존 마셜(John Marshall)의 서아프리카 민족지영화: <사냥꾼들(Hunters)>을 중심으로

이기중 한양대학교 현대영화연구소 2012 현대영화연구 Vol.8 No.2

John Marshall, filmmaker and activist, is well-known for his lifetime involvement with Ju/wasi(!Kung Bushmen) in Namibia's Kalahari Desert. His filming career as an ethnographic/documentary filmmaker spans from <The Hunters>(1958) to <The Kalahari Family>(2002) for more than 50 years. <The Hunters> which this paper focuses on is John Marshall's first major film on the San and has been regarded as classic of ethnographic film. This paper firstly examines Lorence Marshall(John Marshall's father)'s influence on John Marshall's filming career in Western Africa. And then it tries to contextualize the background of filmmaking of <The Hunters>. Secondly it analyzes <The Hunters> by critically assessing two aspects of <the Hunters>: 'use of narrative style' and 'universal perspective'. The paper points out that the 'use of narrative style' and 'universal perspective' are dual structure in constructing the text of <Hunters>.

존 마셜(John Marshall)의 서아프리카 민족지영화 -<사냥꾼들(Hunters)>을 중심으로-

이기중 ( Ki Jung Lee ) 한양대학교 현대영화연구소 2012 현대영화연구 Vol.8 No.2

John Marshall, filmmaker and activist, is well-known for his lifetime involvement with Ju/wasi(!Kung Bushmen) in Namibia`s Kalahari Desert. His filming career as an ethnographic/documentary filmmaker spans from <The Hunters>(1958) to <The Kalahari Family>(2002) for more than 50 years. <The Hunters> which this paper focuses on is John Marshall`s first major film on the San and has been regarded as classic of ethnographic film. This paper firstly examines Lorence Marshall(John Marshall`s father)`s influence on John Marshall`s filming career in Western Africa. And then it tries to contextualize the background of filmmaking of <The Hunters>. Secondly it analyzes <The Hunters> by critically assessing two aspects of <the Hunters>: ``use of narrative style`` and ``universal perspective``. The paper points out that the ``use of narrative style`` and ``universal perspective`` are dual structure in constructing the text of <Hunters>.

존 마셜(John Marshall)의 민족지영화 방법론과 <나이, 쿵 여인의 이야기(N!ai, The Story of !KungWoman)>(1980)의 분석

이기중(Kijung Lee) 한국영화학회 2012 영화연구 Vol.0 No.54

John Marshall is well-known for a lifelong involvement with Ju/wasi people in Namibia"s Kalahari desert as both an ethnographic and documentary filmmaker and activist. This paper focuses on <N!ai, the Story of a !Kung Woman>(1980) which is the second feature-length ethnographic/documentary of John Marshall. <N!ai> depicts the life of N!ai, a middle-aged !Kung woman and the disruptive upheaval her people have experienced between 1950s and 1970s in the region of Kalahari desert. The paper firstly explains John Marshall"s connection with West Africa and gives informations about the background of making of <N!ai> and John Marshall"s first film, <Hunters>(1957). And then the paper explores into John Marshall"s unique concept of "slot" and elucidates how he approaches N!ai and Ju/wasi people through the concept. Thirdly, the study elaborates on the textual analyses of <N!ai> in terms of two perspectives: "juxtaposition of the past and present" and "use of biographical methodology". Finally, the paper attempts a comparative analysis between <N!ai> and <Hunters> in order to gain a better understanding of <N!ai> as well as John Marshall"s filmic methodologies.

국내 거주 고려인 아동의 정체성과 어울림 양상 : 충남 A 초등학교를 중심으로

홍정민,장은영 한국국제문화교류학회 2022 문화교류와 다문화교육 Vol.11 No.4

With the growing population of Koryeoin in Korea, research on this ethnic group’s international migration has also increased thus far. However, a majority of the studies have focused on adult Koryeoins, while little attention has been paid to young children, who are possibly experiencing tremendous cultural and linguistic challenges through involuntary migration. This study thus aims to investigate Koryeoin children’s ethnic identity and peer relations specifically focusing on their daily life in order to understand how their perceptions of self and socializing with peers are interrelated. Adopting an ethnographic-case study method, the researchers conducted the study in an elementary school located in Chungnam, which was one of the most densely populated areas of Koryeoin. The student participants were nine elementary school students aged between 11 and 15, and data was collected mainly through prolonged observations and semi-structured in-depth interviews of individual students. The study found that individual Koryeoin children tended to form idiosyncratic, multi-layered identities depending on the factors such as language proficiency, experiences of discrimination, and emotional ties with others. In terms of socializing, Koryeoin children formed relationships with Koryeoin peers for emotional solidarity and adaptation to Korea at the beginning of the migration; while they formed relationships with Korean peers to obtain useful information or to explore their own ethnic identity. Highlighting the Koryeoin children’s multilingual ability and resilience, this study suggests that Korean schools and society should provide proper and systematic support for this group of students. 이 연구는 고려인 밀집지역에 위치한 충남 A 초등학교를 중심으로 문화기술지 사례연구 방법을 사용하여 고려인 아동의 정체성과 어울림 양상을 파악하고자 하였다. 그간 국제이주 관련 연구는 성인을 중심으로 주로 수행되었고, 고려인 대상 연구의 경우고려인 아동의 생활 경험을 담아낸 아동 중심 연구는 그 수가 많지 않다. 이에 이 연구는 국내 초등학교에 재학 중인 고려인 아동이 일상생활에서 겪는 경험에 대한 이해를토대로 그들 자신에 대한 인식과 또래 관계에서의 어울림 양상을 탐구하고 이를 통해고려인 아동의 적응과 성장을 위해 적절한 다문화교육을 모색하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 고려인 아동은 크게 언어역량, 차별 경험, 정서적 유대관계 등의 요인에 따라 다층적이고 개별적인 정체성을 형성하는 것으로 나타났다. 어울림의 관점에서는, 고려인출신 아동과는 이주 초기에 적응을 위한 도움을 주고받거나, 정서적 지지 관계를 주로형성하였고, 한국인 아동과는 정보 및 지식의 습득, 자기 탐색을 위한 관계를 주로 형성함을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 연구는 국내 고려인 아동의 다층적 정체성의 형성과정과 이중언어역량의 중요성을 보여주며, 이들이 한국 사회와 학교에서 ‘주체’로 바로 설 수 있도록 돕기 위한 사회적 인식 개선과 제도적 지원의 필요성을 강조한다는 데에 의의가있다

〈똥파리〉에 나타난 민족지성(Ethnographicness) 고찰

김수남(Kim Sunam) 한국영화학회 2010 영화연구 Vol.0 No.45

Anthropological filmmaking helps to make the meaning and function of Ethnographic film communicate to audience. Those function is proxemics as a place for communication and kinesics as mime to communicate and choremetrics as studying for actions. The scholor of anthropology must to achivement the role of ethnographic scholor. We remembered a documentary film, 〈Nanook of the North〉 directed by Robert Flaherty. This ethnographic film was a good film to tell the story which shows native life and exotic atmosphere till 1930. the new style of ethnographic film appeared in 1960 at France. The first of cinema verite was knowned by 〈Chronicle of a Summer〉 made by Jean Rousch and Edgar Morin. They try to introduce new recording technology and participate to filmmaking with prudence by producer. As the result they can make ture ethnographic film. Which film influences to international film director like Godard the represented of Newbellbague. Lee, Mungwoong who introduce a ethnographic film in Korea ask what is ethnographic film? He answered that ethnographic film requires for cinematography and ethnography to meet over the technic combination. The ethnographic film shows to interpreter all things about recording through the all course of filmmmaking in frame work. In this thesis I will dicuss 〈The fly of dung〉's ethnographic ness through I introduce and discuss 〈The fly of dung〉. I hope appearing the new Korean film to contribute keeping Korean identy secondly, I pursue the identy theory of Korean film based on the preceding western sysmetical theory. I expect that Korean film which shows Korean's ethnographicness will restore the life of korean identy culture.

Undoing the Myth of Ethnographic Authority: A Study of Malinowski’s Argonauts of the Western Pacific

신희섭 19세기영어권문학회 2009 19세기 영어권 문학 Vol.13 No.2

This paper aims to question the term of “mythic hero of anthropological method” that has been assigned to Bronislaw Malinowski since his publication of Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922). The questioning takes its cue from the way in which the posthumous publication of his journal Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term (1967) kept during his fieldwork reveals elements of private desire that stand at loggerheads with his image as a scientific investigator that earned his fame. Far from being extraneous to the shaping of Argonauts, these elements of desire act out all manners of speech and reasoning for defining selfhood that both reveal and problematize a series of assumptions and implications lodged in his ethnographic writing including the primacy of European culture, self, and language in representing otherness. The essay argues that this problematic site of selfhood sets the stage for a critical shift in Malinowski’s ethnographic discourse, a shift that aims at incorporating different voices and discourses outside the conventional boundary of ethnographic authority. To account for Malinowski’s multivalent textuality in Argonauts, the essay thus, first of all, delineate his speaking subject manifested in his Diary in all its pursuits and derivations to their logical or descriptive limit. It is at this limit that we can elucidate not only the frame of intelligibility sustaining the self-same image of ethnographic authority, but, more importantly, a number of contradictions and paradoxes that challenge the frame by alluding to different forces operating outside the speaking subject. This deconstructive insight into the speaking subject calls for a new paradigm of representing others in Argonauts that jars with the scientific authority of ethnographic writing; a paradigm in which the act of observation becomes less absolute and exclusive, negotiated as it is by complex interrelations in the field. This essay then explores the gradual shift in Malinowski’s view of ethnography from a total, systematic acquisition of cultural or social collectivity to something far more limited and sympathetic interspersed with a keen awareness of his partiality that shapes his knowledge and writing. This paper aims to question the term of “mythic hero of anthropological method” that has been assigned to Bronislaw Malinowski since his publication of Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922). The questioning takes its cue from the way in which the posthumous publication of his journal Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term (1967) kept during his fieldwork reveals elements of private desire that stand at loggerheads with his image as a scientific investigator that earned his fame. Far from being extraneous to the shaping of Argonauts, these elements of desire act out all manners of speech and reasoning for defining selfhood that both reveal and problematize a series of assumptions and implications lodged in his ethnographic writing including the primacy of European culture, self, and language in representing otherness. The essay argues that this problematic site of selfhood sets the stage for a critical shift in Malinowski’s ethnographic discourse, a shift that aims at incorporating different voices and discourses outside the conventional boundary of ethnographic authority. To account for Malinowski’s multivalent textuality in Argonauts, the essay thus, first of all, delineate his speaking subject manifested in his Diary in all its pursuits and derivations to their logical or descriptive limit. It is at this limit that we can elucidate not only the frame of intelligibility sustaining the self-same image of ethnographic authority, but, more importantly, a number of contradictions and paradoxes that challenge the frame by alluding to different forces operating outside the speaking subject. This deconstructive insight into the speaking subject calls for a new paradigm of representing others in Argonauts that jars with the scientific authority of ethnographic writing; a paradigm in which the act of observation becomes less absolute and exclusive, negotiated as it is by complex interrelations in the field. This essay then explores the gradual shift in Malinowski’s view of ethnography from a total, systematic acquisition of cultural or social collectivity to something far more limited and sympathetic interspersed with a keen awareness of his partiality that shapes his knowledge and writing.

새로운 극영화 장르로서 ‘민족지성영화’(Ethnographicness Film)에 대한 제언

김수남(Kim, Su-Nam) 한국영상제작기술학회 2011 영상기술연구 Vol.- No.15

Anthropological filmmaking helps to make the meaning and function of Ethnographic film communicate to audience. We remembered a documentary film, <Nanook of the North> directed by Robert Flaherty. This ethnographic film was a good film to tell the story which shows native life and exotic atmosphere till 1930. The new style of ethnographic film appeared in 1960 at France. The first of cinema verite was known by <Chronicle of a Summer> made by Jean Rousch and Edgar Morin. They try to introduce new recording technology and participate to filmmaking with prudence by producer. As the result they can make ture ethnographic film which influences to international film director like Truffauo and Godard‘s fiction film. In Korea Lee, Mungwoong who introduce a ethnographic film ask what is ethnographic film? He answered that ethnographic film requires for cinematography and ethnography to meet over the technic combination. The ethnographic film shows to interpreter all things about recording through the all course of filmmmaking in frame work. In this thesis I will discuss a ethnographicness film as a new fiction genre through I introduce and discuss on the method of making <The children of Sanzes> and <The fly of dung>. I study a ethnographicness film as a new fiction genre. Firstly I hope appearing the new Korean film to contribute keeping Korean identity. Secondly I pursue the identity theory of Korean film aesthetics based on the preceding western sysmetical film theory. Lastly I expect that the ethnographicness film will restore Korean identity film aesthetics which shows our true customs and thought through Korean film culture. I expect that this study will be contributed to make Korean film for keeping the identity of Korean film culture.

민족지적 세계와 법의 (재)구성 : 인류학적 방법론의 검토

김현희 법과사회이론학회 2023 법과 사회 Vol.- No.74

인류학적 법 연구는 민족지적 연구방법을 통해 ‘실천 속의 법’을 드러내고 분석한다. 여러 민족지적 사례에서 나타난 법의 모습은 형태와 기능, 실천방식의 면에서 다양하고 가변적이며, 다양한 법질서 간의 관계와 상호작용을 주요한 맥락으로 한다. 인류학자의 민족지적 기록은 법에 대한 현지인의 이해와 실천, 또 그 실천의 조건을 구성하는 비공식적, 공식적 사회체계들과 제도들을 드러내고 분석하는 데 기여한다. 이 글에서는 인류학적 법 연구에서 주된 의제였던 관습법과 법 다원주의의 문제를 민족지에서의 법의 재구성 문제라는 방향에서 검토하고, 현재 통용되는 법 및 법제도에 대한 근본적인 변화를 요구하고 있는 불법성에 대한 인류학적 관점을 소개한다. 관습법과 관련된 법 다원주의 현상에 관해서는 두 개의 민족지 사례를 통해 지역적 맥락에 따라 국가법과 관습법의 관계가 달라지는 점을 소개한다. 불법성 연구와 관련된 민족지 사례는 국가법과 대립하는 이주자들의 불법적 실천을 조명한다. 이 글은 관습법, 법 다원주의, 불법성에 관한 사례들을 통해 민족지적 기록이 법 연구에 기여할 수 있는 바를 생각해 보고 보다 포용적이고 유연한 법에 대한 사고를 촉진하고자 한다. Legal anthropology employs ethnographic research methods to investigate and analyze “law in practice”. Law described in different ethnographic cases emerges to be diverse and variable in terms of form, function, and practice, with the relationships and interactions between different legal orders as the primary context. The anthropologist's ethnographic accounts contribute to revealing and analyzing local understandings and practices of law, as well as the informal and formal social systems and institutions that constitute the conditions for such practices. This article examines the issues of customary law and legal pluralism, which have been at the center of anthropological legal study, from the perspective of law as ethnographic construction, and introduces an anthropological understanding of illegality that calls for fundamental changes to currently accepted laws and legal systems. As for the phenomenon of legal pluralism in relation to customary law, two ethnographic examples are used to illustrate how the relationship between state law and customary law varies according to the local context. An ethnographic case related to the study of illegality sheds light on the illegal practices of migrants in conflict with state law. Through these examples of customary law, legal pluralism, and illegality, this article considers the contributions that ethnographic works can make to the study of law and facilitate more inclusive and flexible ways of thinking of law.

기업 환경에 적용 가능한 에스노그라피 연구방법에 대한 고찰: 오디션 프로세스 방식의 샘플 추출을 활용한 가전제품 디자인 개발 사례를 중심으로

채현정 서울대학교 비교문화연구소 2019 비교문화연구 Vol.25 No.2

본 연구는 인류학에서 출발한 에스노그라피 연구가 기업의 소비자와 제품 사용자에 대한 연구 방법으로 이어지고 있는 경향에 주목하고, 기업 환경에 맞는 에스노그라피 연구 방법의 형식과 가능성에 대해 고찰하고자한다. 하루가 다르게 제품과 기술이 새로워지는 상황에서 기업은 사용자의만족을 높이는 신제품을 만들고자 숨겨진 니즈와 상품 사용에 대한 사회문화적 맥락에 관심을 기울이며 마케팅과 소비자 연구에서 정성연구를 도입하기 시작하였다. 최근에는 정성연구의 새로운 방법으로 에스노그라피 연구(Ethnographic Research)를 적용하는 사례가 증가하고 있는데, 에스노그라피 연구는 소비자에 대해 보다 심층적인 정보를 얻을 수 있는 방법으로주목받고 있다. 인류학에서 출발한 에스노그라피 연구의 전통적인 방식을 기업의 사용자 연구에 적용하기 위해서는 그 목적과 연구 환경 등을 고려하여 연구방법을 다르게 접근할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해서는 기업의 소비자/사용자 연구의 목표와 연구 진행 환경에 대한 이해가 요구되며, 그에 맞도록 에스노그라피 연구의 방법을 변형하고 발전시킬 필요가 있다. 본 논문에서는 국내 기업이 해외 시장의 수요에 맞는 냉장고 디자인을 위해 실행한 에스노그라피 연구 사례를 소개하고 이러한 방법을 모색해 보고자 한다. 논문에서 소개하는 기업의 조사는 상품이 사용되는 문화적 맥락과 상품과 사용자간의 상호작용의 특이성을 파악하기 위한 사용자 연구로서, 단편적인 정성조사의 한계를 극복하기 위해 다양한 소비자 조사 기법을 조합한 특징을갖고 있다. 조사의 여러 단계에 사용자를 지속적으로 참여시키는 ‘오디션프로세스’를 실행하여 에스노그라피 연구 방법의 장점을 확보하기 위해 비교적 노력한 조사로 평가 받았다. 이처럼 기업의 에스노그라피 연구 사례를 통해 인류학의 에스노그라피 연구가 어떻게 기업의 사용자 연구 영역에서 활용되고 있는지 파악하고 그 방법론적 가능성을 고찰함으로써, 인류학의 에스노그라피 연구 방법의 실용적 영역에의 확장 가능성을 제시하고자한다. The more new technology and products comes out, the more important qualitative research is in the marketing and consumer research field. Recently, ethnographic research is applied in the user-centered design research, since it is regarded to figure out in-depth information from product users. However, ethnographic research for the enterprises should be differentiated from the original way it used to be applied to the academic field in terms of the research condition, target, scope, and goal. In this article, I present a case of ethnographic research in the design field which studied refrigerator users in the foreign market to develop a new concept of a refrigerator. It will suggest an ethnographic research that assembles various methods at every step and synthetically draws a result to develop a new concept through the whole research process. This study recruited research samples through ‘an audition process’ in which users engaged in every step of the research to get the benefit of the ethnographic research perspective. This case study will show the methodological possibilities of how ethnographic research capable of being used in user-centered research for the enterprise.

문화기술지적 자료의 연구기록 관리 방안 연구 - “부엌의 문화사” 연구프로젝트 자료의 분류 및 기술을 중심으로 -

윤택림,최정은 한국기록관리학회 2012 한국기록관리학회지 Vol.12 No.2

This article attempts to examine the definition and categories of research records in order to include ethnographic data into research records by comparing the laboratory records with the ethnographic data produced in the field work. And it discusses the records management task of ethnogrpahic data using the field work data collected in the research project of ‘Cultural History of Kitchen’ which was carried out by one of the authors from 2002 to 2005. The authors draw out the classification of laboratory records from the previous studies on research records, apply it to the ethnographic data and illustrate the new classification and description of research records reflecting the features of ethnographic data. Doing so, the authors expand the concept of research records and provide a case study of research records management based on the collaboration between the researcher and the archivist. Ultimately this study will be a footstep toward construction of community archives and everyday life archives since the records for those archives may be as diverse as the research records based on the ethnographic data from the research project of ‘Cultural History of Kitchen’. 이 연구는 기존의 연구기록의 개념과 범위에 대해 문제제기를 하면서 자연과학에서 생산되는 연구기록과 질적 연구에서 생산되는 연구기록의 차이를 밝히고 질적 연구 자료를 연구기록화하고 관리하는 방안을 찾아보고자 한다. 이를 위하여 우선 기존의 연구기록 관리에 대한 선행 연구들을 연구기록의 개념, 분류와 유형, 그리고 연구의 방향을 중심으로 검토한다. 그리고 문화기술지적 자료를 연구기록화하기 위하여 자료의 맥락을 생산과 수집의 특수성을 통하여 정리하고 그것에 연구기록 분류 방식을 적용하여 문화기술지적 자료의 분류와 기술을 시도한다. 이러한 시도는 윤택림이 수행했던 “부엌의 문화사” 연구프로젝트에서 생산 수집된 자료들을 사례로 이용할 것이다. 이 연구는 질적 자료를 포함하여 연구기록의 개념과 범주를 확장시키면서, 자료를 생산한 연구자와 아키비스트와의 공조에 의해 이루어지는 연구기록관리의 사례를 보여준다. 또한 다양한 문화기술지적 자료들을 연구기록화 하는 작업은 일상사, 공동체 아카이브 구축의 시발적인 연구라고 볼 수 있다.