진양호소수의 효과적인 정수처리를 위한 최적응집제 주입량 결정 : 콜로이드성 오염물질 처리를 위한 응집제 주입효과 The Effect of Coagulant Dosing on Remoaval of Collolda Pollutants

이원규,조주식,이홍재,허종수 한국환경과학회 1998 한국환경과학회지 Vol.7 No.6

This study was performed to determine the optimum coagulant dosing amount for effective treatment of raw water. The removal rate of turbidity and the variations of water qualities according to various dosage of coagulants such as Alum, PAC and PACS were investigated. The optimum coagulant dosing amount to make the lowest turbidity of water were 35㎎/ℓ of Alum, 30㎎/ℓ of PAC and l0㎎/ℓ of PACS in case of 5 NTU of raw water turbidity, and 30㎎/ℓ of Alum, 25㎎/ℓ of PAC and l0㎎/ℓ of PACS in case of 10 NTU of that, respectively. The removal rates of turbidity at 4 min. and 8 min. of settling time were 10 and 72% of Alum, 44 and 62% of PAC and 25 and 55% of PACS in case of 5 NTU, and 52 and 70% of Alum, 90 and 95% of PAC and 10 and 28% of PACS in case of 10 NTU, respectively. Judging from the settling capability of floc., the reaction time of floc. formation and removal efficiency of turbidity, PAC was evaluated as more effective coagulant than Alum and PACS. Also PAC was regarded as the most effective coagulant when the water supply was changed sharply and the fluctuation of the surface loading occured with wide and sharp in seettling basin. pH and alkalinity of the water were decreased with increasing coagulants dosage. But pH and alkalinity were not decreased below 5.8 which is the standard for drinking water quality, and l0㎎/ℓ which is the limit concentration of floc. breakage, respectively. Residual Al of the treated water was decreased with increasing coagulants dosage in case of 5 and 10NTU of raw water turbidity. KMnO_4 consumption of the water was decreased with increasing coagulants dosage. The reduction rate of KMnO_4 consumption at the optimum coagulants dosage were 39% of Alum, 18% of PAC and 11% of PACS in case of 5 NTU of raw water turbidity, and 42% of Alum, 27% of PAC and 36% of PACS in case of 10 NTU of that, respectively. Any relationship was not found between the removal rate of turbidity and KMnO_4 consumption. TOC of the water was a bit decreased with increasing coagulants dosage up to 30㎎/ℓ but not changed above 30㎎/ℓ of coagulants dosage. The degree of TOC reduction was increased in the order of Alum, PAC and PACS treatment. Zeta potential of the colloidal floc. at the optimum coagulants dosage was in the range of -20∼-15mV in case of 5 NTU of raw water turbidity and 0∼0.5mV in case of 10 NTU of that, respectively. Although the kinds and dosages of coagulants were different, zeta potential range were fixed under the conditions of the best coagulation efficiency.

Prediction of Optimal Coagulant Injection Dosages and pH in Wastewater Using Visual MINTEQ Model

( Chae Min Ahn ),( Jin Chul Joo ),( Jong Kyu Kim ) 한국환경기술학회 2019 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.20 No.5

The secondary wastewater treatment effluents without further advanced sewage treatment were used as raw water, and the changes in pH, electric conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and turbidity according to dosages of coagulant injection were investigated through both Jar-test and Visual MINTEQ model. Then, the changes in water quality between Jar-test measurement and Visual MINTEQ prediction were evaluated. From the measurement results from Jar-test, the residual turbidity decreased, and reached lower values around 1.63 NTU with the increase in the coagulant dosages. Regardless of the type of coagulant, the pH decreased as the dosage of coagulant injection increased. From the prediction results of Visual MINTEQ model, the optimal dosages of coagulant injection for both Al₂(SO₄)₃ and FeCl₃ were estimated to be less than 0.1 mM. The optimal dosages of coagulant injection displayed slight differences between measured values through Jar-test and predicted value through Visual MINTEQ modeling, and this difference is mainly due to the complex functions of solubility differences between Al₂(SO₄)₃ and FeCl₃ at pH 6~7 and the ignorance of reactions of organic matters and other ions with Al₂(SO₄)₃ and FeCl₃ in the Visual MINTEQ model. Measured pH values gradually decreased with the increase in the dosage of coagulant injection whereas predicted pH values sharply decreased with the increase in the dosage of coagulant injection. From the results, Visual MINTEQ model can predict the similar values of composition and concentration in ions and pH in treated water up to some critical dosage of coagulant injection (i.e., 0.7 mM). However, Visual MINTEQ model can not predict the detail water chemistry in effluents with various compounds at trace levels and with high dosages of coagulation injection.

Transcriptome analyses suggest minimal effects of Shank3 dosage on directional gene expression changes in the mouse striatum

이연금,강효진,Chunmei Jin,Yinhua Zhang,김윤희,한기훈 한국통합생물학회 2019 Animal cells and systems Vol.23 No.4

Both deletions and duplications of the SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 (SHANK3) gene, encoding excitatory postsynaptic scaffolds, are causally associated with various brain disorders, suggesting that proper Shank3 dosage is critical for normal brain development and function. In addition to its well-established synaptic functions, recent studies have suggested that Shank3 can also affect gene expression in the nucleus. However, it has not been investigated whether there are a group of genes whose directional expression is regulated in a Shank3 dosagedependent manner (i.e. showing opposite changes in expression following Shank3 reduction and overexpression). This is an important issue to be examined for better understanding why neuronal development and function are sensitive to Shank3 dosage, and how much transcriptional changes contribute to neuronal phenotypes affected by Shank3 dosage. To examine this, we performed transcriptome analyses on the striatum of Shank3 heterozygous and knock-out mice, which identified three and 17 differentially expressed genes, respectively. We then compared the results to those of our previous striatal transcriptome analysis of Shank3 overexpressing mice and identified 31 candidate genes showing directional expression changes in a Shank3 dosage-dependent manner. However, overall, their Shank3 dosage-dependent fold changes were very subtle (average of absolute log2(fold change) was 0.139). Meanwhile, the gene set enrichment analyses of the striatal transcriptome suggested that Shank3 dosage may affect anchoring junction-related functions. Taken together, these results suggest that Shank3 dosage minimally affects directional gene expression changes in the mouse striatum.

초고령 환자의 Warfarin 유지용량

남주연,최경숙,정영미,남궁형욱,이병구 한국병원약사회 2007 병원약사회지 Vol.24 No.3

Warfarin is the most frequently prescribed oral anticoagulant in Korea. Dosage is individualized for each patient because it has the narrow therapeutic index and multiple patient variables such as age, sex, weight, drug interaction, underlying disease and nutritional status. So far, several studies have provided data on age-based warfarin dosages. However, there is no standard guideline for warfarin maintenance dosages in very elderly Korean patients. The aims of the study are to describe warfarin maintenance dosages for them and to determine difference of maintenance dosages between elderly and very elderly patients. Electronic Medical Records(EMRs) of patients enrolled in Anti-Coagulation Service(ACS) in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital(SNUBH) from 10th May, 2003 to 31st August, 2006 were reviewed. Subjects should have had a targeted INR of 2.0-3.0, and two consecutive INR values(INR1 and INR2) within the targeted range with at least 7 days apart. Patients who had factors affecting warfarin maintenance dosages were excluded. Also, patients were divided into two groups according to the age : the elderly patients(65-75 years of age) and the very elderly patients(> 75 years of age). A total of 252 patient EMRs were reviewed, and 128 patients(77 males; 51 females) met the criteria for inclusion in the study. The age(mean ± S.D.) of the elderly patients was 69.3 ± 2.6 years and that of the very elderly patients was 79.7 ± 3.9 years. Atrial fibrillation was the most common indication for warfarin use. The mean warfarin maintenance dosage was significantly lower with increasing age : the weekly dose(mean ± S.D.) of the elderly atients was 27.4 ± 6.6mg, while that of the very elderly patients was 23.4 ± 8.1mg. There was no significant difference between two groups in INR1, INR2, weight, number of medication taken, serum albumin concentration and platelet count. The very elderly patients require lower warfarin maintenance dosages than the elderly patients when there was no other factor affecting dosage but age. Further study, Standard guideline for warfarin maintenance dosages in very elderly Korean patients will be stablished due to increasing the number of patients.

투여용법ㆍ용량을 포함하는 의약용도발명의 권리범위

신혜은 한국지식재산학회 2015 産業財産權 Vol.- No.48

This article is related to scope of protection of pharmaceutical use invention including dosage regimen According to Korean Patent Examination Guideline, medical activities such as methods for treatment of the human body by surgery, therapy or diagnosis is being regarded as industrially inapplicable inventions, therefore, cannot be patented even though they satisfy the requirements of novelty, inventive step and so on. Meanwhile, Korean supreme court usually held that new dosage regimen, correspond to a medical activity, is not a constitutional element of pharmaceutical use invention. As a result, in Korea, there was no need to discuss as to scope of protection of dosage regimen. However, recently there was a Supreme Court en banc decision ruling that in cases where the administration and dosage are added on top of the target disease or efficacy of a medicine as an invention of a product, such administration and dosage should be viewed not so much as a medical practice itself, as an expression of those features through which a medicine may fully realize its efficacy, thereby constituting an element of invention that attaches an entirely new significance to the medicine as a product. A new patent may be granted to a medicine meeting the patentability requirements, including novelty and nonobviousness, by virtue of the addition of administration and dosage. Under these circumstances, it is urgent to establish the scope of protection of pharmaceutical use invention including dosage regimen and this article suggested the reasonable protection range.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Dosage Based on Body Weight Enhances Ovulatory Responses and Subsequent Embryo Production in Goats

Rahman, M.R.,Rahman, M.M.,Khadijah, W.E. Wan,Abdullah, R.B. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.9

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of porcine follicle stimulating hormone (pFSH) dosage based on body weight (BW) on ovarian responses of crossbred does. Thirty donor does were divided into 3 groups getting pFSH dosages of 3, 5, and 8 mg pFSH per kg BW, respectively, and were named as pFSH-3, pFSH-5 and pFSH-8, respectively. Estrus was synchronized by inserting a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device and a single injection of prostaglandin $F2{\alpha}$ ($PGF2{\alpha}$). The pFSH treatments were administered twice a day through 6 decreasing dosages (25, 25, 15, 15, 10, and 10% of total pFSH amount; decreasing daily). Ovarian responses were evaluated on Day 7 after CIDR removal. After CIDR removal, estrus was observed 3 times in a day and pFSH treatments were initiated at 2 days before the CIDR removal. All does in pFSH-5 and pFSH-8 showed estrus signs while half of the does in pFSH-3 showed estrus signs. No differences (p>0.05) were observed on the corpus luteum and total ovarian stimulation among the treatment groups, while total and transferable embryos were higher (p<0.05) in pFSH-5 (7.00 and 6.71) than pFSH-3 (3.00 and 2.80) and pFSH-8 (2.00 and 1.50), respectively. In conclusion, 5 mg pFSH per kg BW dosage gave a higher number of embryos than 3 and 8 mg pFSH per kg BW dosages. The results indicated that the dosage of pFSH based on BW is an important consideration for superovulation in goats.

한국인 조현병 환자에서 클로자핀 처방용량과 혈중농도의 관계 및 이에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구

류승현,조경형 대한조현병학회 2023 대한조현병학회지 Vol.26 No.2

Objectives: Some reports suggest that the concentration-to-dosage ratio (C/D ratio) of clozapine (CZP) in Asian treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) patients differs from that of Caucasian TRS patients. However, there is insufficient research on the differences in C/D ratio between Korean TRS patients and Caucasian TRS patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate prescribed CZP dosage, CZP concentration and C/D ratio in Korean TRS patients.Methods: The study included TRS patients aged 18 years or older who were prescribed CZP for at least 12 weeks at a psychiatric hospital in Korea. We collected demographic information, smoking status, hospitalization status, CZP serum concentration, total CZP dosage, and norclozapine (NCZP) serum concentration and analyzed their statistical correlations.Results: The study found that the average daily CZP dosage was 266.1 mg, and the average CZP concentration was 568.0 ng/mL. There was a significant correlation between CZP serum concentration and smoking status, as well as sex. CZP dosage was not significantly associated with age, weight, BMI, or metabolic rate. The study also found a significant difference in C/D ratio between groups based on CZP serum concentration.Conclusion: Our study suggests that recommended CZP dosages for Caucasians may not be suitable for Koreans due to C/D ratio differences. We found a relationship between CZP serum concentration and C/D ratio in Korean TRS patients. Therefore, it is crucial to confirm CZP serum concentration to avoid side effects and to find optimal dosage.

오존처리공정에 있어서 브롬메이트 생성에 관한 연구

김영진 ( Young Jin Kim ),현길수 ( Kil Soo Hyun ) 한국수처리학회 2011 한국수처리학회지 Vol.19 No.3

The objectives of this study is to investigate the effects of bromate formation on ozone dosage, ozone contact time, pH, and ammonia nitrogen in the processes of advanced water treatment system (AWTS), which consisted of preozonation, cross-flow settler, rapid sand filter, postozonation, biological activated carbon (BAC) beds. As a result, when ozone dosage and ozone contact time for influent with Br- of 0.1-0.3mg/L were 0.5-2.0mg/L.min and 10 min., bormate concentration increased with increase of ozone dosage. The formational rate of bromate under pH 7-9 was 30-46% higher than that under pH 6 at ozone dosage of 1.4 mg/L.min. When ammonia nitrogen concentration increased 0.1mg/L to 0.4mg/L, bromate formation was decreased to about 38%. These results revealed that an increase of bromate formation depended on an increase of ozone concentration, pH, and bromide level. A decrease of bormate formation also depended on an increase of ammonia and dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Thus, the results of this study indicated that lower ozone dosage and longer contact time are needed to reduce bromate formation.

Sweet BV의 rat를 이용한 단회 근육시술 독성시험

김영진,임청산,권기록,Kim, Young-Jin,Lim, Chung-San,Kwon, Ki-Rok 대한약침학회 2009 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.12 No.4

Objectives: This study was performed to analyse single dose toxicity of pure melittin(Sweet Bee Venom-Sweet BV) extracted from the bee venom by utilizing protein isolation method of gel filtration. Methods: All experiments were conducted at Biotoxtech, a non-clinical studies authorized institution, under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). Six weeks old female Sprague-Dawley rats were chosen for the pilot study and determined 30㎎/㎏ which is 4285 times higher than the clinical application dosage as the high dosage, followed by 15 and 7.5㎎/㎏ as mid and lose dosage, respectively. Equal amount of excipient to the Sweet BV experiment groups was administered as the control group. Results: 1. No mortality was witnessed in all of the experiment groups. 2. Hyperemia and movement disorder were observed around the area of administration in all groups, and higher occurrence in the higher dosage groups. Hyperemia and movement disorder diminished with elapsed time. 3. For the weight measurement, male groups showed larger reduction in weight in accordance with higher dosage. Female groups didn't s how significant changes. 4. To verify abnormalities of organs and tissues, cerebellum, cerebrum, liver, lung, kidney, and spinal nerves were removed and conducted histological observation with H-E staining. No abnormalities were detected in any of organs and tissues. 5. One female rat in the 30㎎/㎏ group had amputated toe near the administered area and histopathological finding was hemorrhage with inflammation. This is presumed as a secondary infection after the administration of Sweet BV. Conclusion: Above findings suggest Sweet BV is relatively s safe treatment medium. Further studies on the subject should be conducted to yield more concrete evidences.

간외 전이로 처음 발견된 간세포암종 간외 전이가 있는 간세포암종에 대한 systemic doxorubicin-cisplatin (AP) 감량요법 후 완전 관해에 도달한 2예

남승범 ( Seung Bum Nam ),한철주 ( Chul Ju Han ),이호진 ( Ho Jin Lee ),김연주 ( Youn Joo Kim ),양기영 ( Ki Young Yang ),박수철 ( Su Cheol Park ),김진 ( Jin Kim ),김유철 ( Yu Cheol Kim ) 대한간암학회 2010 대한간암학회지 Vol.10 No.-

The effect of systemic chemotherapy in patients with advanced HCC is very limited, not only in regard to poor response to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents but also poor tolerance to therapy and related adverse effects. Herein, we report two cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with extrahepatic metastasis who achieved complete remission following administration of doxorubicin and cisplatin in reduced dosage. The first case was a 41-year-old male who had HCC with multiple lung and intraabdominal lymph nodes metastasis. After 9 cycles of chemotherapy with 50% reduced dosage, he achieved a complete remission of both primary and metastatic lesions. He showed no evidence of disease for 11 more months during follow-up and still lives without recurrence. The second case was a 61-year-old female who had HCC with inferior vena cava thrombosis and multiple lung metastasis. After one cycle of treatment with 25% reduced dosage, she underwent life-threatening toxicities and poor tolerance to chemotherapy and further treatment was discontinued. However, she achieved a complete remission of both primary and metastatic lesions. Following 26 months of recurrence free period, she suffered from a recurrent tumor near previously treated lesion, which was successfully treated by TACE and radiation therapy. This modified doxorubicin and cisplatin regimen in reduced dosage could be used as means of evading life threatening toxicity and selecting out responders to systemic chemotherapy with reduced risk.