Pattern of concepts of determinant and matrix and effective concept learning

박홍경 장전수학회 2009 Proceedings of the Jangjeon mathematical society Vol.12 No.1

It has been recently studied on the effectivity of concept learning for theory of vectors. Theory of vectors and matrix theory constitute of main topics in linear algebra. In the present paper, we discuss with the pattern of concepts of determinant and matrix which are fundamental in matrix theory. Its pattern is divided into three types, namely intuitive concepts, logical concepts and formal concepts. And then, we consider several suggestions for an effective concept learning in teaching matrix theory.

메시지 전달 기법을 이용한 개념도 구축 시스템의 설계 및 구현

이크발 카심,이동호,정진우,허지욱 한국정보과학회 2013 데이타베이스 연구 Vol.29 No.1

Concept map is a graphical tool that is widely used for organizing and representing knowledge and shows the relationships among related concepts. Automatic concept map construction from text documents requires methods for extracting concepts and relationships (taxonomic and non-taxonomic). Even though a lot of studies have been conducted to automatically construct a concept map, they still have some limitations such as a resolution of anaphora problem and defining relationships to form propositions. In this paper, we propose a clustering-based approach for constructing a concept map from text documents. First, relevant concepts are extracted using typed dependency linguistic patterns. Anaphoric resolution for pronouns is then introduced to map the pronouns with candidate terms. Second, extracted concepts are clustered using affinity propagation algorithm. Finally, relationships are assigned between the extracted concepts in each cluster. Our empirical results show that the constructed concept maps conform to the outputs generated manually by domain experts. Furthermore, domain experts verified that the constructed concept maps are in accordance with their knowledge. 개념도는 지식체계를 조직화하고 표현하기 위해 사용되는 도구로서 서로 관련이 있는 개념들 간의 관계성을 나타내게 된다. 텍스트 문서로부터 개념도를 자동으로 추출하는 과정은 개념과 개념들 간의 분류적/비분류적 관계를 추출하는과정을 필요로 한다. 개념도의 자동 구축과 관련하여 많은 연구들이 진행되고 있지만, 대명사의 대용 해소 문제, 개념간 관련성에 대한 방향성 할당 문제 등 여전히 많은 개선점들이 필요한 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 텍스트 문서로부터 개념도를 자동으로 구축하기 위한 클러스터링 기반의 기법을 제안한다. 제안하는 시스템의 흐름은 다음과 같다. 먼저, 의존문법 규칙을 이용하여 도메인 개념들을 추출하고 대명사에 대한 대용 해소 문제를 해결하기 위한 방법을 적용함으로써문서 내 대명사들을 추출된 개념들과 연결한다. 그 후, 친근도 전파 알고리즘을 활용하여 추출된 도메인 개념들에 대한클러스터링을 수행한다. 마지막으로, 구축 된 각각의 클러스터내의 개념들간의 관련성을 할당함으로써 개념도를 구축한다. 정보 시스템 도메인 문서들에 대하여 제안하는 기법에 의하여 구축된 개념도와 해당 도메인의 전문가에 의하여 구축된 개념도간의 비교를 통하여 성능 평가를 수행하였다. 실험 결과를 통해, 본 논문에서 제안하는 기법은 도메인 전문가들에 의하여 수동으로 구축된 개념도와 유사한 수준의 개념도를 구축할 수 있음을 보였다.

Analysis of Concept`s Diversity and Proximity for Photosynthesis in Grade 7 Students

( Soo Min Lim ),( Jae Hoon Jeong ),( Young Shin Kim ) 한국과학교육학회 2012 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.32 No.6

Concepts of science have been developed by occupying ``ecological niche`` within conceptual ecology. The ecological niche is determined from the mutual effect between intellectual environmental of the learner and new concept, which few studies have been conducted. This study examined how the ecological niche of the concept of photosynthesis in 7th grade is changed by instruction. The ecological niche was analyzed using 2 methods: (1) the change in the diversity of concepts, and (2) the change in the proximity of concepts based on the frequency and the relativeness score of the concepts. The concept of photosynthesis was analyzed in the 4 domains in the place of photosynthesis, products of photosynthesis, reactants of photosynthesis, and environmental factors. The results of this study are as follows: (1) reduced diversity of concepts, (2) increased frequency and relativeness score of the scientific concepts, and (3) increased proximity of the scientific concepts by instruction. With these results, the mutual effects of the concepts within the conceptual ecology have become active by class to differentiate the relationships between the concepts, which accordingly displayed their changes in status.

Concept Optimization for Mechanical Product Using Genetic Algorithm

Huang Hong Zhong,Bo Rui Feng,Fan Xiang Feng The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers 2005 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.19 No.5

Conceptual design is the first step in the overall process of product design. Its intrinsic uncertainty, imprecision, and lack of information lead to the fact that current conceptual design activities in engineering have not been computerized and very few CAD systems are available to support conceptual design. In most of the current intelligent design systems, approach of principle synthesis, such as morphology matrix, bond graphic, or design catalogues, is usually adopted to deal with the concept generation, in which optional concepts are generally combined and enumerated through function analysis. However, as a large number of concepts are generated, it is difficult to evaluate and optimize these design candidates using regular algorithm. It is necessary to develop a new approach or a tool to solve the concept generation. Generally speaking, concept generation is a problem of concept synthesis. In substance, this process of developing design candidate is a combinatorial optimization process, viz., the process of concept generation can be regarded as a solution for a state-place composed of multi-concepts. In this paper, genetic algorithm is utilized as a feasible tool to solve the problem of combinatorial optimization in concept generation, in which the encoding method of morphology matrix based on function analysis is applied, and a sequence of optimal concepts are generated through the search and iterative process which is controlled by genetic operators, including selection, crossover, mutation, and reproduction in GA. Several crucial problems on GA are discussed in this paper, such as the calculation of fitness value and the criteria for heredity termination, which have a heavy effect on selection of better concepts. The feasibility and intellectualization of the proposed approach are demonstrated with an engineering case. In this work concept generation is implemented using GA, which can facilitate not only generating several better concepts, but also selecting the best concept. Thus optimal concepts can be conveniently developed and design efficiency can be greatly improved.

법에 있어서의 공익 ; 공익의 법문제화

최송화 ( Song Wha Choi ) 서울대학교 법학연구소 2006 서울대학교 法學 Vol.47 No.3

The concept of public interest has been a much frequented topic, and has been examined from a range of different perspectives. Academic discourse is based not only on legal views but also on philosophical, political, economic views. And these multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary studies have advanced the legal concept of public interest. Even in the jurisprudence world, there is a wide range of views on the concept of public interest. In legal philosophy, understanding the relationship between a society and individuals as well as restricting individual rights in the light of the public interest is very important issue. Even in the field of private law, background knowledge of the concept of public interest is a norm in interpreting private contracts. Moreover, the concept of public interest has become a core concept in administrative law theories (Rechtsdogmatik). I have considered public interest theories in the field of administrative law as the Meta-Administrative law theories. This is why I have made efforts to understand the concept in a more relevant way in administrative law during my tenure of professorship. The concept of public interest is a value concept, having many contentions around it. For example, whose interest is the public interest? Who should decide the public interest? Are public interest concepts in many societal spheres different from the state interest? Will we be able to find the normative concept of public interest and follow it or should we make choices based on our preferences? These are the questions that I had in my mind and in order to answer them, we should first look at historical development of the concept. Until the Korean Civil Uprising of 1987 and following democratization of the nation, the public interest had been an ideological concept to justify governmental activities rather than a legal concept that requires reasoning. However, subsequently, small group identities have spread among the Korean people in response to the development of democracy. There has been no unitary understanding of the public interest concept since then. Under the circumstances, lawyers should analyze the concept of public interest in their legal reasoning. Also, public interest has become a legal topos and a general principle of administrative law in deciding legitimacy of administrative actions. Therefore, argumentation of the public interest is a problem of not only the Administration but also the Legislature and the Judiciary. The legislature has to prescribe legislative clauses in a concrete way in terms of the concept of public interest. It should prepare a standard for balancing conflicting interests in confirming the public interest. Also, it should design the process of confirming public interests as a justifying procedure. The Judiciary should change the process of confirming public interests as a justifying procedure as well. It needs to shift its reviewing points from content legitimacy to procedural legitimacy in decision-making process. Moreover, it should analyze multi-dimensional mechanisms of interests in terms of confirming relevant public interests. Finally, it should systematize standards for balancing conflicting interests. The paradigm shift of public administration is an on-going process. `Deregulation`, `reinventing government` and `outsourcing` have been changing the process of public decision-making. However, in the process, only the efficiency and utility factors are being emphasized while democratic values, fundamental human rights and rule of law are sometimes left out. We have to develop more relevant legal argument based on the concept of public interest in order to protect the basic values of public law. I hope today`s discourse will contribute to the legal argumentation of the public interest and the effective resolution of contemporary interest conflicts.

불교 사회복지개념 재구성

임해영(Lim Hae-young) 불교학연구회 2005 불교학연구 Vol.12 No.-

  Since the concept of Buddhist social welfare is the starting point of securing its identity by prescribing practical ideas of what it is and does, it"s very critical to define its concept. Two of the most common ways to define a concept are concept formation and concept reconstruction; the former involves creating a new concept, while the latter collecting representative concepts already formed and extracting essential characteristics out of them.<BR>  In this study the method of concept reconstruction was adopted to collect various concepts of Buddhist social welfare and to reorganize the essential meanings of them, thus reconstructing the concept of Buddhist social welfare. Those efforts resulted in the concepts of Buddhism being specialized in welfare idea, subject of action, social system and organization, and self-realization. And the concepts of social welfare turned out to have become specialized in the areas of private social welfare, acts of Buddhist welfare activities, and social efforts for happiness pursuit by social members.<BR>  By organizing the conceptual characteristics of Buddhism and social welfare as above, the study reconstructed the concept of Buddhist social welfare as "each individual Buddhist and the Buddhist organization, which was a social organization based on the welfare ideas of "Enlightment" and "salvation of mankind" conduct activities of private social welfare which made social efforts for the sake of happiness pursuit of social members and ultimate self-realization".

표상에서 개념으로, 개념에서 표상으로: 헤겔의 학문 체계의 형성에서 표상의 위상과 기능에 대하여

정대훈 서양근대철학회 2022 근대철학 Vol.19 No.-

This study deals with the function and status of representation in relation to concepts, paying attention to the aspect of the formation process of Hegel’s system. It can be widely agreed that the process until the formation of the Science of Logic, the basis of the system, is a process of sublating from representation to concept. In addition to this, this study notes that the formation of the other half of Hegel’s system owes to a process that can be named as the ‘movement from concept to representation’ in various fields of ‘real philosophy’ after the Science of Logic. First, in this paper, ‘movement from representation to concept’ is analyzed from two aspects. First, in Hegel’s system of thought, representation has the dual aspect of being irreplaceable and inappropriate in the process of forming a universal knowledge of the Sache, which leads to a concept (Chapter 2). Second, the inappropriateness of a representation lies in the nature of its synthesis. Because of the flaws of synthesis, the representation has no choice but to proceed to the concept. In this article, I exemplify the synthetic nature of representation in the areas of Phenomenology of Spirit, philosophy of the subjective mind, and aesthetics, respectively(Chapter 3). Next, this paper analyses on the process of forming “philosophical sciences” in each field after Science of Logic, naming it the ‘movement from concept to representation’ process. This analysis has three steps. First, it was through his lectures that Hegel formed a system in each field after Science of Logic. The representation used in the lecture had a systemic aspect in addition to its pedagogical function (Chapter 4). I then argue that the ‘movement from conception to representation’ is important in the formation of the ‘real philosophy’(Chapter 5). Furthermore, in the last chapter of this paper, it is argued that the ‘movement from conception to representation’, which forms the ‘real philosophy’, is once again achieved through a continuous reciprocation between representation and concept, and I illustrate this reciprocating motion through the analysis on the ‘sacrifice’ and ‘Cunning of Reason’ in Hegel’s philosophical consideration of world history(Chapter 6). 본 연구는 헤겔 체계의 형성 과정이라는 측면에 주목하여 개념과의 관계에서 표상이 차지하는 기능과 위상을 다룬다. 체계의 토대인 논리의 학문이 형성될 때까지의 과정은 표상으로부터 개념으로의 지양 과정이라는 점에 대해서는 널리 합의될 수 있다. 본 연구는 여기에 더하여 헤겔의 체계의 나머지 절반의 형성은 논리의 학문 이후 실재철학적 여러 학문 분야에서 ‘개념으로부터 표상으로의 운동’으로 명명될 수 있는 과정에 빚지고 있음에 주목한다. 본고에서는 우선 ‘표상으로부터 개념으로의 운동’을 두 측면에서 분석한다. 첫째, 헤겔의 사상 체계에서 표상은 개념으로 나아가는, 사태에 대한 보편적 인식의 형성 과정에서 부적합하면서도 대체불가능하다는 이중적 측면을 가지고 있다(2장). 둘째, 표상이 갖는부적합성은 그것이 갖는 종합의 성격에 있다. 종합이 갖는 결함 때문에 표상은개념으로 나아갈 수 밖에 없다. 필자는 표상의 종합적 성격을 정신현상학, 주관정신의 철학, 미학의 영역에서 각각 예시한다(3장). 다음으로 본고는 <논리의 학문> 이후 헤겔이 각 분야의 “철학적 학문들”을 형성해 나가는 과정에 주목하여이를 ‘개념으로부터 표상으로의 운동’ 과정으로 명명하고 이를 분석한다. 이 분석은 세 단계를 거친다. 첫째, 헤겔이 논리학 이후 각 분야의 체계를 형성해 간것은 강의를 통해서였다. 강의에서 사용된 표상은 교육학적 기능 이외에도 체계형성적 측면도 가지고 있었다(4장). 그다음 필자는 ‘개념으로부터 표상으로의 운동’이 실재철학의 형성에 중요하다는 것을 본격적으로 논증한다(5장). 나아가, 본고의 마지막 장에서 필자는 실재철학을 형성하는 ‘개념으로부터 표상으로의 운동’이 다시금 표상과 개념 간의 지속적인 왕복운동을 통해 이루어진다는 점과, 그 실례로서 세계사의 철학 영역에서 ‘이성의 책략’이라는 표상이 어떠한 역동적인자로서 기능하는지를 논증한다(6장).

헤겔의 특수 개념 : 보편, 특수, 개별의 변증법 (2)

강순전(Kang Soon Jeon) 서강대학교 철학연구소 2021 철학논집 Vol.64 No.-

본 논문은 보편, 특수, 개별의 변증법에 대한 연구의 두 번째 단계로서헤겔의 특수 개념을 탐구한다. 특수 개념은 보편과 특수한 규정들의 결합으로서 규정된 개념이다. 내용을 갖는 모든 개념은 규정된 개념이다. 헤겔은 통상적 의미의규정된 개념인 추상적 보편을 비판하면서 자신의 고유한 규정된 개념, 특수 개념을제시한다. 따라서 헤겔의 특수 개념에 대한 탐구를 위해서 우선 통상적으로 규정성이 보편 개념의 내용을 채우는 방식과 헤겔이 파악하는 특수성과 보편성의 관계가어떻게 다른지가 고찰되어야 한다. 통상적으로 규정된 개념은 추상적 보편으로 간주되며, 추상적 보편을 구성하는 보편과 특수한 규정성들은 서로 외적인 관계를 맺는다. 하지만 헤겔은 특수한 규정성들을 보편 자신의 자기구별의 결과로 간주하기때문에, 양자는 내적인 연관 속에 통일되어 있다. 본 논문에서는 추상적 보편으로서의 통상적 개념에 대한 헤겔의 상세한 비판이 분석될 것이다. 이와 함께 어떻게헤겔이 규정적 개념으로서의 추상적 보편에서의 보편과 특수한 규정성의 오성적 결합 방식을 비판하면서 이성적 결합 방식으로 이행하는지가 탐구될 것이다. 이를 통해 도달한 보편과 특수의 이성적 통일이 다름 아닌 개별 개념임이 밝혀질 것이다. This paper studies Hegel s particular concept as the second step in the study of the dialectic of the universal, particular, and individual. The particular concept ist a determined concept as a combination of particular determinations and universality. Every concept with contents is a determined concept. Hegel presents his own determined concept, particular concept, criticizing the abstract universal, which is a determined concept in the usual sense. Therefore, in order to explore Hegel s particular concept, it is first necessary to examine how the usual way of filling contents of the universal concept with determinations and the relationship between the particularity and the universality that Hegel grasps are different from each other. Usually determined concepts are regarded as abstract universals, and the particular determinations and the universality constituting the abstract universal form an external relationship with each other. However, since Hegel regards particular determinations as the result of self-discrimination of the universality, both are united in an inner connection. In this paper, Hegel s detailed critique of the common concept as an abstract universal will be analyzed. In addition, it will be explored how Hegel transitions to a rational method of combining particular determinations and universality, criticizing the understanding’s method of combining the both in the abstract universal as a determined concept. Through this, it will be revealed that the rational unification of the universal and the particular reached is nothing but an individual concept.

헌법제정권력: 갱신(更新) 중의 개념

조동은 한국헌법학회 2023 憲法學硏究 Vol.29 No.2

The concept of constituent power is often invoked in jurisprudence and literature to account for the origin and supremacy of the constitution, the limits of constitutional amendment, and the basis of constitutional interpretation. Nevertheless, the concept of constituent power has been under criticism for quite some time, and there remains today some full-fledged arguments to dispense with it as a mythical concept, unnecessary or harmful. In order to answer the question of whether the concept of constituent power has meaning and value on the horizon of constitutional law scholarship today, it might be useful to confront these contemporary criticisms alongside a consideration of the history of the concept. A noteworthy point in the historical examination of the concept of constitutional power is the fact that Sieyès tried to distance the concept of constituent power from that of sovereignty. While Sieyès proposed ‘pouvoir constituant’ as a concept that expresses the ‘the political authority of the people’, he rejected the idea of sovereignty as a “monastic” and “colossal” that cannot give adequate explanatory function of modern form of political legitimacy. Carl Schmitt, on the other hand, who inherited the concept of constituent power from Sieyès but closely linked it to the concept of sovereignty, used the unmediated delegation of constituent power as a basis for justifying a transitional sovereign dictatorship that suspended all separation of powers. Contemporary critiques of the concept of constituent power take several forms. A positivist version suggests that the concept of constituent power as a immediate presence without representation, “das formlos Formende” is itself inconceivable. In addition, the concept reduces the question of validity and legitimacy of the legal order to the question of “who” created the constitution, while the circumstances regarding the enactment of a legal norm cannot be an independent, determinative basis for the obligation to obey the law. A normativist version argues that the concept of constituent power fails to explain coherently the problem of law's authority for it locates the source of law's authority outside the legal order. But as emphasized by Fuller and Dworkin, the authority of law is better explained by the internal morality of the legal order and this renders the concept of constituent power unnecessary. The former view contends that constitutions can only be justified in terms of their conformity to extralegal moral and practical considerations, and thus a concept of constituent power that centers on the question of “who” made them loses its importance. The latter view argues that constitutions can be justified through internal morality of the law itself, and thus the question of constitutional authority that locates the source of their authority outside the legal order is not raised in the first place. The view that the constituent power is “das formlos Formende”, the presence of the people without representation, however, may be just one interpretation of constituent power, but not the only one. Rather, Sieyès' concept which emphasizes the limited powers of the extraordinary representative in constitution-making, seems to be closely linked to considerations on the process of representation. In addition, understanding constitution-making power as extra-legal authority without any normative dimension or ‘plenitudo potestatis’, free of any legal constraints seems to be a distinctively Schmittian interpretation. It should not be overlooked that the concept of the constitution that the critiques presuppose underscores the meaning of positive ‘written’ constitution as a product of actual political processes. However, it is necessary to consider in a serious manner the problem of mystification and possible misuse of the concept of constitutional power that these criticisms highlight. It is my suggestion that the prospect of overcomi... 헌법제정권력 개념은 헌법 판례나 문헌에서 헌법의 원천과 우위, 헌법개정의 한계, 헌법해석의 근거 등을 설명하기 위하여 종종 소환되고 있다. 그럼에도 헌법제정권력 개념에 대한 비판론 역시 상당기간 존재해 왔고, 불필요하거나 해악을 초래하는 신화적 개념이라는 이유로 그 개념적 시민권을 박탈하자는 주장이 오늘날까지도 제기되고 있다. 헌법제정권력 개념이 오늘날 헌법학의 지평에서 의미와 가치를 가지는지의 문제에 답변하기 위해서는 그 개념의 역사에 관한 고찰과 더불어 이러한 현대적 비판론을 검토해 보는 것이 하나의 유용한 접근방식일 수 있다. 헌법제정권력 개념의 발생사적 점검과 관련하여 주목할 만한 지점은 시에예스 본인이 주권 개념과 헌법제정권력 개념을 차별화하고 거리를 두려 한 대목이다. 시에예스는 인민이 정치적 권위로서의 지위를 확보해 나가는 역사적 상황 속에서 그 권위의 속성과 원리를 표현하는 개념으로 헌법제정권력을 제안하였고, 그와 동시에 주권 개념은 헌법제정권력 개념이 내포하는 권력의 제도적 분립을 설명할 수 없는 ‘수도원적’이고 ‘거신적’인 관념이라는 이유로 배척하였다. 반면, 시에예스로부터 헌법제정권력 개념을 계승하면서도 이를 주권 개념과 긴밀하게 결부시킨 칼 슈미트는 모든 권력분립을 중단시키는 과도기적 주권적 독재를 정당화하는 근거로 헌법제정권력의 무매개적 위임을 원용하였다. 헌법제정권력 개념에 대한 현대의 비판적 입론들은 여러 형태로 제기된다. 대표 없는 현존, “형식 없는 형성자”로서의 헌법제정권력 개념은 그 자체로 불가능할 뿐만 아니라, 헌법제정권력 개념은 법질서의 효력과 정통성을 ‘누가’ 최고규범인 헌법을 제정했는지의 문제로 환원시키는데 누가 법규범을 만들었는지는 법준수의무를 창출하는 독자적 근거가 될 수 없다는 주장이 그 중 하나이다(실증주의적 버전). 다른 한편, 헌법제정권력 개념은 법의 권위의 원천을 법질서 외부에 위치시킴으로써 일관성 있게 법의 권위 문제를 설명하는 데 실패하며, 풀러나 드워킨이 강조하는 법질서 내적 도덕성만으로 법의 권위 문제를 설명하는 것이 더 타당하다는 주장도 제기된다(규범주의적, 원리주의적 버전). 전자는 헌법은 법외적인 도덕적, 실체적 고려들에 합치되는지 여부에 따라 정당화될 수 있을 뿐이므로 ‘누가’ 제정했는지의 문제를 중심에 놓는 헌법제정권력 개념은 필요치 않다고 보는 반면, 후자는 헌법이 법 내적 도덕성을 통해 정당화될 수 있으므로 법질서 외부에 그 효력의 근거를 위치시키는 헌법제정권력 개념이 당초 불필요하다고 보는 것이다. 그러나 헌법제정권력 개념이 대표관계 및 대표과정과 아무런 관계가 없다고 보는 것은 헌법제정권력에 대한 특정한 해석에 관한 것일 수는 있어도 유일하게 가능한 해석이라고 보기는 어렵다. 오히려 헌법제정에 있어 특별대표의 한정된 권한을 강조하는 시에예스의 헌법제정권력 개념에는 대표관계와 대표과정에 대한 고려가 긴밀하게 결부되어 있다고 보인다. 또한 헌법제정권력을 아무런 규범적 차원을 가지지 않는 사실적 권위 또는 법적 제약 없는 전능한 권한으로 이해하는 것도 슈미트적 해석에 과도하게 경도된 것으로 보인다. 비판론들이 전제하고 있는 헌법 개념이 정치과정의 산물이라는 실정헌법의 속성을 외면하거나 과소평가하고 있다는 점도 간과하여 ...

초등학교 5·6학년 학생의 시간개념 분석

김부경 한국역사교육학회 2016 역사교육연구 Vol.- No.24

Main interest and purpose of this research lie in analyzing the time concept having been kept in students by paying attention to the time concept that could be said as the basic of learning history. For doing so, this study made a basement for doing the research by reviewing the meaning of time concept, content elements, and development characteristics by age, and investigated and analyzed the time concept of students by dividing the time concept into designation concept, chronological concept, and period concept through questionnaire and interview methods based on it. The reason of setting up the 5th/6th grade students in elementary school as research objects was that they were old enough to understand changes and causality, and got influence of history teaching under current curriculum, and thus this study intended to prepare an opportunity of looking back historical education having been carried out now. The time concept of the 5th/6th students in elementary school shown in the analytical results are as follows. In the scope of designation concept, the students have contacted with terms indicating historical time a lot in daily life and textbooks, they felt familiar with it, and equipped with linguistic, mathematical cognitive state by which the meaning of terms could be received, but they did not reach to understanding and utilizing levels because of not having direct learning experiences. Also, a fact was exposed that they had difficulties in understanding other concept if the designation concept was not acquired. Meanwhile, differences of response levels among students occurred largely compared to other scopes in the scope of chronological concept. As the analytical results, making differences of response levels were derived from whether they grasped period, event, character, and cultural heritage contextually or not. So, students having only fragmentary knowledge in which contexts were omitted did not list the order of each item, and showed several misconceptions in the process of it. In addition, the ability of grasping temporal distance and duration was insufficient because they were unripe in using chronology. In the scope of period concept, a recognition such like the period was designated originally instead of being created by posterity could be glanced, and fragmentary knowledge by memorization was operated as limitation in recognizing the time like the scope of chronological concept. Moreover, subjective recognition on historical facts was not displayed, and understanding levels on late the Joseon Dynasty were low especially among a lot of periods. Though research results same as the above have difficulties in generalizing them owing to limited research objects, the meaning of this study can be found in that it emphasized the importance of time concept having been dealt with negligently in historical education and made an opportunity of introspection on existing elementary history education by looking into the actual period concept kept in students. 본 연구의 주된 관심과 목적은 역사학습의 기초라고 할 수 있는 시간개념에 주목하여 실제 학생들이 가지고 있는 시간개념을 분석하는데 있다. 이를 위해 시간개념의 의미와 내용 요소, 연령별 발달 특징 등을 검토하여 연구를 위한 토대를 만들고 그것을 기준으로 질문지법과 면접법을통해 학생들의 시간개념을 시간표현개념, 연대개념, 시대개념으로 나누어 조사·분석해 보았다. 연구 대상을 초등학교 5·6학년으로 설정한 이유는 변화와 인과관계를 이해할 수 있는 연령이고, 현행 교육과정 상 역사 교육의 영향을 받은 학생들이기 때문에 학생들의 실태조사를 통해 현재이루어지고 있는 역사 교육을 되돌아보는 계기를 마련해보고자 했기 때문이다. 분석결과 나타난초등학교 5·6학년 학생들의 시간개념은 다음과 같다. 시간표현개념 영역에서는 역사적 시간을 나타내는 용어들을 일상생활과 교과서에서 많이 접해보았기 때문에 친숙하게 느끼고 있었고, 이러한 용어의 의미를 받아들일 수 있는 언어적·수학적 인지상태를 갖추고 있었으나 직접적인 학습 경험이 없었기 때문에 이해와 활용의 수준에는 이르지 못하고 있었다. 또한 시간표현개념 영역과 다른 영역의 관련성을 살펴본 결과, 시간표현개념이 습득되지 않으면 다른 개념의 이해에도 어려움을 겪는 것으로 드러났다. 연대개념 영역에서는 다른 영역들보다 학생들 간의 응답 수준별 차이가 크게 발생했다. 분석결과, 응답 수준의 차이를 만드는 것은 시대·사건·인물·문화재 등을 맥락적으로 파악하고 있느냐의 여부였다. 시대·사건·인물·문화재 등을 맥락적으로 파악하고 있는 학생들은 역사도서나 지인의 설명, 대중매체를 통해 습득한 내용을 교과서 지식과 연결짓고 있었다. 반대로 맥락이 생략된 단편적인 지식만을 가지고 있는 학생들은 각 항목의 순서를 나열하지 못했고 그 과정에서 여러 가지 오개념을 보였다. 또한 연표의 사용이 미숙하여 시간적 거리와 지속기간을 파악하는 능력이 미흡했다. 시대개념 영역에서는 시대가 후세에 의해 창조된 것이 아닌 원래부터 정해진 것이라는 인식을엿볼 수 있었으며, 연대개념 영역과 마찬가지로 암기로 인한 단편적 지식들이 시대 인식을 하는데 한계로 작용하고 있었다. 또한 역사적 사실에 대한 주관적 인식이 나타나지 않았으며 여러 시대들 중 조선 후기 이후에 대한 이해도가 특히 낮았다. 위의 분석결과를 통해 얻은 교육적 실천방향에 대한 제언은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 시간표현용어에 대한 직접적인 내용 및 활동의 제시가 필요하다. 둘째, 역사적 맥락의 파악을 위한 내러티브의 제공이 필요하다. 셋째, 시간개념 학습을 적용하기 위해서는 먼저 학생들의 인지수준을 파악해야하며, 마지막으로 시간개념 인식과정에서 나타나는 오개념의 면밀한 분석을 통해 학생들이 실제로 느끼는 어려움과 그 원인을 살펴볼 필요가 있을 것이다. 이상과 같은 조사 연구의 결과는 한정된 연구 대상으로 인해 일반화시키기 어렵다는 한계가있으나, 그동안 역사교육에서 소홀히 다루어졌던 시간개념의 중요성을 환기시키고 학생들이 가진 시대개념의 실제를 살핌으로써 기존의 초등 역사 교육에 대한 성찰의 기회를 마련했다는 데에의의가 있다.