Carnitine과 Caffeine의 투여가 운동수행력과 에너지 대사 및 피로물질에 미치는 영향

김명수,김성희,이신호 한국웰니스학회 2012 한국웰니스학회지 Vol.7 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 장기간의 지구성 운동 전 caffeine과 carnitine의 단독 투여 및 caffeine과 carnitine 혼합 투여시 운동 수행력과 지방(FFA, triglyceride, glycerol)과 탄수화물(glucose, pyruvate)의 에너지 기질 및 운동 수행력에 영향을 주는 피로물질인 lactate의 변화를 관찰하여 장기간의 지구성 운동 수행력의 향상 방안을 제시하는데 본 연구의 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 대상자는 건강한 남자 대학생 5명을 대상으로 하였으며, 비 투여, carnitine, caffeine 및 혼합 투여의 네 가지 실험조건에 따른 최대산소섭취량의 75%에서 운동 테스트를 실시하여 총 4회의 실험에 참가하였다. 투여물질을 달리한 처치 순서는 이중 맹검에 의한 무작위 할당법을 적용하였다. 또한 5명의 피험자들에게 운동 1시간 전에 carnitine, caffeine 및 혼합 투여하였고, 채혈은 안정시, 운동30분, 운동60분, 운동 종료로 총 4회를 실시하여 운동수행력, 에너지 기질 및 피로물질의 변화를 분석하였다. 에너지 보충제 투여 후 운동수행력은 혼합 투여, caffeine 투여, carnitine 투여, 비 투여 순으로 혼합 투여시가 가장 향상되었으며, 통계적으로도 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 지방 대사(FFA, glycerol)는 caffeine과 혼합 투여가 비투여와 carnitine 투여에 비해 탈진 시점에서 높게 나타났고, 탄수화물 대사(pyruvate)는 carnitine, caffeine, 혼합 투여가 비투여에 비해 탈진 시점에서 낮게 나타났으며, 피로물질(lactate)은 carnitine, caffeine, 혼합 투여가 비투여에 비해 탈진 시점에서 낮게 나타났다. 종합하면 carnitine과 caffeine의 단독투여 뿐만 아니라 혼합 투여도 장기간의 운동시 지방 대사를 증가시키고 탄수화물 대사를 감소시키며 피로물질의 생성을 억제함으로써 운동수행력을 향상시키는 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것으로 판단된다. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of caffeine, carnitine and mix supplements on exercise performing ability, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and lactate. Five undergraduate subjects were participated in the study. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, all subjects performed a VO2max exercise test. A resting blood samples was obtained(referred to as ?60 min), and the subject ingested placebo, carnitine, caffeine and mix. Lipid(free fatty acids, triglyceride, glycerol) and carbohydrate(glucose, pyruvate), lactate were analyzed after blood sampling, which was taken four times in before exercise, after 30 min, 60 min of exercise, after finishing exercise performance. The findings of the study showed that 1) Significant difference between groups over time was observed in time to exhaustion(p<0.05). 2) The caffeine and mix group was higher than non-ingestion and carnitine group on lipid(FFA, glycerol) metabolism after exercise. 3) The carnitine, caffeine and mix group was lower than non-ingestion group on carbohydrate(pyruvate) metabolism after exercise. 4) The carnitine, caffeine and mix group was lower than non-ingestion group on lactate level after exercise. In conclusion, the findings of the current study indicate that carnitine, caffeine and mix supplement has a positive effect on exercise performing ability, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and lactate.

Determination of Carnitine Renal Threshold and Effect of Medium-Chain Triglycerides on Carnitine Profiles in Newborn Pigs

Heo, K.N.,Odle, J.,Lin, X.,van Kempen, T.A.T.G.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.2

Colostrum deprived, newborn pigs (N=12, $1.64{\pm}0.05kg$) were used to study the renal threshold of carnitine, and effects of emulsified medium-chain triglyceride (MCT, tri-8:0) feeding on kinetics of plasma carnitine and urinary carnitine excretion. An arterial catheter was inserted through an umbilical artery, and a bladder catheter was inserted via the urachus. Piglets were oro-gastrically gavaged with one of six carnitine levels (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, $480{\mu}mol/kg\;W^{0.75}$) with (+MCT) or without medium-chain triglycerides (-MCT) in 0.9% NaCl solution. Blood was sampled into heparinized tubes at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, and 20 h after gavage, and urine was collected and pooled into 1 h or 2 h composite samples to determine free- and short-chain carnitine concentrations. Plasma from the 12 newborn piglets before gavage contained $10.6{\pm}1.2{\mu}mol/L$ free carnitine and $7.2{\pm}0.6{\mu}mol/L$ acid-soluble acyl carnitine. The renal threshold for carnitine was similar between the MCT and the +MCT group (42.6 13.1 and $46.4{\pm}2.0{\mu}mol/L$, respectively), but the correlation between plasma free carnitine and urinary excretion was altered. Plasma free carnitine linearly increased with increasing carnitine dosage (-MCT group, $R^2=0.95$, p<0.001; +MCT group, $R^2=0.91$, p<0.001), but was decreased by 50% when medium-chain triglycerides were fed. The peak in plasma free carnitine concentration was depressed by medium-chain triglycerides feeding also. Therefore, the plasma and urinary short-chain/free carnitine ratio of the +MCT group was increased by 100% and 40%, respectively (p<0.01). Feeding of medium-chain triglycerides may delay plasma carnitine elevation via altering the kinetics of absorption. Similarly, the plasma and urinary short-chain/free carnitine ratio were affected by interaction between medium-chain triglycerides and time (p<0.01). The present study suggests that an oral carnitine dose over $480{\mu}mol/kg\;W^{0.75}$ may be needed to reach the free carnitine renal threshold within a short period, especially when provided together with medium-chain triglyceride.

자연과학편 : 유산소 운동시 Carnitine 섭취가 여자 대학생의 체지방율, 혈중 지질 및 Leptin 함량에 미치는 영향

이지현(JiHyunLee),조정호(JungHoCho),신말연(MalRyunShin),최혜진(HeaGinChoi),최보인(BoInChoi),김희정(HeeJungKim) 한국체육학회 2006 한국체육학회지 Vol.45 No.2

본 연구는 유산소 운동수행 시 적정량의 carnitine을 섭취하였을 때 여자대학생의 체지방율, 혈중지질 및 leptin에 미치는 영향과 각 관찰변인들 간의 상관을 파악하여 안전한 보조제로서의 carnitine의 효능을 규명하고, 운동과 이상적인 신체조성에 필요한 실험적 자료를 제공하는데 연구의 목적이 있다. 여대생 21명으로 구성되었으며 이들을 완전 임의배열법에 의해 7명씩 세 집단으로 분류하였다. Group Ⅰ은 placebo 6g, group Ⅱ는 carnitine 3g+placebo 3g, group Ⅲ는 carnitine 6g을 6주간의 운동 시작 약 30분 전에 섭취하도록 하였다. 통계처리는 공변량 분석, 상관분석 및 회귀분석 등을 적용하여 분석하였다. 실험결과 그룹 간 모든 변인에서 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 6주간 최대6g의 carnitine 섭취 시 부작용은 관찰되지 않아 인체에는 안전한 것으로 인식되며, 여대생을 대상으로 한 보다 명확한 카르니틴의 효능을 규명하기 위해서 운동형태, carnitine 섭취량, 개개인의 트레이닝 상태 등을 고려한 다각적인 연구가 수반된다면 보다 긍정적인 변화를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of carnitine supplementation with aerobic exercise on percent body fat, blood lipid, and leptin in college females. 21 college females were randomly assigned to one of three groups, i.e., GroupI(n=7):placebo(6g/day); GroupII(n=7):carnitine(3g/day)+placebo(3g/day); GroupIII(n=7):carnitine (6g/day) with aerobic exercise for 6 weeks. For aerobic exercise, they performed treadmill exercise(60-90%HRmax, 3-5d/w, 20-30min/d). Analysis of covariance, analysis of multiple correlation and analysis of simple regression were used to determine the statistical significance. There were no significant differences in percent body fat, blood lipid, and leptin. In conclusion, 6 week-experiment period might not be long enough to observe the effect of the carnitine supplementation on percent body fat, blood lipid, and leptin. In addition to extension of the experiment time, exercise types, carnitine dosage and training status of individuals are considered as the logical extension of the current research.

자연과학편 : Carnitine과 (-)-hydroxycitric acid 투여가 지구성 운동 중 에너지 기질 이용 및 운동지속시간에 미치는 영향

최성근(SungKeunChoi) 한국체육학회 2007 한국체육학회지 Vol.46 No.5

본 연구는 carnitine과 HCA의 단독 및 복합섭취가 지구성 운동에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위한 것이었다. 여자대학생 9명을 대상으로 최대산소섭취량의 40%로 1시간 동안 운동을 실시하고 그 이후부터 70%강도로 탈진 시까지 운동할 때 에너지 기질과 호르몬 변화 및 운동지속시간을 분석하였다. 피검자는 carnitine 단독투여, HCA 단독투여, carnitine과 HCA 복합투여 그리고 물투여로 구분하였다. 본 실험의 운동과정 전 5일 동안 단독투여의 경우 carnitine 3g과 HCA(water-soluble type) 500mg을 250ml의 물과 함께 섭취하였고, carnitine과 HCA의 복합투여는 carnitine 3g에 500mg의 HCA를 250ml의 물과 함께 섭취하였다. 물투여 실험에서는 투여실험과 같은 양의 물을 섭취하도록 하였다. 연구결과를 종합해 보면 HCA를 단독으로 섭취하거나 carnitine과 HCA를 함께 섭취할 경우 호흡상이 감소되고 유리지방산이 증가되어 지방산화의 지표들이 개선되었으며, 젖산농도도 유의하게 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 운동지속시간은 물투여보다 carnitine과 HCA 단독 및 복합투여가 효율적으로 증가되었다. 특히 carnitine과 HCA의 복합투여는 운동지속시간이 86.25분으로 물투여보다 16.12분, carnitine투여와 HCA투여보다 각각 7.12분 및 6.62분 정도 증가되어 상승효과가 확인되었다. 따라서 carnitine과 HCA의 투여량과 투여기간 등을 포함한 다양한 연구가 수행된다면 지구성 운동시 훌륭한 영양보조물질로서 기능을 할 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of this study is to make clear the effects of single and complex administration of carnitine and HCA on endurance exercise. The comprehensive result of this study represented that both cases in HCA only test and in carnitine and HCA complex test, respiratory quotients decreased and free fatty acids increased, and consequently the index of fat oxidation got better and the lactate concentration decreased significantly. Exhaustion time increased more effectively in all cases than in water only case. Especially in complex case exhaustion time recorded 86.25 minutes which confirmed more significant synergy effect than water only case by 16.12 minutes, than carnitine only case by 7.12 minutes, than HCA only case by 6.62 minutes.

흰쥐에서 L-carnitine 투여 후에 혈청 지방산과 Carnitine의 농도 변화

이재원,홍영미 대한소아과학회 2002 小兒科 Vol.45 No.9

흰쥐에서 L-carnitine 투여 후에 혈청 지방산과 Carnitine의 농도 변화

이재원,홍영미,Lee, Jae Won,Hong, Young Mi 대한소아청소년과학회 2002 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.45 No.9

목 적: L-carnitine은 carnitine acyltransferase 효소에 의해 장쇄(long chain)지방산을 세포질에서 미토콘드리아로 이동시킬 때 필요한 효소로 미토콘드리아 내로 이동된 장쇄 지방산은 ${\beta}$-산화를 거쳐 신체의 에너지원으로 사용된다. 비만 치료 방법의 하나로 L-carnitine을 투여하여 간과 근육세포의 산화를 증가시켜 혈청 지방을 감소시키려는 시도가 있으며, 실제로 L-carnitine이 혈청 지방산을 낮추는지를 알아보기 위해 본 연구를 실시하였다. 방 법: 250 g 내외의 Sprague Dawley 쥐를 두 군으로 나누어 실험하였다. A군은 정상 대조군, B군에서 L-carnitine을 200 mg/kg씩 매일 복강 내로 투여하였다. Hitachi 기기를 이용하여 총 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 고분자량 콜레스테롤, 저분자량 콜레스테롤을 측정하였고, 혈청 C6-C18 지방산은 GC/MS 분석에 의해 1일, 1주, 2주에 측정하였다. Cycling 기법을 이용하여 총 carnitine, 유리 carnitine, 아실 carnitine을 정량 분석하였다. 결 과 : 1) 혈청 총 콜레스테롤, 고분자량 콜레스테롤, 저분자량 콜레스테롤은 두 군 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 중성지방은 1주일째에 A군은 $131.3{\pm}31.3mg/dL$인데 반하여 B군은 $90.0{\pm}7.0mg/dL$로 의미있는 감소를 보였다. 2) 혈청 총 지방산은 A군에 비해 B군에서 1주에만 약간의 감소를 보였으나 통계학적 유의성은 없었다. 1주일째 장쇄 지방산인 리놀레인 산(linoleic acid)이 B군에서 A군에 비해 유의하게 감소하였다. 3) L-carnitine투여 후 carnitine(total, free, acyl) 치는 1일째, 1주일째 및 2주일째에 모두 B군이 A군보다 유의하게 높았으나, 유리 carnitine 만이 투여 누적 용량에 따라서 유의한 증가를 보였다. 결 론 : L-carnitine 투여 후 1주일째에 혈중 중성 지방의 농도가 감소하였고, 리놀레인 산이 미토콘드리아 내로 이동함으로 혈중 농도의 감소를 보였다. Purpose : Obesity is known to be associated with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and fatty liver and is thought to be associated with increased levels of free fatty acids. One of the strategies for decreasing free fatty acid levels is stimulation of hepatic lipid oxidation with L-carnitine. Carnitine is an essential cofactor for transport of long-chain fatty acid into mitochondria for oxidation. This study was designed to evaluate the changes of serum fatty acids and carnitine levels after exogenous injection of L-carnitine. Methods : Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups. Group A was control. Group B was given intraperitoneal injection with L-carnitine(200 mg/kg) daily for two weeks. Serum lipid (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) and fatty acid levels were analyzed on the first day of the first and second weeks after injection of L-carnitine. Total, free, and acyl carnitine levels also were performed by a enzymatic cycling techniques at the same day intervals. Results : There was no significant difference between the two groups in total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol levels before and after the administration of L-carnitine. But triglyceride levels were significantly decreased at the first week in group B compared with group A. Among free fatty acids, linoleic acid showed significant decrement(A group : $131.3{\pm}31.3mg/dL$ vs B group : $90.0{\pm}7.0mg/dL$) at the first week. Total, free, and acyl carnitine levels showed significant increments at all days intervals, but only free carnitine showed significant increments according to cumulative doses of carnitine. Conclusion : Plasma linoleic acid, a long-chain fatty acid, showed significant decrement after administration of L-carnitine in the first week. This may suggest that L-carnitine can be used as an antilipidemic agent for obese patients. A prospective study will investigate obese children in the future.

Effects of Dietary L-Carnitine and Protein Level on Plasma Carnitine, Energy and Carnitine Balance, and Carnitine Biosynthesis of 20 kg Pigs

Heo, K.N.,Odle, J.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.11

Growing pigs (N=25; 18 kg) were used to study effects of L-carnitine and protein intake on plasma carnitine, energy and carnitine balance, and carnitine biosynthesis. Corn-soybean meal basal diets containing low or high protein (13.6% or 18%) were formulated so that protein accretion would be limited by metabolizable energy (ME). Each basal diet was supplemented with 0 or 500 mg/kg L-carnitine and limit fed to pigs for 10 d in a balance trial. Final carnitine concentration was compared with weight/age matched pigs measured on d 0 to calculate carnitine retention rates. Supplementation of carnitine increased (p<0.01) plasma free carnitine (by 250%), short-chain (by 160%) and long-chain acyl-carnitine concentrations (by 80%) irrespective of blood sampling time (p<0.01). The proportion of long-chain carnitine esters decreased by 40% (p<0.01) by carnitine supplementation; whereas, the proportion of short-chain acyl-carnitine concentration was not changed (p>0.10). All criteria of energy balance were unaffected by L-carnitine (p>0.10). Total body carnitine retention was increased by 450% over unsupplemented controls (p<0.01). Carnitine biosynthesis rates in pigs fed diets without L-carnitine were estimated at 6.71 and $10.63{\mu}mol{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in low protein and high protein groups, respectively. In supplemented pigs, L-carnitine absorption and degradation in the intestinal tract was estimated at 30-40% and 60-70% of L-carnitine intake, respectively. High protein feeding effect did not affected plasma carnitine concentrations, carnitine biosynthesis or carnitine retention (p>0.10). We conclude that endogenous carnitine biosynthesis may be adequate to maintain sufficient tissue levels during growth, but that supplemental dietary carnitine (at 500 ppm) sufficiently increased plasma acyl-carnitine and total body carnitine.

혈액투석 환자에서 L-carnitine 투여의 효과

김승정 이화여자대학교 의과학연구소 2012 EMJ (Ewha medical journal) Vol.35 No.2

Objectives: Patients receiving hemodialysis have been shown to be carnitine deficient due to many causes. Tissues, especially the skeletal muscle and myocardium, require carnitine for the production of energy. This study was performed to find out the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on muscular symptoms and cardiac functions in dialysis patients. Methods: Among 72 hemodialysis patients, 40 patients who showed decreased free carnitine levels were selected to receive L-carnitine intravenously after each hemodialysis session for 6 months. Before and after supplementation, echocardiography, various neurologic examinations and questionnaires were obtained. Results: After carnitine treatment for 6 months (1∼1.5 g per every hemodialysis session), the blood level of carnitine was increased more than 10 times (19.04±7.12 μmol/L vs. 267.24±69.94 μmol/L, P<0.001). The left ventricular ejection fraction was improved in the patients who have less than 60% of ejection fraction (56.45±2.53% vs. 60.44±6.29%, P=0.03) after carnitine treatment. The neurological symptom score and isometric muscle power(pinch power) were improved, but the total neuropathy score, activities of daily living scale and grip power were not changed after carnitine supplementation on dialysis patients. Conclusion: Regular L-carnitine supplementation on hemodialysis patients can improve their left ventricular ejection fraction and some parts of functionality.

지방간이 동반된 비만아에서 혈청 지방산과 Carnitine 농도에 대한 연구

이진범,이재원,홍영미,Lee, Jin Bum,Lee, Jae Won,Hong, Young Mi 대한소아청소년과학회 2002 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.45 No.9

목 적 : 지속적으로 증가하는 소아 비만은 성인 비만으로 이행되기 쉽고 합병증으로 고혈압, 지방간, 동맥경화증이 동반될 수 있다. Carnitine은 장쇄 지방산이 미토콘드리아로 이동할 때 필요한 조효소로 지방산 대사에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 지방간을 가진 비만 소아에서 혈중 지방산과 carnitine 농도를 측정함으로써 L-carnitine을 임상적으로 비만 치료에 적용할 수 있는지를 알아보고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 방 법 : 7-18세의 지방간으로 진단받은 비만아 9명과 정상 대조군 소아 10명을 대상으로 하였다. 혈장을 sodium borate를 섞어 원심분리 후 하층을 methylene chloride를 이용하여 계층 분리하였고, MSTFA와 acetonitrile을 넣고 유도체화 반응을 시켰다. GC-MS 자동 분석기로 혈청 지방산 fraction을 정량 분석하였고, carnitine(free, acyl, total)은 cycling technique을 이용하여 415 nm에서 정량 분석하였다. 결 과 : 혈중 총 지방산은 지방간이 동반된 비만아 군에서 대조군에 비해 유의하게 증가하였고 특히 장쇄 지방산(myristic acid, palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid)이 의미 있게 증가되어 있었다. 총 carnitine과 유리 carnitine 농도가 비만아에서 정상아에 비해 유의하게 증가하였으나 acyl carnitine은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 지방간이 동반된 비만아에서 장쇄 지방산이 뚜렷이 증가되었으며, 비만아군에서 정상아에 비해 혈청 carnitine이 증가되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이것을 기초로 하여 비만아에서 L-carnitine 투여 후 지방산 대사의 변화에 대해 추후에 연구할 예정이다. Purpose : The prevalence of obese children has recently increased. Obesity is known to be associated with complications such as hypertension, fatty liver, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. L-carnitine is an essential cofactor for the transport of long chain fatty acids into mitochondria for ${\beta}$-oxidation. The purpose of this study is to measure serum free fatty acid and carnitine levels, and evaluate the role of L-carnitine as a therapeutic drug in obese children with fatty liver. Methods : Nine obese children, ranging from seven to 18 years of age, and 10 normal children were examined. Serum lipid(total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol) and fatty acid levels were analyzed. Serum total, free, and acyl carnitine levels were performed also by a new enzymatic cycling technique. Results : Long chain fatty acids(myristic acid, palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid)were significantly increased in obese children compared to the control group. Total, and acyl carnitine levels were significantly increased in obese children compared to the control group. Conclusion : Serum free fatty acid and carnitine levels were significantly increased in obese children with fatty liver compared to the normal control. This may suggest that L-carnitine can be used as antilipidemic agent to decrease fatty acid and lipid levels for obese children. Prospective studies will investigate serum fatty acid and carnitine levels after treatment of L-carnitine in obese children in the future.

Effectiveness of Carnitine-Orotate Complex on Aminotransferase Activity in Patients with Various Metabolic Diseases: A Retrospective Nationwide Real Life Cohort Study

( Dae Won Jun ),( Jun Young Song ),( Woo Seog Kim ),( Sung Gye Lee ),( Jong Sin Lee ),( Eun Kyung Baek ),( Ki San Joo ),( Myung Sook Yoon ),( Young Lim ),( Yook Kim ),( Il Kwon Park ),( Young Cheol Ju 대한간학회 2017 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2017 No.1

Aims: Previous reports demonstrated that carnitine restore mitochondrial and liver function in various liver diseases. We aimed to assess various metabolic profiles after 3 months carnitine-orotate complex (Godex^Ⓡ) treatment in patients with metabolic disease. Methods: We reviewed the records of 544 outpatients (type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension) from 31 primary or secondary care clinics from January 2015 to May 2016 in Korea. The key inclusion criteria were such as following; i) participants who were prescribed antidiabetic, antihypertension, or lipid-lowering drugs, ii) elevated alanine aminotransferase activity more than 40 IU/L, iii) who were newly prescribed carnitine-orotate complex. Biochemical parameters (liver enzyme, glycated hemoglobin, lipid profile) as well as anthropometric markers observed for 3 months. Results: There was no significant weight change between before and after treatment with carnitine-orotate complex (71.55±12.19 kg vs. 71.1±11.8 kg, P=0.5367). After 3 months of combined treatment with carnitine-orotate complex, the rates of normalization of serum ALT and AST levels were 68.2 % and 63.2%, respectively. Mean change in serum ALT levels from before at 3 months was -44.07±36.15 IU/L (P<0.0001) while it was -33.28±39.46 IU/L in serum AST levels (P<0.0001). Carnitine-orotate complex showed improvement in HbA1c level with 0.74 % decrease (P<0.0001) in diabetes. Serum triglyceride level significantly decreased 54.22 mg/dl compare to baseline in dyslipidemic subjects (P<0.0001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure also significantly decrease in hypertensive subjects (-6.84 mmHg vs. -3.86 mmHg, respectively, P<0.0001). Conclusions: Three months of treatment with carnitine-orotate complex effectively decreased liver enzyme in patients with various metabolic diseases.