compilation of air pollutant emission factors) and preliminary studies. The result of statistical analysis indicated that GHG-AP integrated emissions were significantly correlated with urban spatial structures. The correlation analysis results showed that registered vehicles for GHG (r=0.803, p<0.01), forest area for AP (r=0.996, p<0.01), and park area for AP (r=0.889, p<0.01) were highly significant. From the factor analysis, three groups such as city and traffic categories, economy category and environment category were identified to be the governing factors controlling GHG-AP emissions. The multiple regression analysis also represented that the most influencing factors on GHG-AP emissions were categories of traffic and environment. 25 administrative districts of Seoul were clustered into six groups, of which each has similar characteristics of urban spatial structures and GHG-AP integrated emissions.

대학 내 에너지 소비에 따른 온실가스-대기오염 통합 인벤토리 및 대체 에너지 사용 시나리오 분석

정재형 ( Jae Hyung Jung ),권오열 ( O Yul Kwon ) 한국환경과학회 2014 한국환경과학회지 Vol.23 No.9

The university is one of the main energy consumption facilities and thereby releases a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG). Accordingly, efforts for reducing energy consumption and GHG have been established in many local as well as international universities. However, it has been limited to energy consumption and GHG, and has not included air pollution (AP). Therefore, we estimated GHG and AP integrated emissions from the energy consumed by Seoul National University of Science and Technology during the years between 2010 and 2012. In addition, the effect of alternative energy use scenario was analysed. We estimated GHG using IPCC guideline and Guidelines for Local Government Greenhouse Inventories, and AP using APEMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2013 and Air Pollutants Calculation Manual. The estimated annual average GHG emission was 11,420 tonCO2eq, of which 27% was direct emissions from fuel combustion sectors, including stationary and mobile source, and the remaining 73% was indirect emissions from purchased electricity and purchased water supply. The estimated annual average AP emission was 7,757 kgAP, of which the total amount was from direct emissions only. The annual GHG emissions from city gas and purchased electricity usage per unit area (m2) of the university buildings were estimated as 15.4 kgCO2eq/m2 and 42.4 tonCO2eq/m2 and those per person enrolled in the university were 210 kgCO2eq/capita and 577 kgCO2eq/capita. Alternative energy use scenarios revealed that the use of all alternative energy sources including solar energy, electric car and rain water reuse applicable to the university could reduce as much as 9.4% of the annual GHG and 34% of AP integrated emissions, saving approximately 400 million won per year, corresponding to 14% of the university energy budget.

Korea’s Environmental Sustainability Leadership in East Asia and Beyond

Matthew A. Shapiro 한국학술연구원 2009 Korea Observer Vol.40 No.4

Environmental problems but especially those related to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions present huge collective action difficulties, as the sources of the problems are local while the effects are trans-national. Efforts to control pollution can also limit rapid growth, but it is claimed here that application of the newest advancements in GHG-related technology can mitigate some of these costs. This paper examines the potential for the combined mobilization of science and technology (S&T) on the one hand, and global and regional coordination on the other with particular attention to Korea’s prospective role in Northeast Asia. With its robust “green growth” strategy, streamlined bureaucracy, and firm-led GHG-related S&T output, Korea is poised to facilitate regional research projects and technology transfer. Without a more concerted emphasis on basic R&D in this area, though, its breakthrough technologies will lead only to marginal, short-lived increases in productivity.

지구기후변화 방지를 위한 유럽연합(EU)"신규 승용차 이산화탄소 배출 감축 규칙"에 대한 고찰

박명섭(Park, Myong Sop),한낙현(Han, Nak Hyun),김상만(Kim, Sang Man) 한국무역상무학회 2014 貿易商務硏究 Vol.63 No.-

Climate change is one of the biggest dangers facing all living creatures in the earth. It has been understood that emissions of greenhouse gases from human activity is the cause of climate change. Cars are responsible for around 12% of total EU emissions of CO2, the main greenhouse gas. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) on 9 May, 1992, which entered into force on 21 March 1994. The European Commission first adopted a Community Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from cars in 1995. On 19 December 2007, the European Commission proposed "Proposal for Setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars to reduce CO2 emissions", which was adopted on 23 April 2009 as "Regulation (EC) No 443/2009". Prior to submitting the Proposal, the European Commission performed impact assessment and prepared impact assessment report which was reviewed by the Impact Assessment Board. The objective of this Regulation is to set emission performance standards for new passenger cars registered in the Community, which forms part of the Community's integrated approach to reducing CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles while ensuring the proper functioning of the internal market. In the event that a manufacturer fails to meet its target, it will be required to pay an excess emissions premium in respect of each calendar year from 2012 onwards. On 11 March 2014, Regulation (EC) No 333/2014 amending Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 was adopted. Regulation (EC) No 333/2014 amends Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 to implement the modalities of meeting the 95g CO2/km target for new passenger cars to be reached in 2020. As industry benefits from indications of the regulatory regime that would apply beyond 2020, the Regulation includes a further review to take place by, at the latest, 31 December 2014.

GHG-CAPSS를 이용한 지역별, 부문별 온실가스 배출 특성 분석(2006)

이수빈(Lee, Sue-Been),임재현(Lim, Jae-Hyun),유영숙(Lyu, Young-Sook),여소영(Yeo, So-Young),홍유덕(Hong, You-Deog) 한국기후변화학회 2011 한국기후변화학회지 Vol.2 No.2

우리나라 제조기업의 온실가스배출 정보 공시가 기업가치에 미치는 영향

방시영,윤병섭 한국상업교육학회 2018 상업교육연구 Vol.32 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 우리나라 제조기업의 온실가스배출 정보 공시가 기업가치에 미치는 영향을 분 석함에 있다. 본 연구는 온실가스종합정보센터(www.gir.go.kr)에 공시되어 있는 2011년부터 2015년 까지 5년 동안 온실가스배출량(단위: tCO₂eq)과 에너지사용량(TJ), 금융감독원 전자공시시스템 (https://dart.fss.or.kr/), 한국신용평가㈜의 KIS-VALUE, 한국상장기업협의회의 TS2000 등의 재무자 료를 수집하고 분석 가능한 표본기업 92개를 추출하였다. 본 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 온실가스배출 유발요인이 낮을수록 기업가치가 높다는 사실을 발견하였다. 이는 온실가스 배출량이 낮을수록 기업가치가 높아지며, 에너지사용량이 낮을수록 기업가치가 높아진다는 실증을 보여주는 것으로 온실가스배출 유발요인을 낮추어야 한다는 점을 시사하고 있다. 둘째, 온실가스배출 저감요인이 높을수록 기업가치가 높다는 사실을 발견하였다. 온실가스감축 성과가 높을수록 기업가치가 높아지며, 신재생에너지 투자활동이 활발할수록 기업가치가 높아진다 는 실증을 한 것으로 온실가스배출 저감요인을 높여야 한다는 점을 시사하고 있다. 셋째, 수출을 많이 하는 기업일수록 온실가스배출 정보 공시가 기업가치에 유의한 양(+)의 영향 을 미치고 있음을 밝혔다. 이는 수출지향적 사업모델을 가진 기업이 온실가스배출 정보를 적극 공 시한다는 시사점을 주고 있다. 넷째, 외국인투자자지분을 높게 보유한 기업일수록 온실가스배출 정보 공시가 기업가치에 유의한 양(+)의 영향을 미치고 있음을 발견하였다. 이는 우리나라 기업에 투자하는 외국인투자자가 온실가 스배출 정보에 관심도가 높음을 의미한다. 국제환경규범을 준수하는 기업이 기후변화에 적절히 대 응하는 것으로 여겨 투자 의사결정에 긍정적 영향을 미친다는 의미이다. 즉 해외 투자자로부터 지 분투자를 받는 국내 기업이 온실가스배출 정보를 적극 공시한다는 시사점을 주고 있다. 최근 기업의 온실가스배출이 기업가치 또는 재무성과에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 미국이나 유 럽, 호주 등 선진국 시장을 중심으로 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구 결과는 우리나라도 이들 선행 연구를 지지하는지 판단하는 연구공헌이 있다. 그리고 우리나라의 제품을 수입하는 선진국이나 국 내 기업에 투자하는 외국인은 온실가스에 관심이 많다. 본 연구는 해외에 수출하거나 지분투자를 받는 국내 기업에 환경경영의 중요성을 보여주는 연구공헌을 하고 있다. Republic of Korea was originally exempt from the reduction obligation of greenhouse gas emission up until 2020, in agreement with Kyoto Protocol outlined in 1997. However, in accordance with the Paris Climate Accord (Paris Agreement) in 2015, as the 7th ranking nation in global greenhouse gas emission, the Korean government proposed a plan to UFCCC(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) to reduce its emission by 37% over its carbon emission forecast(business as usual: BAU), by the end of year 2030. Of the proposed reduction rate, 11.3% will be offset by overseas reduction efforts and purchasing permits from emission trading market while the other 25.7% will have to be achieved through domestic GHG reduction efforts, which includes promoting alternative energy industries, assisting companies in shifting to low carbon industry model, and increasing carbon emission reduction options through technological developments. In light of the changing environment, we deem it necessary to examine the effect the disclosure of carbon emission data has on the value of the firms employing energy target management system and climate change response policy. Amidst the growing public interest in the GHG emission and climate change, we have substantiated the correlation between the voluntarily disclosed carbon gas emission data from companies and its company values, and further take on significance in the fact that these findings have been presented to the interested parties. We have sampled and analyzed 92 companies using data for the period of 2011 to 2015, that are available to the public on GHG General Information Center(www.gir.go.kr), such as greenhouse gas emission(units: tCO2eq), energy consumption(TJ), the electronic disclosure system used by Financial Supervisory Service, KIS-VALUE employed by NICE Information Service Co., LTD. and TS2000 used by Korea Listed Companies Association. The conclusion of our study is as follows. First, we find that firms with lower greenhouse gas emission accelerating factors have higher firm values. We find implication in the fact that the lower the GHG emission and energy consumption, the higher the firm values, which indicates the need to reduce the factors that accelerate climate change. Second, we find that firms with higher greenhouse gas emission mitigating factors have higher firm values. We observe that companies successful in employing GHG reduction policy and active in investing in bio-energy division have higher firm values, an implication which also emphasizes the need to increase the factors that mitigate climate change. Third, there is a positive association between exporting companies that disclose their carbon emission data and their firm values. This finding suggests that firms planning to adopt export-oriented business model must also readily respond to the environmental issues, especially related to that of GHG emission. Fourth, we find that enterprises with higher foreign investor shares correlate positively with higher company values when disclosing voluntarily their carbon emission data. This signifies that foreigners investing in Korean firms are highly interested in GHG emission and its environmental impact. They consider companies abiding by international environmental standards as appropriately responding to climate change, which in turn positively affect their investment decision. Hence, it implies that domestic companies with foreign investment shares are more actively disclosing their carbon emission data.

Structure, stability, and storage capacity of CO₂+N₂O mixed hydrates for the storage of CO₂+N₂O mixture gas

Kyung, Daeseung,Lee, Woojin Elsevier 2018 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL Vol.76 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of using CO<SUB>2</SUB>+N<SUB>2</SUB>O mixed gas hydrates for the development of advanced greenhouse gas (GHG) sequestration technology. Structural characteristics of gas hydrates at different mole fractions of the gas mixture (CO<SUB>2</SUB>:N<SUB>2</SUB>O = 0.7:0.3 and 0.5:0.5) was analyzed using Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction. The mixed gas hydrates can contain both CO<SUB>2</SUB> and N<SUB>2</SUB>O molecules simultaneously, in small and large cages of structure I hydrate without structural deformation. Their volume can be expanded by increase of the N<SUB>2</SUB>O portion. The phase equilibrium condition of the mixed gas hydrates was more stable than that of pure CO<SUB>2</SUB> hydrates, and estimated dissociation enthalpies of the mixed gas hydrates were higher than those of the CO<SUB>2</SUB> hydrates. We confirmed that the mixed gas hydrates can reduce massive amounts of GHG emissions due to their potentially higher storage capacity. These research results provide basic knowledge useful for the simultaneous mitigation of the effects from major GHGs and application of the CO<SUB>2</SUB>+N<SUB>2</SUB>O mixed hydrates to advanced offshore GHG sequestration in marine sediment environments.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> CO<SUB>2</SUB>+N<SUB>2</SUB>O mixed gas hydrates for greenhouse gas (GHG) sequestration was studied. </LI> <LI> CO<SUB>2</SUB>+N<SUB>2</SUB>O mixed gas is entrapped in s-I hydrates without structural deformation. </LI> <LI> Thermodynamic stability of mixed hydrates is greater than that of pure CO<SUB>2</SUB> hydrates. </LI> <LI> Storage capacity of mixed hydrates is greater than that of pure CO<SUB>2</SUB> hydrates. </LI> <LI> These results can provide fundamental knowledge for offshore GHG sequestration. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

온실기체 (CH₄, CO₂, N₂O)의 하구언갯벌 배출량과 배출특성연구

김득수,Kim, Deug-Soo 한국대기환경학회 2007 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.23 No.2

A closed flux chamber system was used for measuring major greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from tideland and/or wetland soils in estuarine area at Saemankum, Kunsan in southwestern Korea during from months of February to June 2006. Hourly averaged GHG soil emissions were measured two to three times a day during the ebb tide hours only. Site soils were analyzed for soil parameters (temperature, pH, total organic contents, N and C contents in soil) in the laboratory. Soil GHG fluxes were calculated based on the GHG concentration rate of change measured inside a closed chamber The analysis of GHG was conducted by using a Gas Chromatography (equipped with ECD/FID) at laboratory. Changes of daily, monthly GHGs' fluxes were examined. The relationships between the GHG emissions and soil chemical contents were also scrutinized with respect to gas production and consumption mechanism in the soil. Soil pH was pH $7.47{\pm}0.49$ in average over the experimental period. Organic matter contents in sample soil was $6.64{\pm}4.98\;g/kg$, and it shows relatively lower contents than those in agricultural soils in Kunsan area. Resulting from the soil chemistry data, soil nitrogen contents seem to affect GHG emission from the tidal land surface. The tidal soil was found to be either source or sink for the major GHG during the experimental periods. The annual average of $CH_{4}\;and\;CO_{2}$ fluxes were $0.13{\pm}0.86\;mg\;m^{-2}h^{-1}\;and\;5.83{\pm}138.73\;mg\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$, respectively, which will be as a source of these gases. However, $N_{2}O$ emission showed in negative flux, and the value was $-0.02{\pm}0.66\;mg\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$, and it implies tidal land surface act as a sink of $N_{2}O$. Over the experimental period, the absolute values of gas fluxes increased with soil temperature in general. Averages of the ambient gas concentration were $86.8{\pm}6.\;ppm$ in $CO_{2},\;1.63{\pm}0.34\;ppm\;in\;CH_{4},\;and\;0.59{\pm}0.15\;ppm\;in\;N_{2}O$, respectively. Generally, under the presence of gas emission from agricultural soils, decrease of gas emission will be observed as increase in ambient gas concentration. We, however, could not found significant correlation between the ambient concentrations and their emissions over the experimental period. There was no GHG compensation points existed in tide flat soil.

중국의 선박기인 온실가스 배출규제에 관한법적 고찰

김은환 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2023 江原法學 Vol.72 No.-

국제해운의 온실가스 배출 저감은 기후변화 대응 및 지속가능 발전목표 실현에 있어서 중요한 의미를 가진다. 국제해사기구는 국제항해 선박으로부터 배출되는 온실가스를 규제하기 위해 다양한 노력을 기울여 왔는바, 2011년 MEPC.203(62) 결의안 채택을 통해 선박에너지 효율에 대한 규제를 MAPROL 73/78 협약 제6부속서에 도입하여 2013년 1월 1일부터 새로 건조된 선박(신조선)을 대상으로 에너지효율설계지수(EEDI)와 선박에너지효율관리계획서(SEEMP)를 적용하였다. 2023년 1월 1일부터는 기존 선박(현존선) 에너지효율지수(EEXI)와 운항적 조치인 탄소집약도지수(CII) 규제가 적용되며, 2023년 7월에 개최된 제80차 IMO 해양환경보호위원회 회의에서는 2050년 국제해운 탄소중립 실현을 목표로 하는 ‘2030 온실가스 감축전략’을 채택하였다. 이러한 국제법상 선박기인 온실가스 배출규제를 이행하기 위해 중국 정부는 2013년부터 노후선박 폐기 및 친환경 선박 건조에 관한 특별보조금지급, 친환경 연료 보급을 위한 대책을 마련하고, 2022년에는 ‘선박에너지효율지수(EEXI) 및 탄소집약도지수(CII) 관리방법’을 제정·시행하였으며, 해양환경보호법 개정작업을 추진하여 저탄소·녹색성장 해운업 육성에 관한 내용을 명문화하였다. 아쉬운 점은 기존의 정책과 법제도는 기술적·운항적 조치에 한정되며 해운부문의 배출권거래제와 탄소세 등 시장기반체제를 도입하고 있지 않다. 중국은 IMO의 시장기반체제 도입에 있어 자국 해운분야에 대한 경제적 파급효과를 우려하여 도입을 반대하고 있는데, 이는 해운분야 배출권거래제도가 당면한 경제성장의 부담이라는 인식에서 비롯된 것으로 녹색·친환경 해운에 대한 패러다임의 변화가 필요하다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 국제법상 선박기인 온실가스 배출규제와 관련하여 IMO 차원의 규제조치와 중국의 국내적 이행을 위한 정책과 법제도에 대해 살펴보고 국제법의 국내 적용에 관한 몇 가지 쟁점사항에 대해 분석하고 제도적 보완사항을 제시하고자 한다. 중국의 선박기인 온실가스 감축을 위한 대응정책과 법률 현황, 법제도적 문제점 및 개선 방향에 대한 논의는 중국의 관련 법제도에 대한 이해를 도울 수 있으며, 법제도의 우수성과는 관계없이 외국 입법례의 하나로서 한국의 선박기인 온실가스 감축목표 설정 및 법적 대응에 있어서 중요한 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것이다. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping is a great significance for climate change and achieving sustainable development goals. The International Maritime Organization has made many efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from international vessels. In 2011, resolution MEPC203 (62) introduced the “Ship Energy Efficiency Regulations” into Annex VI of the MAPROL 73/78 Convention. The “Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)” for new building vessels and the "Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP)" for operational vessels came into effect on January 1, 2013. Starting from 2023, the existing ship Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) and Carbon Intensity Index (CII) system will be implemented. Member States of the IMO at the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC 80) in July 2023, have adopted the 2030 IMO Strategy on Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships, aiming at reaching net-zero GHG emissions by of around, i. e. close to 2050. In order to implement greenhouse gas emission regulations under the international law for international shipping, the Chinese government has implemented subsidies measure for scrapping old ships, eco-friendly fuel and promoted green ships since 2013. In 2022, the "Ship Energy Consumption Data and Carbon Intensity Management Measures" was issued and implemented, and the development of green and low-carbon shipping policies was stipulated into legal norms by promoting the revision of the Marine Environmental Protection Act. Unfortunately, the existing policies and legal systems are limited to both technical and operational aspects, and the market mechanisms such as the carbon emission trading system and the carbon tax have not yet been adopted to promote greenhouse gas emissions reduction in the shipping sector. Considering the impact of shipping carbon trading rules on China's shipping industry, China opposes the IMO market-based system, fearing the economic ripple effect on its own shipping sector. Because the perception that the emissions trading system in the shipping sector is a burden for economic growth. So about the green eco-friendly shippin industry need a paradigm shift. This study focuses on the measures taken by the International Maritime Organization to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from shipping. Also examines the policies and relevant legal systems of China. It then analyzes several issues about application of the international law in China and proposes countermeasures and suggestions. Discussing the policies and legal system status, legal problems and improvement directions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from ships can help us to understand China's related legal system. Whether or not recognized, as one of the foreign legislative examples, it will be able to provide important suggestions for setting greenhouse gas reduction targets and legal responses.

화학산업의 인벤토리 구축 및 공정진단을 통한 온실가스 배출 저감에 관한 연구

안준기(Ahn, Jun-Ki),조경오(Cho, Kyoung-O),조현래(Cho, Hyun-Rae),이만식(Lee, Man-Sig) 한국산학기술학회 2011 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.12 No.7

본 연구는 기후변화 대응을 위한 온실가스 인벤토리 구축 및 공정진단을 통해 온실가스 배출 저감 결과를 나타내었다. 또한 기업체의 기후변화 대응에 대한 방향을 제시하였다. 울산지역은 산업단지 중심으로 석유화학, 자동 차, 조선 등 에너지 다소비업체가 많으며, 이산화탄소 배출 저감을 체계적으로 실시 할 경우 국가적 차원에서 이산화 탄소 배출량을 상당히 줄일 수 있을 것으로 판단되어 10개 기업체 대상으로 본 연구를 실시하였다. 10개 기업체 중 5개 기업체의 온실가스 배출량 산정 및 인벤토리 구축 결과 온실가스 배출량의 공정에 따른 직접배출이 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 에너지 및 온실가스 저감을 위해 약 온실가스저감 227,554만원 경제적 효과 및 온실가스 이산화 탄소 50,740 ton/yr 절감효과를 발생하였다. This study showed the reduced greenhouse gas(GHG) emission through GHG inventory establishment and process diagnosis for a response to climatic change. Also, it presented a direction for company's response to climatic change. Ulsan from its industrial complex has many energy-intensive companies such as petrochemistry, automobile and shipbuilding, and as we judged that the systematic reduction of GHG emission would make a considerable reduction of GHG emission in national dimension we executed this study from 10 companies. It showed the high rate of direction GHG emissions by its process that 5 of 10 companies calculated GHG emission and built its inventory. Also, in order to reduce energy and GHG, it produced about 227,554 million won of its economic effect and 50,740 ton/yr of its sparing effect.