반려동물과의 애착에 따른 펫로스 증후군 경향성: 성인애착의 조절효과

정한아 ( Hana Jeong ) 인문사회 21 2023 인문사회 21 Vol.14 No.1

연구 목적: 본 연구의 목적은 반려동물과의 애착에 따른 펫로스 증후군 경향성과 성인애착의 조절효과를 분석하는 데 있다. 연구 방법: 온라인 설문조사를 통해 수집된 6개월 이상 양육한 반려동물의 상실 경험이 있는 만 18세 이상의 성인 여성 153명을 대상으로 SPSS 23.0을 이용해 자료를 분석하였다. 연구 내용: 반려동물과의 애착에 따른 펫로스 증후군 경향성의 관계를 검증한 후, 반려동물과의 애착과 펫로스 증후군 경향성의 관계에서 성인애착이 조절변인으로 작용하는지 검증하였다. 결론 및 제언: 반려동물 불안애착은 지속비애, 반려동물 애도, 일반애도, 우울에 정적 영향을 미쳤으며, 반려동물 회피애착 수준이 높을수록 우울 수준이 높아지는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 반려동물 애착(불안/회피)과 종속변인 간 성인애착(불안/회피)의 조절효과를 검증한 결과, 반려동물 불안애착과 지속비애의 관계에서 성인 회피애착의 조절효과가 확인되었으며, 반려동물 불안애착과 종속변인 간의 관계에서 성인 불안애착의 조절효과가 나타나지 않았다. 이를 통해 반려동물 상실을 경험한 개인에게 전문적이고 체계적인 심리적 개입이 필요함을 알 수 있다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Pet Loss Syndrome tendency in relation to pet attachment and the moderating effect of adult attachment. SPSS 23.0 was used to analyze data from an online survey of 153 adult women aged 18 and older who had lost pets that they have raised for more than 6 months. The research verified whether adult attachment in the relationships among attachment to pets and pet loss syndrome came into the moderating variables after verifying the relationships among them according to attachment to pets. Anxious attachment to pets had a positive effect on pet loss syndrome. Every time the degree of avoidance attachment to pets was higher, the degree of depression was higher. Also, the research verified the moderating effects of adult attachment between attachment to pets and dependent variables. As a result, the research identified the moderating effects of adults’ avoidant attachment in the relationships between anxious attachment to pets and prolonged grief. There were no the moderating effects of adults’ anxious attachment in the relationships between anxious attachment to pets and dependent variables. It can be known that through this, individuals who experienced pet losses need professional, systematic, and psychological intervention.

예비영유아교사의 성인애착과 성격특성, 인성문제 간의 관계: 애착유형 별 차이검증

김춘경,조민규 한국정서행동장애학회 2016 정서ㆍ행동장애연구 Vol.32 No.2

The aims of this study were to find adult attachment which effect on pre-service early childhood teacher’s personality from attachment styles and to effective were ways to help pre-service early childhood teachers in order to personality problems. For this research, 1,000 numbers of college students(three-year and four-year) were responded, and the student are currently using child-care and early education. The research compared 4 types attachment, Based on the preceding study was set up with five character(Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness). The results of study are as follows, First, adult attachment and characteristic trait, personality problem were significantly different depending on the type of attachment. Second, adult attachment(intimacy, attachment anxiety, dependence potential) influence on the internal personality problem showed the differences in attachment style. Third, among adult attachment whereas effect of dependence potential and attachment anxiety was small or not-significant, intimacy was increase external personality problems. 본 연구는 애착유형에 따라 성격특성 및 인성문제에 영향을 미치는 성인애착을 파악하고 이를 기초로 애착유형에 따라 예비영유아교사의 인성문제 해결을 위한 효과적 방안을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 대구·경북에 있는 4년제와 3년제 유아교육과 및 보육관련 예비영유아교사 1,000명을 대상으로 4개의 애착유형으로 나누어 비교하였으며, 선행연구에 기초하여 인성을 외향성, 개방성, 친화성, 성실성, 신경증으로 설정하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성인애착과 성격특성, 인성문제는 애착유형에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다. 둘째, 성인애착 요인 중 애착친밀과 애착의존의 효과는 유형에 따라 낮거나 유의하지 않았으며, 애착불안은 애착유형 모두에서 성격특성에 영향을 끼치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 성인애착(친밀성, 애착불안, 의존가능성)이 내재화 인성문제에 미치는 영향력은 애착유형에 따라 차이를 보여주었다. 셋째, 성인애착 요인 중 의존가능성과 애착불안의 효과는 유형에 따라 낮거나 유의하지 않았으나 친밀성은 애착유형에 관계없이 외현화 인성문제에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

부모 및 친구애착과 비행 간 관계 : 종단 연구

이주리 한국아동심리재활학회 2011 놀이치료연구 Vol.15 No.2

부모애착 및 친구애착과 청소년 비행 간 관계는 그 동안 많은 연구들을 통해 다루어졌다. 그러나 지금까지 대부분의 국내연구들은 횡단자료를 사용하여 분석하였기 때문에 독립변인들의 시간적 우선성이 확보되지 못하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 부모애착과 친구애착이 청소년 비행에 미치는 인과적 영향을 종단자료를 사용하여 검증하고, 청소년 비행에 대한 부모애착과 친구애착의 상호작용을 탐색하였다. 종단자료는 2003년(시기 1)~2004년(시기 2)의 한국청소년패널조사(KYPS) 데이터를 사용하였다. 연구대상은 제주도를 제외한 전국의 3449명의 중학생(남학생 1725명, 여학생 1724명)으로서, 그들은 2003년에 중학교 2학년이었고, 2004년에는 중학교 3학년이 되었다. 위계적 회귀분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부모애착은 1년 후 청소년 비행을 유의하게 낮춘 반면, 친구애착은 오히려 청소년 비행의 위험을 증가시켰다. 둘째, 청소년 비행에 대한 부모애착과 친구애착 간 상호작용은 부적으로 유의하여 부모의 애착정도가 낮을 때에만 친구애착이 1년 후의 청소년 비행에 영향을 주었다. 즉, 부모-자녀 간 관계의 질이 높을 경우 친구애착이 청소년 비행에 별다른 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 이러한 결과는 부모와의 애착이 충분치 못한 청소년들은 친구들에게서 더 의미있는 영향을 받음을 시사한다. The relationships between attachment to parents, attachment to friends, and adolescent delinquency have been issues that many researchers have paid attention. However, Most of them have been analyzed with cross-section data so far. This means that independent variables did not precedes dependent variables. Therefore, this study examined the relationships between parents attachment, friends attachment, and adolescent delinquency with longitudinal design. Data were selected from 2003(wave 1)-2004(wave 2) KYPS. Participants were 3449 middle school students(1725 boys, 1724 girls). Hierarchical regression revealed that: (1) attachment to parents negatively influenced adolescent delinquency, while attachment to friends positively influenced their delinquency. (2) a mild moderating effect of parents attachment: only when parents attachment is low, friends attachment positively influenced after a year adolescent delinquency. This result suggest that friends are more significant among adolescents who are not sufficiently served attachment from their parents.

애착 유형에 따른 억압의 강도와 스트레스 지각 및 대처방식

김진숙,안창일 한국임상심리학회 2008 Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol.27 No.4

Attachment influences personality and is related to repression which is a personality trait. According to the Approach System Model of Schwartz, although repression can be adaptive, it may actually have an effect on health. The purpose of this study was the following. This study first axamined the influence of attachment on repression, stress perception, coping with stress, and then examined the differences in the degree of repression, stress perception, and strategies for coping with stress between the various attachment styles. A total of 644 university students participated in this study by completing a questionnaire investigating attachment styles, degree of repression, stress perception and use of coping strategies. A total of 422 students were finally selected by discriminant analysis of the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) and Hazan & Shaver's attachment style scale. The following results were obtained. The students in the secure attachment group scored higher on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-CSDS) and lower on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) than those in the other groups. That is, the secure attachment group exhibited more repression. The high repression group had a significantly low level of stress perception and used a more positive coping strategy. These differences are most apparent in individuals with a secure attachment style. The use of positive coping strategy was significantly higher in the secure attachment-high repression group and the secure attachment-low repression group. However the individuals in the anxious/ambivalent attachment-high repression group perceived less stress and used fewer positive coping strategies than those in the other groups. The subject in the avoidant attachment-high repression group also perceived less stress, and were more likely to seek social support strategies in the level of marginally significance. The result of this study suggests that adaption may differ according to attachment styles and the degree of repression. That is, in the repression groups there are differences in strategies used to cope with stress according to attachment styles. One's capacity for repression is necessary for coping effectively in daily living. Therefore in counselling situations, the therapist must not view repression as being to be undesirable. Therapists must not only support positive aspects of repression but help clients use more adaptive and flexible coping strategies.

애착육아와 청각언어인지 재활

유희순,김진숙 한국청각언어재활학회 2018 Audiology and Speech Research Vol.14 No.1

This study was aimed to review the history and definition of attachment parenting and to identify the types and merits of it and attachment plays based on attachment parenting. The early rehabilitation is essential to infants and toddlers with a congenital hearing loss for auditory and language development. Attachment parenting refers to close ties between parent and child based on skinship and emotional exchange. There are four different types of attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, and insecure-disorganized. Among them, secure attachment is the optimal type through which an infant could learn to trust mother and maintain emotional stability even when the mother was absent. In Korea, the use ondol and podaegi, which can create attachment naturally had been used traditionally. Further Dandongsibhoon, a traditional play, is in accordance with the definition of attachment parenting. Therefore, Korean method of child rearing is proper for attachment parenting. It was known that attachment parenting enhanced self-esteem, increased independence, promoted social skills, and facilitated brain and language development, so that it could be used as a method of rehabilitation related to the development of auditory, language, and cognitive abilities. Recently developed the Korean Aural Rehabilitation for Infants integrated many attachment parenting means and sought to raise the efficacy of early rehabilitation. Conclusively, we hope that early rehabilitation applying attachment parenting services in Korea could be expanded so that even infants and toddlers with congenital hearing loss would grow up without having to go through many hearing-impairment problems.

애착측정 도구들에 대한 개관: 시기별, 영역별 애착 평가를 위한 척도들의 개관

진미경,유미숙 한국인간발달학회 2005 人間發達硏究 Vol.12 No.4

This study reviewed attachment measurements from infancy to adulthood using a life-span point of view and discussed key problems of each measurement. In terms of the measured construct, attachment measurements for infancy and childhood were clear and coherent. In adult measures of attachment, rather than measure the same construct, methodologically diverse measurements have been used. Therefore, this study reviewed the following adult attachment measurements according to their area of attachment: the Adult Attachment Interview for child-parent attachment relationships, the Inventory of Parent and Peer attachment for parent and peer attachment relationships, and both Nancy and Shaver's measurement and Bartholomew's measurement for romantic attachment relationships. Regarding attachment measurements for childhood, it is discussed that validity studies in various cultures are needed. Regarding adult attachment measures, it is discussed that measurements should be used that take into account the researcher's research purpose. Further, key problems of each measurement were discussed and research directions to solve these issues were suggested.

애착의 개념분석

주현옥 최신의학사 2000 最新醫學 Vol.43 No.5-6

민법상 부동산의 부합(附合) - 인정범위와 기준을 중심으로 -

곽시호 제주대학교 법과정책연구원 2019 法과 政策 Vol.25 No.1

부합(附合)은 소유자가 다른 여러 개의 물건에 대한 소유권을 한 사람에게 강제로 귀속시켜 물건의 경제적 효용을 유지하되, 그로 인해 소유권을 상실하는 사람에게 발생하는 불공평은 부당이득반환제도의 일종인 보상청구권을 통하여 조정하는 제도이다. 이러한 부합 가운데 부동산 부합에 관한 민법 제256조는 “부동산의 소유자는 그 부동산에 부합한 물건의 소유권을 취득한다. 그러나 타인의 권원에 의하여 부속된 것은 그러하지 아니하다”라고만 규정하고 있어, 부동산 부합의 인정범위와 기준이 문제된다. 부동산에 부합하는 물건에 대해서 통설은 동산에 한한다고 하나, 부합의 취지를 고려할 때 부동산도 포함한다고 보는 판례를 지지하며, 부동산 부합의 인정기준은 부합의 목적에 비추어 부동산에의 부합이나 동산 사이의 부합이 차이가 없을 것이므로 동산에의 부합의 기준인 제257조에 따라 “훼손하지 아니하면 분리할 수 없거나 그 분리에 과다한 비용을 요할 경우”라고 하는 통설・판례의 견해를 지지한다. 부합의 기준을 이와 같이 보아 부합한 물건이 독립한 물건으로 인정될 수 있으면 권원의 유무와 관계없이 그 부합물의 소유권은 부합한 사람에게 속한다 할 것이다. 다만, 굳이 제256조 단서의 적용을 하기 위해서는 그 부속물이 독자적인 공시방법을 갖추어 별개의 권리의 객체로 될 수 있는 경우라고 해석함이 가장 적절한 것으로 보았다. 그러나 궁극적으로는 제256조 단서의 삭제를 입법적으로 검토해야 할 것이라 생각한다. 이와 같은 부동산 부합의 인정범위와 기준아래 토지에 건물도 부합할 수 있으며, 수목과 농작물의 경우에는 권원의 여부와 관계없이 토지에 부합하지 않는다고 하여야 한다. 건물의 증・개축의 경우는 부합제도의 목적에 비추어 그 부분이 독립성을 갖춘 경우에는 권원의 유무와 관계없이 부합은 성립되지 않는다고 보아야 할 것이지만, 권원 없이 건물을 증・개축하여 독립성을 갖춘 경우에 분리에 따른 경제적 손실이 너무 클 것이므로 부합을 인정하여야 할 것이다. 다만, 여기서 “권원”의 의미에 관해서는 단순히 부동산의 사용수익권이 아니라 기존건물 소유자의 동의나 승낙을 의미한다고 보아야 할 것이다. Attachment is the system of law that ties the ownership of multiple properties belonging to different owners into one legal entity and then forcibly vests it to one person. The intention of this process is to maintain the economic utility of the item and prevent unfairness toward a person who loses his or her ownership by a request for compensation. This request itself is a kind of restitution system of unjust enrichment. In particular, The Civil Code Article 256 on Attachment to Immovable states that “The owner of an immovable acquires the ownership of anything affixed thereto: Provided, that this shall not affect the rights of another person who has affixed such item and retained the title thereto.” Thus, the range and the criteria for recognizing an attachment to immovable estate are discussed. On the range for recognizing an attachment to immovable estate, the common theory suggests that this range is limited to movable items. However, this article supports the view of the precedent. Here, immovable estate is also considered to be included within the range, considering the intent of attachment system. In the criteria for recognizing an attachment as ‘to immovable’, there is no difference between an attachment to immovable and an attachment among movable items in light of the intent of attachment. Therefore, the following piece supports the view of the common theory and the precedent. These ideas argue that, according to The Civil Code Article 257 on Attachment between Movables, the attachment to immovable should be recognized if the objects “are so united together that they can no longer be separated without severe damage, or cannot be separated without excessive expense.” Clearly, it should be considered that attachment can be recognized regardless of the title. However, with regards to the application of the provision of Article 256, I argue that it is most appropriate to interpret this provision as a case in which the affixed item is regarded as the object of the separate rights by independent public notification. In addition, I think that it should be legislatively examined to delete the provision of Article 256 in the end. In this range and criteria for attachment to immovable estate, buildings can also be regarded as things affixed to the land. In the cases of trees and crops, regardless of the title, they should not be deemed as units that are affixed to the land. In the case of the extension or remodeling of a building, theoretically speaking, if a part has independence, then attachment should not be recognized regardless of the title. However, if the part gains independence by remodeling or extension without the title, the attachment can be recognized realistically, because the economic loss caused by the separation will be too great for it not be recognized. However, the meaning of “title” here should be understood as the consent or approval of the original building owner, not merely the usufruct of immovable estate.

Attachment SECURITY and Behavioral Problems of Middle Childhood Boys in Republic of KOREA

Kang Su jeong,Choi Eun jung,Yi Soon hyung J-INSTITUTE 2017 International Journal of Crisis & Safety Vol.2 No.4

This study examined the relationship between attachment security and clinical behavioral problems in a sam-ple of 155 middle childhood boys in Republic of Korea. We tested the following hypotheses: 1) attachment secu-rity is associated with internalizing problems in middle childhood boys and 2) attachment security is associated with externalizing problems in middle childhood boys. Semi-structured interview (Separation Anxiety Test) was applied to identify the attachment security, and K-CBCL was used to measure behavioral problems. Frequency analysis and chi-square test were conducted to identify clinically risky groups in behavioral problems and to in-vestigate the association with attachment security. The results of this study indicated that boys with insecure attachment type were more identified as a semi-clinical/clinical group in internalizing problems, but not in externalizing problems. These results were consistent with some previous studies which reported the relationship between attachment security and internalizing prob-lems, but in contrast to other studies which suggested the association between attachment security and exter-nalizing problems. Future studies are needed to further clarify the relationship between attachment security and externalizing problems of middle childhood boys in Republic of Korea. This study has following implications. First, we evaluated attachment security in middle childhood boys applying semi-structured attachment interview ra-ther than self-report questionnaires to access the complexity and verbal and non-verbal expressions of attach-ment representations. Also, this study showed the relationship between attachment security and internaliz-ing/externalizing problems in middle childhood boys who have been less investigated in previous studies. Finally, this study suggested that insecure attachment in middle childhood boys has clinical implication in internalizing problems.

부당한 보전처분에 대한 채무자 보호에 관한 연구 -사정변경이 있는 경우-

최환주 전남대학교 법학연구소 2010 법학논총 Vol.30 No.3

Attachment is to preserve enforcement, and as such, it is usually ordered swiftly without a detailed inquiry. However, from the view point of the debtor, it is ordered ex parte, and once it is issued, he suffers a grave property injury, as his property rights for the attached property are limited and restricted. Accordingly, in order to eliminate innocent victims in attachment process, it is necessary to consider protective measures for the debtors. Such measures may include the following. First, before the issuance of attachment, the court should conduct a hearing for a strict inquiry and, for security, should request a cash deposit rather than a bond. Second, there should be a speedy process through which the debtor can seek relief quickly. As for the attachment that later turns out to be improperly ordered due to the non-existence of necessity or the flaws in the rights to be attached, it is referred to as ‘improper attachment.’ In regard to such an improper attachment, our civil enforcement law provides for two procedures for relief:motion to reconsider and motion to vacate. Through motion to reconsider, the court reconsiders the propriety of the original attachment, and through motion to vacate, the court vacates an attachment order that is no longer necessary. There are several grounds for relief under the civil enforcement law, and one of them is the reason of changes in circumstance. The reason of changes in circumstance refers to all the changes in the circumstance that constitute grounds for a deferent decision from the initial decision involving original attachment. Where there are changes in circumstance, the debtor may oppose the attachment or move the court to vacate the attachment. Such objections or motions to vacate are separate procedures with different standards and rules. Our newly amended civil enforcement law changes from discovery to hearing and from verdict to decision and order. It therefore enables the debtor to seek swifter relief, and therefore it is an improvement. As they are two separate and different procedures, the applicant may select one, or may combine them in his or her application. What would be more beneficial to the debtor? If one considers litigation costs and efficiency, an opposition appears to be better. Can the debtor file a motion to vacate and later convert it into an opposition? Such conversion is not allowed due to different burdens of proof and standing rules. However, as lay people cannot easily understand such a dichotomy, there procedures for relief shall be combined into one procedure, with different burdens of proof (for example, the debtor is required to prove the ground for vacation as an affirmative defense). This requires further research. 보전처분은 집행을 보전하기 위한 것이므로 그 권리의 존부에 대해 자세히 심리하지도 않고 신속하게 행하여지나 반면 채무자의 입장에서 보면 원칙적으로 채무자를심문하지도 않고 채권자 일방의 소명에 의해 발령되고, 발령되면 채무자의 재산 처분이 제한, 금지됨으로써 큰 고통을 받게 된다. 따라서 보전처분 절차에 있어서 억울한피해를 당한 채무자가 발생하지 않도록 하기 위해서는 채무자의 보호방안도 검토되어야 하는데, 그 보호방안으로 먼저, 보전처분의 발령단계에서 법원이 엄격한 심리를위해 심문제도를 활용하고 담보제공으로 증권보다는 현금공탁을 명하며 둘째는, 보전처분 후 그에 대한 신속한 구제제도(불복절차)가 마련되어야 한다. 채무자 보호 방안 중 이미 행하여진 보전처분에 있어서 그 요건인 피보전권리나 보전의 필요성의 흠결이 사후에 판명된 경우를 ‘부당한 보전처분’이라 하고, 우리 민사집행법상 부당한보전처분으로 인한 채무자 구제제도로는 보전처분에 이의신청 절차와 취소절차 두가지가 있다. 보전처분에 대한 이의절차는 보전처분 내지 신청의 당부를 재심사하는것이고 취소절차는 일단 유효하게 발령된 보전처분을 유지할 필요가 없게 된 것을 이유로 그 취소를 구하는 것이다. 보전처분의 이의나 취소 사유들은 민사집행법상 여러 가지로 규정되어 있으나 그사유 중 하나가 사정변경이다. ‘사정변경’이란 보전명령을 발한 후 그 당시와 다른 판단을 내릴 수 있는 사실 및 자료가 되는 모든 사정의 변경을 말한다고 할 수 있다. 보전처분이 발령된 후 사정변경이 있는 경우 채무자는 사정변경에 의한 보전처분의 이의와 취소를 구할 수 있다. 이러한 사정변경에 의한 이의와 취소는 민사집행법상 별개의 절차와 제도로 그 소송구조나 신청권자 등에서 차이가 있으나 개정된 민사집행법은 채무자의 신속한 구제를 위해 그 심리형식을 변론절차에서 원칙적 심문기일로,재판형식을 판결에서 결정으로 변경하였다. 이로 인해 채무자가 신속하게 권리구제를 받을 수 있게 되었다는 점에서 위와 같이 개정된 제도는 바람직하다 할 것이다. 그리고 사정변경이 있는 경우 채무자는 그 이의 또는 취소를 구할 수 있는데 각각별개의 제도이므로 선택적으로 또는 경합하여 신청할 수 있다. 채무자의 입장에서 어느 하나만을 선택하여 신청한다면 어느 쪽이 유리할 것인가? 결국 소송수행의 편의성과 소송경제적인 측면에서 이의신청이 더 유리한다고 할 것이다. 그러면 채무자가 취소절차를 진행하다 이의절차로 변경을 구할 수 있는가에 대하여는 당자자의 지위가다르고 주장, 입증책임도 달라 변경이 허용되지 않는다고 한다. 그러나 일반인의 입장에서는 이의절차나 취소절차를 구분하기가 힘들고 어렵다 할 것이므로 보전처분에 대한 채무자의 구제제도는 이의절차로 단일화 하고 다만 그 주장, 입증에 대하여만 별도로 취급하는 방안(예컨대, 취소사유에 대하여는 채무자가 이의신청 절차에서항변사유로 주장, 입증하게 하는 방법) 등은 검토되어야 할 향후 과제이다.