경제제재와 인도주의 위기의 심화 : 이란의 코로나19 사례를 중심으로

한수진(Soojin Han),최동주(Dong Ju Choi) 국제개발협력학회 2012 국제개발협력연구 Vol.13 No.3

연구목적: 본 연구는 인도주의적 위기 상황에서 경제제재가 제재 대상 국가의 경제와 사회 시스템을 약화시킴으로써 일반 국민들의 어려움을 가중시키는 데 주목한다. 이에 미국의 대이란 제재를 중심으로 경제제재가 코로나19로 인한 인도주의적 위기 상황에 어떠한 작용과 영향을 미쳤는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 연구의 중요성: 최근 코로나19가 전 세계적으로 확산하는 가운데, 경제제재 대상 국가의 국민들은 제재로 인한 어려움에 더해 코로나19로 인한 고통까지 이중고를 겪고 있다는 지적이 제기되고 있다. 그동안 제기된 지적들은 경제제 재가 제재 대상 국가와 일반 국민들에게 미치는 영향에 대한 충분한 고찰 없이 단편적인 문제제기에 그치는 한계를 갖고 있다. 본 연구는 경제제재의 영향에 대한 이론적 검토를 바탕으로 미국의 경제제재가 이란의 코로나19 위기에 미친 영향을 체계적으로 분석했다는 점에서 의미를 갖는다. 연구방법론: 본 연구는 과정추적법(Process Tracing Method)을 활용하여 미국 의 대이란 경제제재가 코로나19 위기 상황에서 이란의 일반 국민들에게 영향을 미치는 인과 과정을 분석한다. 연구결과: 미국의 경제제재는 이란에 대한 경제적 고립을 통해 코로나19에 대응하는 전 과정에 있어서 직간접적인 방해요소로 작용하고 있었다. 경제제재 로 인한 무역과 해외 금융 거래 제한은 코로나19 사태로 인한 사회, 경제적 위기에 이란 정부가 적절히 대응하지 못하는 결과를 가져왔다. 또한 경제제재 는 국제적인 인도주의적 지원을 제한하여 의약품이나 방역 용품을 빠른 시간 내에 제공하는 데 걸림돌로 작용했다. 결론 및 시사점:경제제재는대상이된국가의무역과해외금융거래를제한함 으로써 국가 전반적인 경제적, 사회적 개발의 후퇴를 가져오며, 코로나19 확산처 럼 인간의 생명을 즉각적으로 위협하는 위기 상황에서 무력 사용을 통한 인명 피해와 경제적 손실에 버금가는 부정적 효과를 가져올 가능성도 다분하다. 이러 한 현실은 경제제재를 ‘인도적인 강제 수단’으로 분류하는 것이 합당한지에 대한 근본적인 질문을 제기한다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 인도주의적 관점에서 경제제재 로 인한 부정적인 영향을 최소화하는 국제적 노력이 필요함을 강조한다. Purpose: This study examines the exacerbating effect of economic sanctions on the civilian population through weakening of economic and social system of the sanctioned state during humanitarian crisis. To this end, the study aims to determine the impact of U.S. sanctions against Iran during the Covid-19 pandemic. Originality: There are critiques who point out that sanctioned states are suffering more severely than other countries from the impact of Covid-19 in addition to difficulties inherently caused by economic sanctions. However, these critiques have limitation of merely raising fragmentary issues without adequate considerations of the impacts of economic sanctions on targeted countries and their citizens. Therefore, this paper looks into how the U.S. economic sanctions on Iran have been set in motion during Covid-19 pandemic and how it takes its heavy toll on the general public of Iran based on the theoretical analysis on the impacts of economic sanctions. Methodology: This paper uses Process-Tracing method to analyze the causal process of U.S. sanctions affecting the general public of Iran during Covid-19. Result: The U.S. economic sanctions against Iran intrinsically bring about economic isolation of it acted as a serious impediment to the effort of the Iranian government to responding to Covid-19. Even worse, economic sanctions have limited humanitarian aids, making it difficult to timely supply medicines and sanitary goods. Conclusions and Implication: This study reaffirms that economic sanctions generate economic and social fallout in the sanctioned states by restricting trade and financial transactions, and also underlines that sanctions have negative impacts comparable to human and economic losses from use of forces during extraordinary time of crisis. Such implication poses fundamental question of the validity of economic sanctions as a humane alternative to armed warfare. Accordingly, the study highlights the need for international efforts to minimize the unintended consequences of economic sanctions from a humanitarian perspective.

경제제재와 인도주의 위기의 심화: 이란의 코로나19 사례를 중심으로

한수진,최동주 국제개발협력학회 2021 국제개발협력연구 Vol.13 No.3

Purpose: This study examines the exacerbating effect of economic sanctions on the civilian population through weakening of economic and social system of the sanctioned state during humanitarian crisis. To this end, the study aims to determine the impact of U.S. sanctions against Iran during the Covid-19 pandemic. Originality: There are critiques who point out that sanctioned states are suffering more severely than other countries from the impact of Covid-19 in addition to difficulties inherently caused by economic sanctions. However, these critiques have limitation of merely raising fragmentary issues without adequate considerations of the impacts of economic sanctions on targeted countries and their citizens. Therefore, this paper looks into how the U.S. economic sanctions on Iran have been set in motion during Covid-19 pandemic and how it takes its heavy toll on the general public of Iran based on the theoretical analysis on the impacts of economic sanctions. Methodology: This paper uses Process-Tracing method to analyze the causal process of U.S. sanctions affecting the general public of Iran during Covid-19. Result: The U.S. economic sanctions against Iran intrinsically bring about economic isolation of it acted as a serious impediment to the effort of the Iranian government to responding to Covid-19. Even worse, economic sanctions have limited humanitarian aids, making it difficult to timely supply medicines and sanitary goods. Conclusions and Implication: This study reaffirms that economic sanctions generate economic and social fallout in the sanctioned states by restricting trade and financial transactions, and also underlines that sanctions have negative impacts comparable to human and economic losses from use of forces during extraordinary time of crisis. Such implication poses fundamental question of the validity of economic sanctions as a humane alternative to armed warfare. Accordingly, the study highlights the need for international efforts to minimize the unintended consequences of economic sanctions from a humanitarian perspective.

Study on the Net Economic Impact of Mega Sport Events: Perspective of Visitors’ Expenditure (Case Study of the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games)

Qiuju Luo,Xiangyu Lu 한국관광학회 2014 International Journal of Tourism Sciences Vol.14 No.2

This study assesses the economic impact of the Guangzhou Asian Games from the perspective of that expenditure. It examines how much economic impact sporadic sports mega-events have, and the extent to which their results can be measured by economic data. Expenditure data were collected through questionnaires, and the input-output (I-O) model was used to evaluate the Games’ direct and indirect economic impact. We focus on classifying and quantifying Asian Games visitors, which remove part of the squeezing effect and thus accurately define the net economic impact. Among the several categories of participants investigated, the data show that “event visitors” were the primary source of economic impact from visitors’ expenditure. Although only 32.56% of all visitors were event visitors, their economic contribution made up 61.39%of the total expenditure. Overall, the 722,074 Asian Games visitors produced an economic return of 2,709,247,693 yuan. The average expenditure was 1,688 yuan and the multiplier of output was 2.22. Compared to the Chinese government’s large capital investment in preparation for the Asian Games, the economic impact of visitors’ expenditure was not outstanding. When we include the factor of economic impact in evaluating the effects of sporadic mega-events, it becomes clear that the main benefits lie in non-monetary returns such as the reconstruction of urban spatial structures, the effect on the city’s image, changes in local politics and culture, or improvements to the environment.

Economic Impact of Government Archives

Elizabeth Yakel 한국기록관리학회 2012 한국기록관리학회지 Vol.12 No.3

Economic impact analyses have not been widely conducted in archives. This article reports on a two parallel surveys in the US and Canada to assess the economic impact of government archives (state, provincial, territorial, county, and municipal). The surveys utilize indirect measures of economic impact. Responses from 2,534 people in 66 archives were analyzed. Findings indicate that archives were the primary reason that respondents visited an area and that visitors exhibit specific patterns of visiting the archives in conjunction with other cultural organizations in an area. Furthermore, while many respondents used local eateries, fewer rented lodgings or spent money on theater or sporting events. As a result, the archives participating in this survey did have a modest impact on local economies. The article concludes by discussing three major questions about the evaluation of the economic impact of archives which were raised by the findings: 1) Are indirect measures the most appropriate means of assessing economic impact in archives or should archives employ direct measures as used by public libraries? 2) How should government archives formulate their value proposition and should those value propositions focus on other aspects of archives’ impact, such as the social impact, to demonstrate archives’ important role in society? and 3) Since visitors exhibited distinct visitation patterns, should archives work more with these other aligned organizations and work on larger forms of collective impact that benefit the entire cultural heritage sector in an area?

지방자치단체 스포츠이벤트 개최의 경제파급효과 비교분석

남중웅 ( Joong Woong Nam ),최윤석 ( Yun Seok Choi ),구강본 ( Kang Bon Goo ),김애랑 ( Ae Rang Kim ) 한국스포츠산업경영학회 2013 한국스포츠산업경영학회지 Vol.18 No.5

이 연구는 지방자치단체가 개최하는 전국규모의 스포츠이벤트 개최를 통한 경제파급효과를 파악하고, 유사한 이벤트 특성을 가진 스포츠이벤트들의 경제파급효과를 비교분석하여 중소도시 브랜드 가치를 높이고 경제 효과를 창출할 수 있는 방안을 모색하는데 그 목적이 있다. 2012년 3월부터 12월까지 C시에서 개최된 11개 전국규모 체육대회에 참여한 참가자를 대상으로 하여 가장 높은 경제파급효과가 나타난 2개 대회와 가장 낮은 경제파급효과가 예측된 2개 대회를 추출하여 비교분석대상으로 선별하였다. 이 연구에서는 지방자치단체 스포츠이벤트 개최에 따른 경제적 파급효과를 분석하기 위한 사용된 조사도구는 1차적으로 2010년 한국은행에서 발간한 2008년 산업연관표의 책자 및 CD를 이용하였으며, 투자지출내역은 C시의 투자지출내역, 참가자의 소비지출내역은 설문지를 사용하였다. 경제파급효과 분석은 산업연관분석(Interindustry Analysis)을 이용해 생산유발효과, 부가가치유발효과, 고용유발효과 등을 추정, 분석하였다. 조사대상은 총 546명이 연구에 참여하였으며, 연구의 결과는 아래와 같다. 첫째, C시에서 개최된 전국규모 스포츠이벤트 개최에 따른 경제적 파급효과는 대부분 높게 나타났으나 초·중·고등학생 관련대회에서의 참가자 지출이 특히 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 참가자의 규모가 클수록 경제파급효과가 높게 나타났으며, 셋째, 대회기간과 투자금액이 많을수록 경제적 파급효과가 상대적으로 낮게 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the economic impact through community sport events and provide strategic and managerial implications to sport practitioners and governors for maximizing their economic values. 546 spectators from 4 community sports events participated in this study. The sport events were selected with event characteristics such as the amount of investment, the number of participants and sport level. Interindustry Analysis was utilized as a data analysistool to analyze economic impact derived from community based sport events. Survey was used for collecting data regarding spectators’ spending patterns, and interindustry standards were employed for calculating economic impact. The findings of this study were as follows. First, overall community sport events generated the significant level of economic impact through community based sport events. Second, when participants were students, economic impacts were more likely to be generated. Third, when the lengths of event schedules were no more than one week, economic impacts were more likely to be generated.

문화콘텐츠산업의 경제적 파급효과와 발전전략

김정숙(Kim Jeong-sook),안영규(Ahn Young-gyu) 한국문화산업학회 2009 문화산업연구 Vol.9 No.1

This paper examines the economic impacts and development strategies of cultural contents industry. The Korean cultural contents market is known to have several serious problems: the infringement of copyright, weak competitiveness, shortage of specialists, and lack of understanding about cultural contents. Therefore, enforcement of copyright, protection of private information, broadening of free entrepreneurial activities, promotion of global competitiveness, nurturing of professionals, and acknowledgement of the culture content are necessary in order to resolve the problems and to promote the cultural contents industry as a driving industry in the 21th century. Current situation of the global economic crisis will be described in the second chapter. Chapter three examines definition and main characteristics of the cultural contents industry and its economic impacts. Chapter four discusses present status of cultural contents industry and development strategies for the industry. This paper examines the economic impacts and development strategies of cultural contents industry. The Korean cultural contents market is known to have several serious problems: the infringement of copyright, weak competitiveness, shortage of specialists, and lack of understanding about cultural contents. Therefore, enforcement of copyright, protection of private information, broadening of free entrepreneurial activities, promotion of global competitiveness, nurturing of professionals, and acknowledgement of the culture content are necessary in order to resolve the problems and to promote the cultural contents industry as a driving industry in the 21th century. Current situation of the global economic crisis will be described in the second chapter. Chapter three examines definition and main characteristics of the cultural contents industry and its economic impacts. Chapter four discusses present status of cultural contents industry and development strategies for the industry.

최근 정원산업 선행연구에 대한 Network Mapping Interface 분석 및 경제적 영향 확장성 연구: 영국 정원산업을 중심으로

남진보 한국융합과학회 2023 한국융합과학회지 Vol.12 No.2

Purpose This study aims to draw implications towards the domestic garden industry through analysing the extendability of the garden industry in recent research and determining the scalability of economic impact. Methods To address the aim the extendability of the garden industry was analysed by bibliometric method utilising Network Mapping Interface analysis. The economic scalability of the garden industry in the UK was determined by economic impact assessment dividing it into direct, indirect, and induced impacts. Result First, the garden industry was conceptualised as a business model and has expanded to the garden industry for the circular environment system. Second, the UK’s garden industry plays an overarching role in economic contribution to GDP, employment, and tax derived from its direct, indirect and induced impacts: Interestingly, induced impact more than the indirect impact. Third, the UK’s garden industry continued to expand around retail sales and personal furniture. These findings convey implications to Korea by first, establishing an economically convertible calculation system contextualising the scalability of the contribution of the garden industry, second, determining the contribution of the induced impact is greater than the indirect impact, more focusing on the induced impact-related garden industry and third, revitalising the personal garden industry. Conclusion Addressing these implications will lead to the invigoration of the domestic garden industry, which will expand opportunities to harness the various benefits of gardens. 연구목적 본 연구는 최근 연구를 통한 정원산업의 확장성 이해와,경제적 영향의 확대성 분석을 통해국내 정원산업 활성화를 위한 시사점을 제기하기 위함이다. 연구방법 최근 정원산업 연구를 기반 연구자료를 계량서지학 분석하여 정원산업의 확장성을 도출하였다. 이를 위해 VOSviewer 소프트웨어를 활용하였다. 또한, 정원산업의 경제적 확대에 대한 이해를 위해 영국 정원산업을 직접, 간접 그리고 유도영향으로 구분하여 분석하였다. 결과 첫째, 정원산업은 비즈니스 모델로 시작하여, 정원도시로의 확장 그리고 지속가능성을 강조하며 순환경제를 위한 정원산업으로 확대되는 것을 발견하였다. 둘째, 영국 정원산업이 직접영향과 더불어 간접영향 그리고 부과영향으로 GDP, 고용, 세금 영역안에서 경제적 기여가 상당함을 보여주었다. 흥미로운 것은 부과영향이 간접영향 보다 기여도가 크다는것이다. 셋째, 영국의 정원산업은 소매판매를 중심으로 지속적으로 확대해 나가며, 삶의 질 향상을위한 소비가 증가함을 보여주었다. 이에, 국내에 시사점을 전달한다. 첫째, 정원산업의 기여의 확대를보여주기 위해 경제적으로 환산 가능한 산정체계를 구축해야 한다. 둘째, 부과영향의 기여도가 간접영향 보다 큰 만큼, 부과영향과 관련한 정원산업에 관심을 가져야 한다. 셋째, 개인적 정원산업 활성화 하기위한 대안이 제시되어야 할 것이다. 결론 시사점의 반영은 국내 정원산업의 발전을 가져올것이며, 이는 정원이 가져다 주는 다양한 혜택을 누릴 수 있는 기회가 확대를 가져올 것이다.

An integrated assessment of the environmental, human health, and economic impacts based on life cycle assessment: A case study of the concrete and steel sumps

Jeong, Kwangbok,Ji, Changyoon,Kim, Hyunjung,Hong, Taehoon,Cho, Kyuman,Lee, Jaewook Elsevier 2019 Journal of Cleaner Production Vol.239 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The sustainable building materials and construction methods have been recently highlighted to reduce the environmental and human health impacts. The steel sump is regarded as a suitable alternative to the concrete sump as it has a lower economic impact, but further research on its environmental and human health impacts has yet to be conducted. Thus, this study conducted an integrated assessment of the environmental, human health, and economic impacts of the concrete and steel sumps using life cycle assessment. When the environmental, human health, and economic impacts are considered at the same time, the installation scenarios of the steel sump were superior to those of the concrete sump by 11.35–152.24%. Especially, SS-3 (i.e., installation scenarios #3 of steel sump) has 93.04 and 89.18% lower environmental and human health impacts, respectively, as well as an 81.47% lower construction cost compared to CS-3 (i.e., installation scenarios #3 of concrete sump). This is because the differences in the building material and the practical construction method used determine the environmental, human health, and economic impacts of the sump. The results will help designers or construction managers determine the installation scenario of the sump by considering its environmental, human health, and economic impacts.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> An integrated assessment method of building material was proposed in this study. </LI> <LI> An integrated assessment considers environmental, human health, and economic impacts. </LI> <LI> All installation scenarios of steel sump are superior to those of concrete sump. </LI> <LI> Integrated score can be used as a guideline for selecting building material. </LI> <LI> It can help decision-makers to determine the optimal installation scenario of sump. </LI> </UL> </P>

초고속열차 하이퍼튜브(HTX) 국내 도입에 따른 사회·경제적 파급효과 분석

이광섭(Kwang-Sub Lee),엄진기(Jin-Ki Eom),이관섭(Kwan-Sup Lee) 한국도시철도학회 2019 한국도시철도학회논문집 Vol.7 No.1

초고속열차 연구에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있는 가운데, 국내에서는 시속 1,200㎞ 이상의 속도를 목표로 아음속 캡슐트레인 하이퍼튜브(HTX)를 연구개발 중이다. 초고속열차는 두 지역간의 통행시간을 획기적으로 개선함과 동시에 인간의 삶과 생활 패턴의 변화 등 사회·경제적으로 큰 변화를 일으킬 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구는 HTX 도입으로 인한 사회·경제적 파급효과를 정량적 및 정성적으로 분석한 결과를 제시하였다. 분석은 크게 세 가지로 나누어 진행했으며, 한국은행의 산업연관표를 바탕으로 한 전통적인 국가 경제적 파급효과(생산유발효과, 부가가치유발효과, 고용유발효과), 타 산업간 인과관계 분석을 통한 HTX의 건설 및 운영단계에서 미치는 관련 산업에의 파급효과, 그리고 정성적인 사회적 파급효과를 포함하였다. While many people are increasingly interested in a development and implementation of a super high-speed railway, a subsonic capsule train, called HTX (Hyper Tube eXpress), is developed in Korea with an objective of the maximum speed over 1,200 ㎞/h. This study analyzed socio-economic impacts of introducing HTX in Korea. We presented three types of impacts: (1) national economic impacts based on the traditional method using an inter-industry relation table, including production inducement, value added inducement and employment inducement, (2) impacts on other related industries based on a cause-and-effect relationship with HTX construction and operation, and (3) a qualitative societal impact analysis.

지역축제의 경제적 파급효과에 관한 연구

김상호(Sang Ho Kim),여영숙(Young Suk Yeo) 한국관광연구학회 2009 관광연구저널 Vol.23 No.2

This study surveys of the previous studies on Hampyeong Butterfly Festival to find out factors that brings great success to the festival. Then, the study estimate regional economic impacts of 2007 Hampyeong Butterfly Festival by adopting a regional input-output model, which is derived by a location-quotient approach. The 9th Hampyeong Butterfly Festival induced increased visitors and their spending in Hampyeong County, and this initial direct impact caused backward and forward indirect effects to various industries linked with the service production industry. This study can assess these direct and indirect effects of the Festival by using an input-output model of Hampyeong. Contrary to the previous studies that used provincial- or national-level input-output model to estimate economic impact of the festival, the study is expected to isolate the economic impacts on the county itself. The empirical results of the study can be summarized as follows: (1) the Hampyeong Butterfly Festival increased city outputs approximately by 84.7 billion Won, increased employment by 5,331 people, and increased total income of the province by 18.1 billion Won. (2) Economic impacts were mostly concentrated in service related industries, except several manufacturing industries that took small impacts.