A Study on Changes in China s Distribution Market and Firms’ Response Strategies

김병구(Byoung-Goo KIM) 동아시아경상학회 2021 The East Asian Journal of Business Economics Vol.9 No.4

Purpose – This study investigated the development process of the Chinese distribution industry and analyzed the current status of China s offline and online distribution industries under the development process of the Chinese distribution industry. In addition, the current status of offline distributors in China and representative companies were analyzed as case studies. Research design, data, and methodology – This study analyzed the overall environment of the Chinese distribution industry by using literature data. Then, this study conducted a case analysis using RT Mart and Jingdong, major companies in the distribution industry. Result –The main research results of this study show that the Chinese distribution market has already matured, and retailers are fiercely competing to secure sales and operating profits through various methods such as finding new management methods, improving awareness and customer loyalty by expanding the number of stores. Conclusion –Recently, the characteristic of China s distribution industry is that the boundaries of distribution are breaking down. Chinese retailers are taking strategies to expand the scope of services by erasing the boundaries of distribution. In other words, distribution companies are promoting a borderless distribution strategy in which consumers purchase products online and offline without restrictions on time and space. In addition, small stores in residential areas are on the rise compared to large-scale stores in the city center. The existing distribution industry operates various types of distribution stores to prepare for the post-COVID-19 crisis.

조세특례제한법상 동업기업의 분배에 관한 연구

이준규 한국경영법률학회 2010 經營法律 Vol.20 No.2

This article evaluates and suggests ways to improve the provisions for the distribution under partnership taxation as follows;First, currently, the contribution and the distribution to a partnership are treated as taxable events under an exchange approach. This treatment is not consistent with aggregate theory, increases tax compliance and administration costs, and allows tax avoidance opportunities where the fair market value of the distributed property is below its book value. For a remedy, the contribution and distribution to a partnership are treated as non-taxable events until the property is disposed to a third party. Second, the distribution paid in excess of partner's basis of partner- ship interests is treated as deemed dividends to the partner, whereas the liquidating distribution below the partner's basis is treated as capital loss. However it is possible to avoid this dividend treatment by trans- ferring the partnership interests to another partner and the partnership makes a distribution to the buying partner. Moreover, the distribution paid in excess of a withdrawing partner's share of the fair market value of partnership property could be characterized as mutual insurance and compensation for past service, however, the excess is also treated as dividends. For a remedy, current treatment of capital loss should be eliminated, or dividend treatment should be replaced with capital gain treatment. And the distribution paid in excess of a withdrawing partner's share of the fair market value of partnership property should be treated as distributive share of partnership income. Third, the distribution paid in excess of partner's basis of the partnership interests results in the inconsistency between the total book value of partnership property and partners' basis in the partnership interests. Due to this inconsistency, double taxation or double deduction occurs by taxing to withdrawing partner at distribution and to remaining partners at the disposal of partnership assets to a third party. For a remedy, the book value of partnership property should be increased right after the distribution.

Distribution Knowledge, Research, and Journal

Dong-Ho Kim,Myoung-Kil Youn 한국유통과학회 2012 KODISA ICBE (International Conference on Business Vol.2012 No.-

Stimulated by the recent editorial review of JDS, the purpose of this exploratory study was to provide foundations for creation and accumulation of further knowledge and theories in the area of distribution and distribution science. The examination of JDS based on five key factors of journal selection process by Thompson indicated that JDS is either meeting or at least in the progress of meeting the following factors: timeliness of publication, international editorial convention, international diversity, and citation analysis. However, the research topics of JDS were not new, emerging, and/or distinctive and were not directly associated with specific region or country. As such, a careful evaluation and analysis of the terms and concepts related to the term Distribution was required and yielded simpler yet distinguishable definitions: Distribution as "The process or movement of goods, services, and payment from one distribution point to one or more distribution point or the final point of distribution"and Distribution Science as "the process of examining and solving distribution issues and problems through the application of the scientific method". Hence, extensive examination and exploration of traditional markets in Asian countries would prove to be the most appropriate contemporary research topic in the distribution field mainly because these traditional markets usually do not exist in the Western countries. Furthermore, this unique research topic could attract many regional scholars to participate in knowledge creation and build theories in the field of distribution without competing with major journals that are closely related to the field of distribution.

고전소설의 유통양상과 문학교육에서의 활용방안

金鎭榮(Jin-young, Kim) 어문연구학회 2010 어문연구 Vol.66 No.-

Until now it is studied about distribution aspect of classic novel and useful way of literature education. After being considered of distribution background of classic novel, it is studied distribution aspect of classic novel which is divided into literature and arts. And then distribution way of classic novel and useful way of literature education is examined some way. The main contents is summarized as follows. First, classic novel is expanded synchronically at the latter part of choseon dynasty. Because of political, social and economical change, its demand goes on increasing rapidly. Here general people who is main enjoyment class of orally transmitted literature is be a documentary literature's accept class, korean literature is prevalent. With this changing background, classic novel became a typical popular literature. Especially, there are various circulation for the expanding of novel demand. Second, it is considered distribution aspects of classic novel. Classic novel is satisfy popular acceptance in the latter part of the Choseon Dynasty, so it seeks various distribution way. First in literature it is distributed by oral and book. In oral, it is distributed a poem by singing and narrative by storytelling. In book, manuscript and block book and old type are published. Meanwhile recitation that a way of book circulation is made by stage actor's various expressions and actions, but the text is required book firstly. And it is distributed visual arts and performing arts and image arts. A visual arts is a painting, and performing arts is a pansori or play. In 20 centuries, mass media distribution which is drama or cinema is a main media for a classic novel distribution. Third, it is studied about distribution way of classic novel and useful way of literature education. Classic novel is distributed various literature and arts, then receive attention as our traditional culture. But in present curriculum, classic novel is a study object and it is used only educational topic. So in spite of classic novel is main contents that is build our moral culture, it is not educated in its entirety. So it needs to educate a studying used various distribution way of classic novel. That is a pointer which is understanding way about classic novel's identity and work's characteristic. In other words, as studying plan will be made by used literature and artistic distribution way, so our education will serve two ends with traditional culture and classic novel.

서울시 문화기반시설 공간분포특성 분석

이지윤(Lee, Ji-Yoon),최승담(Choi, Seung-Dam) 한양대학교 관광연구소 2018 觀光硏究論叢 Vol.30 No.4

본 연구는 여가시설 관점에서 서울시 문화기반시설의 공간분포를 인구와 이용밀도 분포를 중심으로 분석하고, 연구결과와 관련된 정책적 시사점을 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. 문화기반시설은 지역민의 최소한의 여가문화선용을 보장하기 위해 조성되는 문화시설로, 지역단위에서 누구에게나 공정한 이용기회가 제공되어야 하는 공공시설로 정의되며, 최근 문화예술 관람 및 활동을 통해 여가활동의 장소로서 기능이 확대되고 있다. 여가시설 관점에서 문화기반시설 중 도서관, 박물관, 미술관, 문예회관, 지방문화원, 문화의 집을 대상으로 군집성 분석, 표준편차타원체 분석 등 공간분포 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 전체시설, 도서관, 박물관에 군집성이 나타나, 수요와 이용밀도 분포와 비교하여 공간분포 특성을 도출하였다. 전체시설의 공간분포는 인구분포 및 이용밀도 분포와 상이하여 동북권, 서북권, 서남권에 여가시설로서 문화기반시설의 공급이 우선적으로 집행되어야 함을 시사하였고, 박물관은 이용밀도 분포와 비교해서 동북권, 서북권, 남서권 시설밀도가 이용밀도보다 높게 나타나 이용활성화를 위한 프로그램 개발 및 시설 운영에 대한 지원정책이 검토 필요성을 제기하였다. 그리고 미술관은 인구분포와 비교하여 도심권을 중심으로 동북권 및 동남권 방향으로 군집되어 있으나, 전반적으로 시설밀도와 이용밀도가 비교적 유사하게 나타나 공간분포가 균형을 이룬다고 판단하였다. 본 연구는 여가시설 관점에서 서울시 문화기반시설의 공간분포를 거주인구 및 이용밀도 분포 중심으로 분석하여, 군집성이 나타난 시설에 대해 공급 및 이용 활성화 관점에서 정책적 시사점을 제시했다는데 의의를 가진다. The purpose of this research was to analyze the spatial distribution of cultural infrastructure in Seoul Special City. During this process, emphasis was placed on population and density of use, and policy implications were suggested. Cultural infrastructure is defined as facilities created to guarantee a minimum amount of leisure for local residents that provide fair access among users at the local level. Recently, cultural infrastructure is being increasingly used as places for watching and participating in arts and cultural activities. This study conducted spatial distribution characteristics analysis such as cluster analysis and standard deviational ellipse analysis of leisure facilities including libraries, museums, art galleries, cultural halls, regional cultural halls, and cultural centers. The results found that cluster characteristics appeared in all facilities. Spatial distribution characteristics were drawn by comparing demand and usage density distribution. Differences between the spatial distribution of all cultural infrastructure in Seoul and the population distribution and density of use distribution suggest that the supply of cultural infrastructure should be prioritized in the city’s northeastern, northwestern, and southwestern areas. For museums, facility density appeared high in Seoul’s northeastern, northwestern, and southwestern areas when compared to density of use distribution, underlining the need to support program development and facility operation for more active utilization. Art galleries are clustered in the northeastern and southeastern areas around the city center when compared to population distribution, but spatial distribution appears in balance, as facility density and density of use are relatively similar overall. Based on this analysis, this research presents policy implications from the perspective of supply and promotion of utilization where facilities are clustered.

Estimating Suitable Probability Distribution Function for Multimodal Traffic Distribution Function

유상록,정재용,임정빈 해양환경안전학회 2015 海洋環境安全學會誌 Vol.21 No.3

The purpose of this study is to find suitable probability distribution function of complex distribution data like multimodal. Normal distribution is broadly used to assume probability distribution function. However, complex distribution data like multimodal are very hard to be estimated by using normal distribution function only, and there might be errors when other distribution functions including normal distribution function are used. In this study, we experimented to find fit probability distribution function in multimodal area, by using AIS(Automatic Identification System) observation data gathered in Mokpo port for a year of 2013. By using chi-squared statistic, gaussian mixture model(GMM) is the fittest model rather than other distribution functions, such as extreme value, generalized extreme value, logistic, and normal distribution. GMM was found to the fit model regard to multimodal data of maritime traffic flow distribution. Probability density function for collision probability and traffic flow distribution will be calculated much precisely in the future.

중국 물류산업의 성장에 따른 한국기업의 대응방안

오경숙 한국동북아학회 2008 한국동북아논총 Vol.13 No.1

In step with the sharp growth of the Chinese economy, the Chinese distribution industry is also rapidly growing. However, because of the low-quality of the distribution infrastructures, and poor management of various institutions, the weight of social distribution expenses has gradually decreased from 23.9% in 1991 to 18.12% in 2006 in comparison with China's GDP, but it still amounts to two times as much as that of advanced countries. However, with economic growth, it is expected that Chinese distribution market will grow as much as 10% annually until 2010. Since the Chinese government used the opening of the distribution industry in 2005 as an opportunity for improvement and increased efficiency, and is trying to improve imbalanced demand and supply in the industry, China will be most challenging market for Korean distribution corporations. The Chinese government is also expanding the infrastructure of both sea and air port facilities to meet the demand that comes with increased trade business and passenger traffic. It will lead to enhanced competitive power and expansion of markets in the Chinese distribution industry, which will have a direct influence on the Korean distribution industry. Therefore, our competitive distribution corporations should make advances into the Chinese distribution market to occupy key sectors and create new sources of profit. As more attention has been paid to exchanges and cooperation of distribution technology, as a result of increased mutual economic dependence between our two countries, we have to prepare a base on which East Asian countries can grow to become centers of world distribution. Meanwhile, we need to seek strategic changes. For example, Korean distribution corporations should access to increased shipments of Chinese business caused by construction of infrastructures in China in a connective or supplementary level, not in competitive level by providing high-added value services. 중국 경제의 가파른 성장과 함께 중국 물류산업도 빠른 성장세를 이어가고 있다. 그러나 중국 물류산업은 아직까지 물류 인프라가 낙후되어 있고 각종 제도의 운영수준이 뒤떨어져, 중국 GDP 대비 사회물류비용의 비중이 1991년 23.97%에서 점진적으로 줄어들어 2006년 18.12%로 하락하였으나, 아직도 선진국의 2배에 이르고 있다. 하지만 경제성장과 더불어 중국은 2010년까지 물류시장이 매년 10% 이상 성장할 것으로 전망되며, 중국 정부는 2005년 물류산업 개방을 계기로 물류산업의 시스템 개선 및 효율성을 제고할 수 있는 기회로 삼고, 물류서비스의 양적 팽창으로 인하여 낙후된 물류산업의 질적 향상을 도모하고 동시에 물류산업에서의 수급불균형 문제를 개선하고자 노력하는 등 발전가능성이 매우 높아 한국 물류기업에게는 매력적인 시장이 될 것이다. 또한 중국 정부는 무역량과 여객량의 증가로 인한 교통·물류인프라의 초과수요 상태를 개선하기 위하여 항만과 항공서비스의 인프라를 확충하고 있으며, 이는 중국 물류산업의 경쟁력 향상과 시장 확대로 이어져 한국 물류산업에 직접적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 전망된다. 따라서 경쟁력을 갖춘 국내 물류기업은 중국 물류시장으로 적극 진출함으로써 시장을 선점하고 새로운 수익원의 창출을 도모해야 한다. 그리고 한·중 경제분야의 상호 의존도 증가와 교역량 증가로 물류기술 교류 및 협력에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있는데, 이를 통해 동북아 물류산업의 발전을 도모함으로써 동북아 지역이 세계 물류중심지로 성장하기 위한 기반을 마련해야 한다. 한편 한국 물류기업들은 중국의 물류 인프라 건설에 따른 물동량 증대를 경쟁적인 차원이 아닌 연계 또는 보완적인 차원에서 접근함으로써 고부가가치 서비스를 제공하는 등 전략적 변화의 모색이 시급하다고 본다.

Does Climate Change Affect the Geographical Distribution of Korean Uroctea Spiders’ Habitats?

Kyung Seo Park,Yong Gun Choi,Joo Pil Kim 한국거미연구소 2018 한국거미 Vol.34 No.2

Geographical distribution change in animals and plants would be affected by global warming. In Korea, according to geographic distribution of two Uroctea species, U. lesserti and U. compactilis, which were studied previously, their geographic distribution shows unique tendency. U. In northern area, lesserti was distributed, but in southern area U. compactilils was distributed. The distribution tendency of the two species, depending on latitude, is expected to be closely related with climate. Aims of this study are to get geographic points (GPS coordinate) of Korean Uroctea spiders’ habitats, to decide distribution line of two Uroctea species by connecting the points, and to use them as data to monitor how does climate change affect on a two Uroctea species’ distribution. According to the results of confirming their distribution line through GPS coordinates which were collected in this study, it is well matched up with 12℃ annual average temperature line. Temperature data of the Meteorological Administration of five regions, that were located on two Uroctea species’ distribution line, show that their annual average temperatures were around 12.6℃. According to the results, climate temperature of 12℃ would be important climatic factor to devide Uroctea species’s geographical distribution. Along temperature distribution line of 12℃, U. lesserti is distributed in northern area and U. compactilis is distributed in southern area. Climate change model predicts that climate temperature during the period of 2070 to 2100 will increase by 3.8℃ compared with these days. According to the model, annual climate temperature of Gangwon Province will be 12.8℃ during the period of 2070 to 2100. Thus, two Uroctea species’ distribution line could be predicted to move northward to Gangwon Province during the period of 2070 to 2100. As direction for future researches, three localities where two Uroctea speceis are coexisting, Gopoong-Jungmiso (rice mill) (Chungnam, Seosan-si, Gobuk-myeon, Gagu-ri), Naehyeon-ri (Chungnam, Boryeong-si, Cheongra-myeon), and Chunpo-ri (Jeonbuk, Iksan-si, Chunpo-myeon), need to be monitored. In addition, we need to study how difference of climate temperature affects breeding and development of two Uroctea species. Also it sould be studied how minute climate temperature difference affects habitat competition between two species.

비선형 파동계에서의 파고와 주기 결합 확률분포

박수호,조용준 한국해안,해양공학회 2019 한국해안해양공학회 논문집 Vol.31 No.5

The joint distribution of wave height and period has been maltreated despite of its great engineering value due to the absence of any analytical model for wave period, and as a result, no consensus has been reached about the effect of nonlinearity on these joint distribution. On the other hand, there was a great deal of efforts to study the effects of non-linearity on the wave height distribution over the last decades, and big strides has been made. However, these achievements has not been extended to the joint distribution of wave height and period. In this rationale, we first express the joint distribution of wave height and period as the product of the marginal distribution of wave heights with the conditional distribution of associated periods, and proceed to derive the joint distribution of wave heights and periods utilizing the models of Longuet-Higgins (1975, 1983), and Cavanie et al. (1976) for conditional distribution of wave periods, and height distribution derived in this study. The verification was carried out using numerically simulated data based on the Wallops spectrum, and the nonlinear wave data obtained via the numerical simulation of random waves approaching toward the uniform beach of 1:15 slope. It turns out that the joint distribution based on the height distribution for finite banded nonlinear waves, and Cavanie et al.’s model (1976) is most promising. 파고와 주기 결합분포는 그 공학적 가치에도 불구하고, 주기에 대한 해석 모형의 부재로 인해 파고 분포에 비해 상대적으로 소홀히 다루어져, 현재 비선형성이 주기분포에 미치는 영향에 대해서도 서로 다른 의견이 상존한다. 이에 비해 파고 분포의 경우, 많은 노력이 이루어져 성과가 상당하나, 아직 이러한 성과는 파고와 주기 결합분포로 확대되지 못하였다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 먼저 파고와 주기의 결합분포를 조건부 주기 분포 와 파고 분포의 곱으로 정의하였다. 이어 비선형 불규칙 파동계에서의 파고 분포, 임의의 대역폭을 지니는 비선형 불규칙 파랑계에서의 파고분포를 유도하고, 이를 Longuet-Higgins(1975, 1983), Cavanie et al.(1976)의 조건부 주기 확률분포와 결합하여 새로운 파고와 주기 결합분포를 제시하였다. 검증과정은 Wallops 스펙트럼에 기초하여 수치 모 의된 파랑시계열자료와 경사가 1:15인 단조해안에서 진행되는 불규칙 파랑 천수과정 수치모의를 통해 얻은 강비선 형 파랑자료를 활용하여 수행되었으며, 모의 결과 finite banded waves를 대상으로 한 파고 분포와 Cavanie et al. (1976)의 조건부 주기 확률분포를 활용하는 경우 가장 근접한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

중국영화 배급시장의 특징과 투자 가능성 연구

판루,차승재 동국대학교 영상문화콘텐츠연구원 2020 영상문화콘텐츠연구 Vol.19 No.-

This paper introduces the "Guaranteed Distribution" mode of film distribution through case analysis, and discusses its advantages and disadvantages by comparing with other modes of film distribution. In recent years, a large amount of external capital has flowed into the Chinese film market, which has greatly increased the productivity of the Chinese film market. Not only large film companies, but also many small and medium-sized emerging film companies are involved in the "film capital" game. Among them, the "Valuation Adjustment Mechanism (VAM)" often mentioned in the investment has been introduced into the Chinese film industry, resulting in a new mode of film distribution - Guaranteed Distribution. This new mode of film distribution makes up for some shortcomings of the existing mode of distribution in the Chinese film market, and can also be regarded as the outcome of capital operation. Guaranteed Distribution in China's film industry is still in its infancy, both with some successful cases and many failed cases. This paper mainly discusses the possibility of reproduction of guaranteed distribution in Korean film market. As a new mode of distribution in today's film market, guaranteed distribution is conducive to introducing capital, however the changes and impacts of guaranteed distribution on the film market still need to be further studied and discussed. 본 논문은 사례 분석을 통해서 원금보장배급방식을 소개하였으며 다른 배급 방식과 비교해보고 장단점을 검토하였다. 우선, 최근 몇 년 간 엄청난 액수의 외부 자본이 중국 영화시장에 유입되고 중국영화의 생산 능력을 크게 증가시켰다. 대형 제작사는 물론이고 중소 제작사도 “영화-자본” 게임에 참여하고 있다. 그중에 원래 투자 영역에서 자주 언급됐던 원금 보장 방식은 중국 영화계에 도입되었고 새로운 영화 배급 방식인 원금보장배급방식이 생겼다. 이 새로운 영화 배급 방식은 중국 영화 시장 기존 배급 방식의 단점을 보완하기도 하고 자본 운영 방식의 결과물로도 볼 수 있다. 원금보장배급방식은 중국 영화계에서 아직 초보단계이며 성공한 사례와 실례한 사례가 모두 존재한다. 그리고 초보단계인 원금보장배급방식을 한국 영화 시장에서 도입할 가능성도 한번 검토 시도하였다. 향후 연구에서 원금 보장 투자 배급 방식과 같은 새로운 배급 방식이 기존의 영화 시장에 미칠 영향을 최대한 파악할 수 있도록 영화 시장의 자본 유입 및 활동 상황을 상시 확인해야 한다고 본다.