尙州洛上洞寺址石塔의 樣式과 復元檢討

이순영(Lee, Soon-Young) 한국고대사탐구학회 2016 한국고대사탐구 Vol.24 No.-

신라시대 건립된 ‘전축모방형 석탑’은 현재까지 9기가 확인되는데 모두 경북지역에 분포하고 있다. 이 가운데 경북 상주시 洛上洞寺址에서 확인된 洛上洞石塔은 계단형 옥개석 부재 등으로 전축모방형 석탑임을 확인할 수 있었으나, 발견 당시부터 폐탑으로 쓰러져 있어서 그동안 잘 알려지지 않았다. 발굴조사 결과 확인된 탑지 적심석 규모 및 수습된 23매의 석탑 부재의 양식 특징을 검토한 결과 경북지역에 건립된 전축모방형 석탑의 하나로, 17세기 초 이후 어느 시점에 폐탑되어 인근 도남서원 건립에 사용되었던 것으로 생각된다. 탑지의 규모, 석탑 부재의 현황 및 양식 특징, 후대의 기록 등을 종합해 볼 때, 낙상동사지 석탑은 미완성 석탑이 아니라 가구식기단의 5층 탑신을 갖춘 전축모방형 석탑이었을 것으로 복원안을 제시하였다. 또한 의성, 선산 등 경북지역에 집중 건립된 전축모방형 석탑의 한 사례로서 재검토되어야 하며, 의성 탑리리 오층석탑-선산 죽장사지 오층석탑-상주 낙상동사지 석탑-선산 낙산리 삼층석탑-의성 빙산사지 오층석탑 등으로 전개되는 전축모방형 석탑으로 이러한 양식의 석탑 계보와 전개과정을 보여주고 있어 미술사적 가치가 충분한 것으로 보인다. 또한 상주지역은 낙동강 수계를 따라 내륙 깊숙이까지 교통로의 요충지로서 일찍부터 발달하였고, 신라의 주요 간선로로 중요한 문화전파 통로로 개척되었으며 이를 통해 불교미술도 일찍부터 발달했던 것으로 보인다. 특히 이 지역 불교미술 중 상주 화달리 삼층석탑의 부재의 자유로운 분할 방식은 이 지역 석탑에서 보이는 지역적인 특징으로 볼 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. There are total nine "imitation brick structure-type stone pagodas" from Silla, and all of them are distributed in the Gyeongbuk region. Of them, Naksangdong Stone Pagoda at the temple site of Naksangdong in Sangju, Gyeongbuk Province was confirmed to be an imitation brick structure-type stone pagoda based on absence of stepped roof stone. It has, however, not been well-known since it was discovered as a destroyed and fallen pagoda. This study proposed a restoration plan for Stone Pagoda at Naksangdong temple site based on an assumption that it must have been an imitation brick structure-type stone pagoda with a stylobate in post-lintel construction and five-story body instead of an incomplete stone pagoda according to the size of pagoda site, the current state and style features of stone pagoda materials, and later records. The study also maintained that the Stone Pagoda should be re-reviewed as a case of imitation brick structure-type stone pagodas whose construction was concentrated on the Gyeongbuk region including Uiseong and Seonsan. The Stone Pagoda holds enough value in the art history, demonstrating the genealogy and developmental process of the stone pagoda style, which runs through the 5-Story Stone Pagoda in Tapriri of Uiseong, 5-Story Stone Pagoda at the Jukjangsa temple site in Seonsan, Stone Pagoda at the Naksangdong temple site in Sangju, 3-Story Stone Pagoda in Naksanri of Seonsan, and 5-Story Stone Pagoda at the Bingsansa temple site in Uiseong. The Sangju region emerged early as a strategic point of transportation deep into the interior along the water system of Nakdong River and was early pioneered as a critical path of cultural spread and one of main lines in Silla, thus being able to Buddhist art at an early stage. The free division method of materials found in the 3-Story Stone Pagoda in Hwadali of Sangju shows one of the local features of stone pagodas in the area as part of local Buddhist art.

근대건축기술서에 나타난 벽돌조 건축물의 외벽상세

노선화(Roh Seon-Hwa),김미연(Kim Mi-Yeon),김태영(Kim Tai-Young) 대한건축학회 2008 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.28 No.1(계획계)

'This study is aimed to find out the fabric of external wall of brick structure through modem architectural technical books, which is focused on the floor and roof structure in brick masonry buildings. Being hard to compose the floor structure with brick, the floor was used by various structures such as timber structure. steel structure with cinder concrete. In connection details between floor members and brick wall, corbel was used. on ground floor, stone template in cavity on medium level, the stone template on the top of the wall. The roof in brick architecture was generally made of wooden roof truss. The parts of joint show various aspects, these are largely classified with the eaves and parapet types. The ornamental elements are represented such as corbel bricks, stone template, gutter, and so on.

미륵사지석탑과 분황사모전석탑의 비교 고찰

박경식 백산학회 2014 白山學報 Vol.- No.98

미륵사지석탑과 분황사 모전석탑은 각각 639년과 634년이라는 확실한 건립연대를 알 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 화강암과 안산암이라는 서로 다른 재료로 건립되었다. 더불어 현존 하는 석탑 중 가장 초기적인 양식을 지니고 있어 한국 석탑 발달사에서 차지하는 위상이 실로 막중하다. 이럼에도 불구하고 양 석탑이 지닌 다양한 측면에 대해 비교 분석한 연구는 진행된 바 없었다. 미륵사지 석탑과 분황사 모전석탑을 다양한 측면에서 비교 분석한 결과 이들 석탑에 구현된 양식과 기술력은 공통점과 차이점이 공존하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이는 백제와 신라에서 각각 지녔던 석탑에 대한 이해, 이를 건립했던 재료, 기술력의 차이가 분명했음을 알 수 있었다. 양 석탑에서 가장 주목해야 할 사항은 미륵사지 석탑이 조적식과 가구식이 융합된 이원구조체임에 반해, 분황사 모전석탑은 조적식 구조를 이루고 있다는 차이점이다. 이같은 양상은 양 석탑을 건립한 재료상의 차이점에서 기인한 것으로 볼 수 있지만, 한편으로는 백제와 신라가 지닌 기술력의 차이점이 분명하다는 사실이다. 뿐만 아니라 비록 중국에서 시행되고 있는 실심체의 구조와는 완전히 다른 양태를 보이고 있어 백제와 신라는 중국과 차별된 기술력을 보유하고 있음도 파악되었다. 특히 미륵사지 석탑에서 확인된 바와 같이 석재로만 구축된 내부 구조는 동아시아 불탑에서 최초로 시도된 조적식 구조로 파악되었다. 이같은 구조는 해체수리가 이루어진 감은사지 삼층석탑, 나원리 오층석탑으로부터 석가탑과 다보탑에 이르기까지의 석탑에서 모두 확인되고 있어 한국 석탑의 기술적인 근간이 되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라 미륵사지 석탑에서 확인되는 홈을 파고 기둥을 세우는 수법, 옥개받침석과 통로부에 구현된 들여쌓기 기법과 평천장의 구성 등은 고구려 시대에 축조된 태왕릉과 장군총에서 확인되고 있다. 따라서 미륵사지 석탑에는 고구려의 무덤에서 확립된 석조건축의 결구수법이 그대로 적용된 것으로 보았다. 결론적으로, 불탑 건립의 모티브는 중국으로 부터 전래되었지만, 백제와 신라는 그들이 지녔던 기술력을 바탕으로 단순한 모방이 아닌 완전히 새로운 양식의 석탑을 건립했음을 알 수 있다. The Mireuksaji stone pagoda(A.D. 639) and the Bunhwangsa stone brick pagoda(A.D. 634) are the most important pagodas to discuss the history of Korean pagodas as they exhibit the most primitive style among the pagodas that currently exist in Korea. These two pagodas share similarities and differences in their styles and construction techniques largely owing to the choice of material, techniques, or philosophy of pagoda construction of the two countries, Baekje and Silla. Here, I look into the most prominent constructional difference exhibited in the Mireuksaji stone pagoda and the Bunhwangsa stone brick pagoda. Also, I compare the structures of the ancient pagodas found in Korea and China to discuss the original features of the pagodas built in Baekje and Silla. The Mireuksaji stone pagoda is a combined style of the 'masonry structure' and the 'post-and-lintel construction', whereas the Bunhwangsa stone brick pagoda only shows the 'masonry structure' style. This difference is largely due to the building material of the Mireuksaji stone pagoda and the Bunhwangsa stone brick pagoda, the granite and andesite, respectively, and the techniques differentially developed in Baekje and Silla. These styles of construction are also different from those shown in China pagodas, suggesting that Baekje and Silla had developed their own methods and techniques in pagoda architecture. Especially, it is important to note that the stone-built Mireuksaji pagoda is the very first pagoda of the 'masonry structure' style found in the East Asia, and it set a foundation of the Korean pagoda styles as this structure is also found in the Three-story Stone Pagodas at the Gameunsa Temple Site and the Five-story Stone Pagoda in Nawon-ri, and also in the Three-story Stone Pagoda and the Dabotap Pagoda of the Bulguksa Temple. Additionally, the Mireuksaji stone pagoda exhibits unique characteristics found in the tombs of Goguryeo, such as Taewangreung or the General tomb, suggesting that the methods established for the stone tomb architecture in Goguryeo affected the construction of the Mireuksaji stone pagoda. In conclusion, theses evidences show that Baekje and Silla adapted the concept and/or motives of pagoda architecture from China, and they further developed their own pagoda style with unique techniques that are different from those of China.

Comparison of Piezoelectric Limit Sensors with FEM Analysis Results of Compression Failure of Brick Masonry Specimens

Takuya Sasaki,Calros Cuadra,Hirokazu Madokoro,Kazuhisa Nakasho,Nobuhiro Shimoi 제어로봇시스템학회 2016 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2016 No.10

At present, approximately 60% of world’s population lives in masonry structures. Some of these structures are found in developing countries experiencing frequent earthquakes. Strong earthquakes tend to collapse these brittle, “non-engineered” structures, causing great harm to humans when these are residential structures. The purpose of this study is to develop simple, low-cost sensor systems for structural health monitoring using piezoelectric films. Our failure prediction system aimed at avoiding human suffering caused by earthquake-induced building collapses. Our novel sensors comprise a glass pipe directly installed in brick masonry specimens or a metal holder with a glass pipe containing a piezoelectric film to measure the mechanical stress during static loading tests. For this purpose, brick masonry specimens were subjected to compression testing to evaluate their mechanical properties and to investigate the sensor response. When used in measurements, the piezoelectric limit sensors responded before and during the breaking of the brick masonry specimens, demonstrating the applicability of these new piezoelectric limit sensors to detect incipient failure during static loading tests. We verified that the experimental load values at which strong sensor signals were detected coincide with the breaking load values predicted by finite element method analysis.

Experimental investigation into brick masonry arches’ (vault and rib cover) behavior reinforced by FRP strips under vertical load

Majid Reza Takbash,Abbas Ali Akbarzadeh Morshedi,Seyyed Ali Sabet 국제구조공학회 2018 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.67 No.5

The current experimental study is the reinforcement of the simple curvature vault masonry structures. In this study, we discuss complex structure include vault and rib cover with two radii and actual dimensions under a vertical load. The unreinforced structure data were compared with analysis data. The analysis data are in good agreement with experimental data. In the first experiment, a structure without reinforcement is tested and according to the test results, the second structure was reinforced using the carbon polymer fibers and the same test is done to see the effects of reinforcement. Based on the test results of the first structure, the first cracks are created in the vault. Moreover, the reinforcement with carbon fibers will increase the loading capacity of the structure around 35%.

Experimental investigation into brick masonry arches' (vault and rib cover) behavior reinforced by FRP strips under vertical load

Takbash, Majid Reza,Morshedi, Abbas Ali Akbarzadeh,Sabet, Seyyed Ali Techno-Press 2018 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.67 No.5

The current experimental study is the reinforcement of the simple curvature vault masonry structures. In this study, we discuss complex structure include vault and rib cover with two radii and actual dimensions under a vertical load. The unreinforced structure data were compared with analysis data. The analysis data are in good agreement with experimental data. In the first experiment, a structure without reinforcement is tested and according to the test results, the second structure was reinforced using the carbon polymer fibers and the same test is done to see the effects of reinforcement. Based on the test results of the first structure, the first cracks are created in the vault. Moreover, the reinforcement with carbon fibers will increase the loading capacity of the structure around 35%.

모델구조체 실험을 통한 바닥충격음 저감 방안에 관한 실험적 연구

김선우,송진규,황재승,송민정,기노갑 대한건축학회 2006 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.22 No.4

Wall slab model structures with two side opening were constructed and vibration control system such as fluid damper, viscoelastic damper were installed to the models for reducing the floor impact sound without increasing of slab thickness. Moment frame model structure was also constructed to compare how the floor impact sound level is different from the structural types of a apartment house. Experiments of this study were performed in two different boundary condition of wall slab models. In the first one boundary condition, two side opening part were sealed with sandwich panels. This means the side wall do not affect the boundary condition of slab. In the other, two side opening were blocked by 0.5 B brick wall. This is similar to the boundary condition of a real apartment house.The result of this study is summarized. 1) The floor impact sound insulation performance of moment frame structure is better than that of wall slab structure by 5 dB in the first boundary condition. 2) Post tensioning has little improvement in floor impact sound insulation. 3) After blocking the side opening with 0.5 brick wall, impact sound at low frequency range of wall slab structure is higher than that of moment frame structure by 10dB, approximately. 4) H section steel with viscoelastic rubber has lessened the floor impact noise in 50-80 Hz frequency range and Urethane mounting on H section steel has good reduction effect in low frequency range, particularly.

동북아시아에서 발해 전탑의 건축적 의미 연구

이병건 동북아역사재단 2008 東北亞歷史論叢 Vol.- No.21

The purpose of this study is to see architectural meaning of Balhae brick pagoda(塼塔) in relation to relics. This study treats Balhae period and corresponds to the northeast area in China, the north area in Korea and the maritime province of Siberia in Russia. The main subjects are the brick pagoda of Balhae’s. There are many relics about pagoda. At this time, we checked 3 brick pagoda in the Balhae’s territory. But the majority of pagoda were destructed. There are only one brick pagoda remained. It’s name is Young-Gwang pagoda(靈光塔) in Chang-Bai city(長白縣). Most of Chinese scholar suggest that Young-Gwang pagoda is very similar to Hyun-Jang pagoda(玄奘塔) located in Si-An city(西安市). But in my opinion, Young-Gwang pagoda has many unique characteristics of Balhae culture. The Chinese research fruits about Balhae brick pagoda relics has focused on the Tang dynasty(唐朝) culture in exceed. After proceeding study, Balhae has general cultural characteristics in northeast area as well as special cultural ones as seen in many it’s cultural relics. The right way of studying Balhae culture is understanding culture and characteristics of relics objectively from Balhae point of view. The East Asian states each interpret history from a self-centered perspective. In the final analysis, we have to consider history as shared heritage rather than a property of individual states.

국내 소규모 목구조 현장에 적용 가능한 치장벽돌 내진설계 기준마련에 관한 연구

이영주(Yeong-Ju Lee),박현근(Hyun-Geun Park) 한국생활환경학회 2021 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.28 No.6

In 2019, KDS 41 17 00, the seismic design standard for buildings, was enacted, and non-structural elements were designated as essential seismic design targets. However, in the case of anchor-supported stucco bricks among non-structural elements, the specification design standards limit the support structure to concrete or masonry walls. situation. Therefore, in this study, based on the field case study where the wooden structure location bricks constructed after 2018 were applied, the study was conducted to prepare the design standards applicable in Korea by referring to the relevant overseas standards.

벽돌조 건축물의 외벽체 보수이력 조사를 통한 적정 보수기법

우남식(Woo Nam-Sic),김태영(Kim Tai-Young) 대한건축학회 2011 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.31 No.2(계획계)

Through surveying repair hysteretic of external wall of 15 brick structures, the repairing techniques are classified into the related brick material, mortar and reinforcing structure according to repairing function. Accordingly, appropriate repair Techniques are as follows. The appropriate repairing techniques includes total 5 techniques, brick replacement and water repellent coating in relation with brick materials, sealing method in relation with mortar and twisted wire anchor reinforcement and shape steel reinforcement in related with repairing.