외국인 유학생의 학위논문 <서론>의 종결 표현 문형 연구

김희진 ( Heejin Kim ) 숙명여자대학교 한국어문화연구소 2019 한국어와 문화 Vol.26 No.-

본 연구는 석·박사 과정의 외국인 유학생이 학위논문 <서론>을 작성하는 데에 도움을 주고자 종결 표현 문형 연구를 진행하였다. 이를 위하여 한국어 교육이 전공인 한국어 모어 화자의 학위논문 18편과 외국인 유학생의 학위논문 초고 18편을 수집하여 학위논문 <서론>의 ‘연구의 목적 및 필요성’과 ‘선행연구’에서 쓰인 종결형을 분석하고자 하였다. 우선 종결형을 ‘용언+종결어미’와 ‘용언+종결 표현 문형’으로 나누어 각 집단에서 사용한 양상을 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 한국어 모어 화자와 외국인 유학생이 사용한 종결형 유형의 사용 비율은 동일하게 나타났다. 다만 이는 전체 문장 중에서 해당 종결형의 사용 유형 비율이 동일하였을 뿐, 사용 양상에서는 차이를 보였다. 그러나 이 차이점은 외국인 유학생의 학위논문 완성도를 떨어뜨리는 요인으로 작용되었다. 이는 외국인 유학생에게 단순히 어휘 혹은 표현만을 제시해 줄 것이 아니라 해당 절의 텍스트 기능을 고려한 내용 구조 역시 함께 제공 되어야 함을 시사한다. 이에 본고에서는 학위논문 <서론> 작성시 높은 빈도로 사용되는 ‘어휘+종결 표현 문형’을 의사소통 기능에 따라 분류하고 ‘연구의 목적 및 필요성’과 ‘선행연구’의 전형적인 표본을 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 기존 외국인 유학생들을 대상으로 논의되어 온 학위논문 작성과 관련된 연구에서 한층 더 나아가 이들이 실제 학위논문을 작성할 때 유용하게 참고할 수 있는 형식적·내용적·언어적 정보가 포함된 자료를 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 이는 앞으로 한국어 교육 현장에서 국내대학원에 진학하고자 하는 학문 목적 학습자를 위한 바람직한 종결 표현 문형의 지도 방안으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 또한 석·박사 과정의 외국인 유학생이 ‘학위논문’이라는 장르적 특성에 맞는 적합한 어휘 및 문형을 정확하고 유창하게 사용할 수 있도록 도움을 주는 하나의 지침서 역할이 될 수 있을 것이라 생각된다. This study on the sentence patterns of termination expression was conducted to provide practical contributes to international students in the master and doctoral courses to write the < introduction > of dissertation. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the sentence-closing conjugation used in ‘the purpose and necessity of study’ of < introduction > of dissertations and ‘the previous researches’ as collecting 18 theses written by Korean native speakers majoring in Korean language education and 18 drafts of theses written by international students. First, the aspects used in each group were examined as dividing the sentence- closing conjugation into ‘a predicate word + a sentence-closing suffix’ and ‘a predicate word + a sentence pattern of termination expression.’ As a result, the usage rate of the sentence-closing conjugation types used by Korean native speakers and foreign students was identically revealed. Both groups were found to use ‘a predicate word + a sentence pattern of termination expression’ in ‘the purpose and necessity of study’ and utilize ‘a predicate word + a sentence-closing suffix’ in ‘the previous researches.’ However, the ratio of the usage type of the sentence-closing conjugationwas the same among whole sentences, and there was a difference in the aspect of its usage. The first difference was found in ‘the purpose and necessity of study.’ In the case of Korean native speakers, ‘a predicate word + a sentence-closing suffix’ was mainly applied to clarify the extent of that the research subject of the writer has been explored in academia or to explain theories. In addition, ‘a predicate word + a sentence pattern of termination expression’ was utilized to summarize the purpose and necessity of their researches with rhetoric at the end of the paragraph. On the other hand, international students did not show such distinction. The second difference can be examined in 'the previous researches.' While Korean native speakers utilized ‘a predicate word + a sentence-closing suffix’ in order to summarize the results of the existing studies, they preferred to use ‘a predicate word + a sentence pattern of termination expression’ in the part that they should describe the assessment of the previous studies. Because it got burdened by evaluating the orthodoxy or views of authorities in academia, it is understood that the use of ‘a predicate word + a sentence pattern of termination expression’ which can be described more indirectly and euphemistically. Meanwhile, international students only applied ‘a predicate word + a sentence pattern of termination expression’ in order to quote other researchers, but most of the parts criticizing and considering the previous researches were missing. The difference in the results of the analysis was a factor that reduces the level of completion of international students’ dissertations. This suggests that the structure of contents considering the text functions in the paragraph should be provided as well as vocabulary or expression are presented to international students. Therefore, this thesis classified ‘a predicate word + a sentence pattern of termination expression’ which is utilized at a high frequency as writing the < introduction > of these according to the function of communication, and it aimed to propose typical samples of ‘the purpose and necessity of study’ and ‘the previous researches.’ For this, three preparation steps were taken. First, the structure of contents that is typically showing in ‘the purpose and necessity of study’ and ‘the previous researches’ of dissertations was established. Next, the available function of communication was classified according to the structure of contents that set up in the previous step. Last, the vocabulary, which used as combining-at high frequency-with the sentence patterns of termination expression, the analysis object of this study, was extracted. As a result, the typical sample were constructed including the content structure, the function of communication, vocabulary, and the sentence patterns of termination expression of ‘the purpose and necessity of study’ and ‘the previous researches.’ This study has a significance in which it suggested the data containing form, content, and language information that can be usefully referred to when writing actual dissertations, further than the researches which have discussed for the existing international students and are related to the writing of their theses. This study can be applied as a desirable instruction plan of the sentence patterns of termination expression for the learners who have the goals of learning and want to enter national graduated schools in the field of Korean language education in the future. In addition, it is thought that this study will be able to serve as a guidebook to assist international students in the master and doctoral courses to precisely and fluently use the vocabulary and sentence patterns, which are suitable for the generic features of a ‘dissertation.’

일본어 분노의 감정표현 사용양상 -담화상의 감정을 중심으로-

송연희 ( Youn Hee Song ) 한국일어일문학회 2014 日語日文學硏究 Vol.89 No.1

「怒」の感情に對する發話を類型別に分類し、さらにその使用類型の考察 を行い、分類された發話類型がどのようなパタ一ンで起き、感情が表出され るのか發話パタ一ンを分析し使用類型と特微を考察した。分析結果及び考察 による結論は次の通りである。發話の發話類型は、「感情語感情表出」「感 動詞感情表出」「理由說明」「理由質問」「禁止要求」「行爲改善要求」 「警告」「確認要求」「非難」の9つの形に大きく分類することができた。 發話類型は、「感情語感情表出」を最も多く使用していたが、他の發話類 型もそれぞれ使っていたことがわかった。しかし全體的には「直接感情表 出」より「間接感情表出」をより多く使っていたことが確認できた。また 「怒」の感情の類型類型は、相手にどのような影響や評似を期待し要求する 發話類型が多いものが特微であることがわかった。「怒」の發話類型が多い 理由は、憤怒というものは他人に被害を被った場合に發生するため、その理 由を問い質したり、またなぜ憤怒を表出するのかを云えようとしたり、その 問題を解決し「怒」の狀況から早く拔けだすために樣□な行爲を相手に要求 したりするようになるため多樣な發話類型を使い相手に自分の感情を云えて いたことがわかった。 發話パタ一ンの場合、憤怒(怒)の感情は、複數パタ一ンより一つの發話類 型だけを使い單獨發話の比率が多く現れた。感情の言語的步輸出を通して日 本語の文化背景などに關する全般的な樣態及び特微を把握するためには、實 生活の場面で資料を集め、また包括的な表現を對象にし、より精密な考察が 行われなければならないと考えており、このことはこれからの課題として行 きたい。 This paper was examine the type of use that is classifiedby type of expression about emotion of rage and investigatedthe patterns and characteristics of expression by analyzing the patterns of expression that expression of emotion appear an patterns by the type of expression classified. The results of the analysis and investigation is appears in the next conclusion. This types of emotional expression is could be largely classified into nine types such as expression of emotion by use emotional language, express of feelings by use emotion verbs, explanation of the reasons, question of the reasons, demand of prohibition, warning, demand of confirmation, blame as type of emotion expressed. The type of expression about emotion of rage characterized that many types of expression appeared by expecting or by requiring any impact or effect to the other party.Why many expression appear the type of expression about emotion of rage are as follows: rage is generally occurred by suffered damage to others. Therefore, it could see that his feelings deliver to the other party by using various types of expression because of that he want to ask the cause of reason, deliver the anger and because of that he calls for action to the other party to solve the problem to escape from the situation as soon as rage or anger. In patterns of expression, emotion of rage showed a much higher rate as single patterns that use only one kind than the multiple patterns. In order to understand the overall aspect and features about cultural background of Japanese through linguistic expression of emotion, it is collected data from the scene of real-life and alsois investigated accurately of more comprehensive the target. the more specific study wish to proceed to the next.

초등 국어교과서의 표현문형 분석

이수향 한국콘텐츠학회 2024 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.24 No.4

Expressive sentence patterns, which are commonly used linguistic chunks with specific semantic functions in native speakers’ language, are prevalent in both spoken and written languages. These patterns may be related to literacy skills because they facilitate the comprehension and usage of language structure and meaning. The aim of the study was to explore expressive sentence patterns in elementary 2nd, 4th, and 6th grade Korean textbooks. After entering all the sentences into Microsoft Office Excel, the sentences with expressive sentence patterns were separated. The study examined the total number of expressive sentence patterns for each grade and the ratio of patterns based on difficulty levels. Furthermore, high-frequency expressive sentence patterns were identified. The results showed that the total number of expressive sentence patterns and the variety of expressive sentence patterns increased with the grade level. As the grade level increased, more challenging patterns were included, but this difference was not statistically significant. The study showed that expressive sentence patterns are widely used in elementary Korean textbooks and identified the types of high-frequency patterns. These data are expected to serve as fundamental information for oral and written language education for school-age children.

일본어 감정표현에 관한 연구 –‘좋음’과 ‘싦음’을 중심으로-

송연희 한국일어일문학회 2019 日語日文學硏究 Vol.108 No.-

. This study has examined the types of emotional utterance in the Japanese language such as ‘like’ and ‘dislike’. The results of the study are as follows. The study shows that the types of emotional utterance of ‘like’ are classified into ‘the expression with emotive words’, ‘the emotional expression with emotive verbs’, ‘the explanation of reasons’, and ‘the request for consent’. It also shows that ‘the expression with emotive words’ is the most frequently used type of utterance. The study further shows that the speaker prefers to use emotional words or emotive verbs to express emotions to the partner. The survey of the classification of the uses of the types of utterance shows that the speakers frequently use singular type of utterance, preferring the singular type of utterance to the plural type. And the study shows that of all the types of utterance, the plural type of utterance characteristically shows a totally different type of utterance ahead of ‘the emotional expression with emotive words’. The types of utterance about ‘dislike’ could be classified into ‘the emotional expression with emotive words’, ‘the explanation of reasons’, and ‘the request for prohibition’. As for the use of the different types of utterance, ‘the emotional expression with emotive words’ is the most frequently used, followed by ‘the explanation of reasons’ and ‘the request for consent’. As for ‘dislike’, most speakers use ‘the emotional expression with emotive words’ to express their emotions while others resort to ‘the explanation of reasons’. The study shows that the speakers express most of their emotions by using the two types of utterance. The classification of the uses of the types of utterance shows that the speakers use ‘the emotional expression with emotive words’ of all the singular types of utterance, which is followed by ’the request for prohibition’, and that the plural types of utterance take up a larger portion than the plural types of utterance. The types of utterance about ‘dislike; characteristically include more of the plural types of utterance than of the singular types of utterance. It suggests that the speakers prefer the plural type of utterance to the singular type of emotional expression. The study also shows that of all the types of utterance, the plural type of utterance characteristically includes different types of utterance before or after ‘the direct emotional expression’.

韓國古代氣표현에 대한 연구 -新石器時代土器·靑銅器時代청동기·삼국시대 토기를 중심으로-

趙源喬 동방문화대학원대학교 문화와예술연구 2014 문화와예술연구 Vol.4 No.-

필자는 요시무라 레이 吉村怜의 불교미술에 등장하는 연화화생 도상에 관한 연구를 통하여 불교미술에 등장하는 연꽃 문양은 몇 변화 단계를 거쳐 불·보살·天人(飛天)으로 化生된다는 것을 알게 되었다. 이를 토대로 관련 연구를 계속하면서 아래 사실이 있음을 알게 되었다. <요시무라가 주장한 연화화생 도상은 넓게는 화생 가운데 하나이며 더욱 넓게는 기의 표현 가운데 하나이다. 그리고 이 모든 기의 표현은 조금씩 차이가 나지 만 범세계적으로 전개되었으며 불교미술에 국한하지 않는다. 우리나라의 경우도 불교 전래 이전부터 도도하게 전개되었다. 특히 기(화생 연화화 생 포함)에 등장하는(표현하는) 여러 문양은 단순한 장식 문양으로 그치 지 않는다. 이들은 기(화생 연화화생 포함)를 표현하고 전달하며 상호 同格을 이루고 互換交互하며 連繫된다.> 필자는 위 견해를 1993년 발견 백제금동대향로 해석에 적용시켰다. 본고는 우리나라 신석기시대부터 기의 표현이 이미 존재했다는 것을 알 리고, 더불어 백제금동대향로 제작 특히 연화화생 등 기의 표현도 당시(6 ∼7세기) 이웃나라(특히 중국)의 영향이 아닌 우리나라의 오랜 전통을 따 른 것임을 알릴 목적으로 출발하였다. 이 논문에서 例示한 토기와 청동기에서 보듯 우리나라 신석기시대부터 삼국시대까지 기 화생 연화화생의 표현은 광범위하고 보편적으로 전 개, 전승되었다. 또한 앞애서 주장한 것처럼 기 화생 연화화생 표현 에 등장하는 여러 문양들은 상호 동격을 이루고 호환 交互하며 連繫된 상태를 어김없이 보여준다. 신석기시대 토기에는 주로 點文(점선문) 직선문 (연속)삼각문으로 표현하였고 기타 연화문 화염문 파상문 당초문 등으로 표현하였다. 이들을 통하여 산 태양 연꽃 또는 그 관련 기 화생을 표현하였는데 대 개 간단한 구성이다. 이 가운데 가장 흔한 (연속)삼각문(그 안 직선문 포 함)은 삼국시대에 이르면 분명 山文으로 정착되었다. 그리고 연화문을 나 타낸 웅기 송평동 출토 토기(도2), 연속 삼각문과 유사한 모습의 연화문 을 나타낸 통영 연대도 출토 토기(도7) 등을 통하여 볼 때 신석기시대에 도 蓮華化生山즉 ‘연꽃으로부터 山이 화생되는 표현’도 있음을 알 수 있 다. 이 山文이나 연화화 생산 표현을 계승, 발전시킨 도상 가운데 하나가 백제금동대향로이다. 청동기시대 기 화생 표현은 주토 청동기에 ‘짧고 조밀한 연속 직선 문’ 점문(점선문) 원문圓文(연속)삼각문 파형문巴形文당초문 등으로 나타냈다. 기본 바탕은 신석기시대의 것을 계승하였지만 비교할 수 없을 만큼 정교하고 치밀한 구성이다. 이들은 불교미술 등 후대에 깊 은 영향을 끼쳤다. 삼국시대(가야시대 포함) 토기에 보이는 기 화생 표현은 그 문양 등 에서 보듯 신석기시대 토기(기원전 5000년경∼기원전 2000년경)와 청동 기시대(기원전 2400년경∼기원전 600년경) 청동기로부터 영향을 받은 것 이다. 기 화생 표현은 더욱 다양화되었고 확산되었으며 특히 연화화생 표현은 더욱 보편화되었다. 연속 산문을 위시하여 원문 半圓文당초 문 연화문 인동문 등으로 나타냈으며 역시 철저하게 상호 동격을 이 루고 호환 교호하며 연계된 구성을 보여 준다. 이상을 통하여 우리 선조들의 강역(오늘날 滿洲와 한반도 지역)에서 신석기시대부터 7세기 중엽에 이르기는 시기에 전개된 기 화생 연화 화생 표현은 독자적 영역을 이루며 전승된 것으로 결론 내릴 수 있다. Expression of energy and vitality, such as Gi(氣energy), Hwasaeng(化生purified energy & expression of life) and Yeonhwa-hwasaeng(蓮華化生purified energy & expression of life from the lotus) could be contained various meanings; authoritative meaning, pray for eternal life, universe, creation, recovery and revival. As a result of examining various earthenware and bronze artifacts, the expressions of Gi , Hwasaeng and Yeonhwa-hwasaeng were prevalent from the Neolithic period until the Three Kingdoms period. As I have stated in chapter Ⅰ and Ⅱ, several patterns that appear in Gi , Hwasaeng and Yeonhwa-hwasaeng form a mutual apposition and compatible alternation with equality. The expressions of Gi on the Neolithic earthenware were designed by jeommun(點文dot pattern), jikseonmun(直線文 straight line pattern), (連續sequential) samgakmun(三角文 triangle pattern), yeonhwamun(蓮華文·연꽃무늬 lotus pattern), hwayeommun(火焰文flame pattern), pasangmun(波狀文wave pattern), dangchomun(唐草文arabesque pattern), and etc. These patterns which represented the sun, a mountain and a lotus mostly had a simple composition. The most frequently portrayed pattern, (sequential) samgakmun with the way it is filled with jikseonmun, proves to be identical to the sanmun(山文mountain pattern) on the earthenwares of the Three Kingdoms period. Also, examining yeonhwamun decorated on the earthenware excavated from Unggi Songpyeong-dong site and Tongyeong Yeondaedo site with their appearance similar to the sequential samgakmun, it is evident that, even during this period, there was the concept of Yeonhwa-hwasaeng-san(蓮華化生山), an expression which signifies a transformation of a lotus flower into a mountain. The Gilt-bronze Incense Burner of Baekje was one of the examples of developed iconography of sanmun and Yeonhwa-hwasaeng-san. In the Bronze Age, the expressions of Gi and Hwasaeng on the bronze artifacts appeared as 'short and dense continuous linear' and also as jeommun(點文·點線文dot pattern), wonmun(圓文 circle pattern), samgakmun, pahyungmun(巴形文whirl pattern), dangchomun and etc. These patterns were originated from the Neolithic period style, but the details were more elaborate. Especially, the phase and development process of Hwasaeng is vividly shown on bronze ritual bells, bronze mirrors, and other objects as seen in the pictures (Pic.37-49). The bronze artifacts in Pic.45 imply that people clearly recognized Cheonwonjibang(天 圓地方ancient ideology that means the heavens is amicable and the earth is even), and the bronze artifact in Pic.48 indicates that it certainly had an influence on later Buddhist art as well. The expressions of Gi , Hwasaeng on the earthenware of the Three kingdoms period were influenced by the Neolithic earthenware and bronze artifacts as seen from their patterns. They had been widely spread, especially Yeonhwa-hwasaeng pattern bacame more popular. The expression appeared as (sequential) sanmun and also as wonmun, banwonmun (半圓文semicircle pattern), dangchomun, yeonhwamun, indongmun and etc. These patterns also formed a mutual apposition and compatible alternation with equality. In this respect, starting in the Neolithic period until the mid-7th century in our territory including Manchuria, Gi, Hwasaeng, and Yeonhwa-hwasaeng expressions distinctly developed within the realm of our history and culture and maintained a unique style and identity without having undergone much influence from neighboring countries. Furthermore, after the introduction of Buddhism, such tradition of the expressions had been transmitted as a central pattern within our historical and cultural heritages, and regarding this, I would like to discuss it in a separate research.

한국어 학습자의 정형 표현 사용 양상 연구 -한국어 학습자 말뭉치와 모두의 말뭉치의 비교를 중심으로-

정미경 돈암어문학회 2023 돈암어문학 Vol.44 No.-

The purpose of this study is to analyze the usage patterns of formulaic expressions of Korean language learners by comparing them with both Korean learners’ corpus and Modu corpus. Extracting N-grams and calculating Log-likelihood, T-Score based on observed frequency and expected frequency of formulaic expressions, it is categorized the expressions into those used as proficiently as native speakers, those underused compared to expected frequency, and those not used by learners. Korean learners demonstrated proficiency in using certain formulaic expressions combined with basic verbs, complex citation expressions, and formulaic expressions predominantly formed by lexical morphemes, at an expected frequency level. However, their ability to combine grammar-centric formulaic expressions with other formulaic expressions was limited. Furthermore, the patterns of formulaic expressions that reveal written language characteristics, like the type represented by ‘-는 것이다’, appeared less frequently. Additionally, learners showed limitations in discriminating nuanced semantic meanings by using particles and endings alongside formulaic expressions, and they struggled to utilize the combination of ‘noun’ and ‘이다’ within formulaic expressions. The usage of expressions including ‘-던’, double negation forms, and extended negative expressions was notably low. Although this study had limitations in fully comprehending learners’ language use, the analysis of Korean learners’ language patterns provides educational implications for deriving future educational content and strategies.

신소설에 나타난 신체어 관련 관용 표현 연구 - ‘손, 눈, 입, 코, 귀’를 중심으로

주경미(Ju Kyoungmi) 한국언어문학회 2006 한국언어문학 Vol.58 No.-

  The purpose of this article is to investigate the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features of body-related idiomatic expression in the New-Style Novel[Sinsoseol].<BR>  The idiomatic expression can be defined as multiple word unit that contain the formal fixedness and the semantic idiomaticity.<BR>  The contents of the study can be summarized as below :<BR>  The greatest number of syntactic patterns is the descriptive idiomatic phrase and clause in idiomatic expression which body-related words(hand, eye, mouth, nose, ear) consist of. This is caused by the psychological desire of speakers which will express their minds differently.<BR>  The semantic patterns in idiomatic expression which body-related words(hand, eye, mouth, nose, ear) consist of is not large different from that of modern korean. The idiomatic expressions which contains "hand" are often represent the action, judgement and attitude of speaker. This is caused that the ‘hand’ contains the semantic feature [+mobility]. The idiomatic expressions which contains ‘eye’ and ‘mouth’ are often represent the psychological expression of speakers. The sensitive expression appears a few idiomatic expression. This is caused that the ‘hand, eye, mouth, nose, ear’ are sense organs.

중국 대학교 한국어 전공 학생의 한국어 표현문형 사용 능력 연구

원운하(Yuan Yunxia),이혜경(Lee Hyekyung) 한국문화융합학회 2021 문화와 융합 Vol.43 No.11

외국어로서의 한국어 교육에서 표현문형은 발화의 유창성, 정확성과 적절성, 또는 이해 능력의 강화와 규칙 과잉 일반화 방지 등 교육적 가치를 가지기 때문에 중요한 교육적 자료로 활용되고 있다. 따라서 표현문형을 잘 습득하는 것이 한국어 학습자들에게 매우 중요하다. 이에 본 연구는 중국에서 진행하는 한국어 교육에 기여하고자중국 대학교 한국어 전공 학생들의 표현문형 사용 능력을 밝히는 데에 목적을 두었다. 학습자들의 표현문형에 대한 통사적 능력, 의미 화용 표현 능력과 의미 화용 이해 능력을 검사하는 측정 도구를 개발하여 중국 현지 대학교 한국어 전공의 2학년과 3학년 학습자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과로, 우선 통사적 능력 검사에서 중급 학습자든 고급 학습자든 정답률이 매우 낮게 나타났다. 즉 표현문형이 선행성분과 결합할 때 준해야하는 음운, 시제 , 품사 결합 규칙, 또는 표현문형이 가지는 시제, 인칭과 문장 유형 제약은 학습자들에게 어렵다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 이 중에 시제에 관한 결합 규칙이 학습자들에게 제일 어려운 것으로 나타났다. 또한 숙달도가 높아지면서 학습자의 통사적 능력이 향상되지만 현저하게 향상되지는 못한다는 통계 결과도 밝혔다. 그 다음으로 의미 화용 능력은 의미 화용 표현 능력과 의미 화용 이해 능력으로 나누어 검사하였다. 우선 표현 능력에서는 표현문형이 가지는 1차적 화용 기능이 학습자들에게 상대적으로 쉬운데도 비슷한 의미 기능을 가진 표현문형들이 언어내 간섭으로 정답률이 낮게 나타났다. 표현문형이 가지는 2차적 화용 기능은 학습자들에게 어렵지만모국어에 대응 표현이 있으면 긍정적 전이를 통해 학습자들에게 덜 어려운 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 이해능력에는표현문형이 가지는 2차적 화용 기능만 검사하였기 때문에 전체적으로 표현 능력을 검사한 문항의 정답률보다 낮다. 마지막으로 의미 화용 표현 능력이든 의미 화용 이해 능력이든 역시 숙달도가 높아지면서 능력이 향상되지만 현저하게 향상되지는 못한다는 통계 결과가 나타났다. Grammatical pattern expressions are of the educational values such as improving fluency,accuracy and appropriateness of expression, strengthening ability of comprehension, and avoidingoveruse of the rules, as such, they are used as important education materials in Korean teachingas a foreign language. Therefore, it is crucial for Korean learners to obtain a good grasp of thegrammatical pattern expressions. On these grounds, this study is aimed at testing the competenceof grammatical pattern expressions of Korean majors in Chinese universities so as to makecontribution to Korean teaching carried out in China. Besides, this study develops a test tool totest learners ability of syntax, the semantic and pragmatic ability of expression and the semanticand pragmatic ability of comprehension, and makes a questionnaire survey on sophomore andjunior students in Korean majors in Chinese universities The study concludes that, first of all, interms of ability of syntax, the accuracy of either the intermediate learners advanced learners ispractically low. Which means, it is difficult for them to master the rules for combination ofphonology, tense and the word characteristics when the grammatical pattern expressions and theantecedent component are combined, and the restrictions on tense, person, and the sentencetype, among which, the rules for combination of tense are the most difficult. In addition, thestatistical results show that with the increase of proficiency, the ability of syntax of learnerswould be improved but not in a dramatic extent. Furthermore, semantic and pragmatic competenceis tested by two parts, namely the semantic and pragmatic competence of expression, and thesemantic and pragmatic competence of comprehension. In the first place, in the aspect of abilityof expression, first layer (direct)pragmatic functions contained by the grammatical pattern expressionsare relatively easier for the learners, but they yield a low accuracy for the grammatical patternexpressions with similar meaning and functions because of intra-linguistic interference. Thesecond layer (indirect)pragmatic functions contained by the grammatical pattern expressions arequite difficult for the learners, however, it would become less difficult if there are correspondingexpressions in their mother tongue with the aid of positive transfer. Secondly, the accuracy forthe comprehension ability test is generally lower than that of the questions tested for competenceof grammatical pattern expressions as the former only includes the second layer (indirect) pragmatic functions of the grammatical pattern expressions. Finally, the statistical result showsthat, both the learner’s semantic and pragmatic ability of expression and the semantic andpragmatic ability of comprehension can be improved along with the degree of proficiency, butyet not to a great extent.

어문학 : 중국인 한국어 학습자의 문형 활용도 분석을 위한 기초적 연구 - 초,중급 표현 문형을 중심으로 -

석주연 ( Ju Yeon Suk ) 조선대학교 인문학연구소 2015 인문학연구 Vol.0 No.49

본고에서는 중국인 학습자들이 작성한 한국어 작문을 바탕으로 이들이 표현 문형을 습득하고 활용한 양상을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본고에서는 한국어능력시험의 공개 초·중급 표현 문형의 목록을 활용하여 중국 내 대학 한국어 관련학과 3,4학년에 재학 중인 고급 한국어 학습자의 작문 71편을 분석하였다. 초·중급 표현 문형을 통틀어 1회 이상의 활용된 빈도를 살펴보면 전체 초·중급 표현문형의 46.6%가 활용되었음을 알 수 있었다. 초급 표현 문형의 경우 1회 이상 활용도가 100%인데 반해 중급 표현 문형의 경우 1회 이상 활용도는 31.9%에 그친다. 중급 표현 문형 중 단 한 번도 활용되지 않은 문형은 80개로 중급 문형전체의 69%에 달했다. 초급의 표현 문형 중 50회 이상의 고빈도를 보이는 문형은 ‘-(으)ㄹ 수 있다’, ‘-지 않다’, ‘-고 싶다’, ‘-(으)ㄹ 때’이다. 활용된 초급 문형중에는 의무양태적 성격이 분명한 문형보다는 화자가 지식이나 정보에 대한 확신의 정도를 구현하는 인식양태적 성격이 분명한 문형이 보다 더 많이 나타남을 볼수 있었다. 또 표현 문형 ‘-고 있다’는 58회의 빈도를 보여 초급 표현 문형 목록에 추가될 필요가 있어 보인다. 중급 표현 문형 중 학습자 작문에서 가장 높은 빈도로 등장하는 문형은 ‘-기 위해(서)’로 모두 22회의 빈도를 보인다. 활용된 중급 문형들 중에서는 화청자 간 대면 상황에서 많이 나타나는 의무양태성 표현들을 거의 찾아보기 힘들었으며 전반적으로 ‘-고 하-’가 생략된 인용 표현 문형이나 구어성이 높은 표현 문형들 역시 전혀 활용되지 않은 양상을 보였다. 조사된 개별 표현문형 하나하나의 빈도는 활용이 전무하거나 미미한 문형의 교수 학습 과정에 대한 피드백 방안과 활용도 증진 방안 모색을 위한 일종의 기초적 자료로서의 역할을 할 수 있을 것이다. 학습자에게 더 활용되고 덜 활용되는 표현 문형의 종류를 아는 것은 교수 학습 과정에서 학습자들에게 제공될 입력부를 학습자 친화적으로 설계하는 데 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다. I examine how frequently Korean expressive sentence patterns appear in Chinese learner corpus of Korean language and how Chinese learners make use of them in 71 writings. The 46.6% of total expressive sentence patterns were used more than once in the corpus. The 100% of basic level expressive sentence patterns were used more than once. The 31.9% of intermediate level expressive sentence patterns were used more than once. ‘-(으)ㄹ 수 있다’, ‘-지 않다’, ‘-고 싶다’, ‘-(으)ㄹ 때’ of basic level expressive sentence patterns shows high frequency of more than fifty times. The expressive sentence patterns of epistemic modality were more frequently used than those of deontic modality. ‘-고 있다’ can be added to basic expressive sentence patterns reflecting its high frequency in the corpus. ‘-기 위해(서)’ was the most frequently used sentence pattern among the intermediate expressive sentence patterns. We can find few sentence patterns of deontic modality among the intermediate expressive sentence patterns used in the learner corpus. Both the sentence patterns with -고 하- deleted and more colloquial expressive sentence patterns were never used in the learner corpus. We can make use of the frequency analysis for designing an optimal pedagogical inputs for Chinese learners.

외국인 학습자를 위한 한국어 완곡 표현의 분석적 고찰 : 거절 표현을 중심으로

여명군(LU MINGJUN),박덕유(Park Deokyu) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2022 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.22 No.3

목적 본 연구는 외국인 학습자가 한국에서 원만한 대인관계를 유지할 수 있기를 기대하는 마음에서 출발하여 완곡 표현 중에 상대방의 체면과 마음을 쉽게 상하게 하는 거절 표현을 중심으로 고찰하였다. 이에 외국인 학습자를 위한 완곡한 거절 표현의 분류 체계를 설정하여 드라마에서 한국인 모어 화자들의 거절 표현 사용 양상을 분석하고 사용 빈도와 특징을 토대로 외국인 학습자를 위한 적절한 교육 방향을 모색하는 데 목적이 있다. 방법 최근 5년 간 한국에서 방영된 드라마 9편을 분석 대상으로 선정하여 대본 분석의 방법을 통해 완곡한 거절 표현을 추출하여, 외국인 학습자를 위한 완곡한 거절 표현 분류 체계에 따라 수집한 자료를 분류⋅통계하여 거절 표현의 사용 양상을 고찰하였다. 결과 한국 드라마 대본의 완곡한 거절 표현의 분석 결과 완곡하게 상대방을 거절할 때 대부분 이유와 함께 제시하는데 한 번 거절할 때도 한 개 이상의 방법을 사용하며 명확한 표현 외에 불명확한 응답, 그리고 특정 어휘, 문법, 관용 표현 등을 사용하는 특징을 발견하였다. 결론 분석 결과를 기반으로 완곡한 거절 표현의 사용 빈도와 난이도를 고려하여 초⋅중⋅고급의 외국인 학습자를 위한 교육 내용을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 외국인을 위해 한국어 완곡한 거절 표현을 재분류하여 수준에 맞는 교육 방향을 제시함으로써 실제적인 교육 방안의 기초 자료를 마련한 점에 의의가 있다. Objectives This study started with the expectation that foreign learners can maintain a smooth interpersonal relationship in Korea and focused on refusal expressions that easily hurt other person s ego during euphemistic expression. The purpose of this study is to establish a classification system for euphemistic refusal expressions for foreign learners, to analyze the patterns of use of refusal by native speakers of Koreans in dramas, and to find an appropriate educational directions for foreign learners based on frequency and characteristics. Methods The analysis target are nine Korean dramas that have been aired in Korea for the past five years. By extracting euphemistic refusal expressions through the script analysis method, and analyzing the data collected according to the euphemistic refusal classification system for foreign learners, the usage patterns of refusal expressions were considered. Results The analysis results of the drama script show that when Koreans euphemistically reject others, most of them will explain their reasons. When they refuse, they also use more than one method. In addition to clear expressions, they also use vague expressions, specific vocabulary, grammar, and idiomatic expressions. Conclusions Based on the analysis results, the educational content for elementary, middle, and advanced foreign learners was presented, taking into account the frequency and difficulty of using euphemistic refusal expressions. This research has reclassified the expressions of refusal in Korean for foreign learners, it is meaningful in that it provides basic data for practical education plans by suggesting an education direction appropriate to the level.