공격성을 중심으로 읽는 설화 <오뉘 힘내기와 동생 걱정한 누이>와 건강한 서사로의 길 내기를 위한 서사지도 구축

김혜미 건국대학교 인문학연구원 2022 통일인문학 Vol.89 No.-

This study is a basic work to design a media over-immersion VR literature therapy program. Among the media over-immersion factors, epics showing aggression were selected and discussed in literary therapeutics. In the fork tale "Betting With Strength and Worried About Brother," the younger brother was set as an agent of an epic. The younger brother's aggressive behavior was explored through the literary therapeutics concepts of "principle" and "desire." In "Betting with Strength and Worried About Brother," the younger brother is born strong, but his sister is stronger. The younger brother behaves aggressively by murdering his older sister. He expresses his aggression by principlizing his desire. The aggression revelation process eventually kills the older sister, an act that reflects the strongest from of the younger brother's aggression. In this study, the younger brother, who has aggressive tendencies, was set as an agent of an epic, and an aggression control method was explored. For this purpose, an epic map was constructed. First, we searched for an epic featuring an aggressive character like the younger brother. Next, the proposed method for controlling the aggression of an agent of an epic was explored. First, we explored and analyzed tales involving others' attempts to control the younger brother's aggression. Next, we explored and analyzed a story in which the younger brother controls his aggression through his own will. These are "Brother-In-Law's Treason Plan" and "Betting With Strength and the Sister Who Became Maitreya," respectively. However, the characters failed at principlizing their desires, and desire was put in the realm of desire. Aggression was controlled accordingly. In this study, three stories were compared and examined with a focus on aggression, and the branch point of the epic was explored. An epic map was then constructed that facilitated choosing different paths in the same problem situation. Changing the epic of the self begins with choosing a different path at the epic's branch point. This study laid the foundation to help alleviate aggression through epic map guidance. 본 연구는 미디어 과몰입 VR 문학치료 프로그램을 설계하기 위한 기초 연구로, 미디어 과몰입의 요인 중 공격성을 보여주는 설화를 선정하여 문학치료학적으로 논의하고자 하였다. 구비설화 <오뉘 힘내기와 동생 걱정한 누이>에서 남동생을 서사의 주체로 보고, 남동생의 행동을 문학치료 서사이론의 ‘법칙’과 ‘소망’의 개념을 통해 공격성이 발현되는 원리를 탐색하였다. <오뉘 힘내기와 동생 걱정한 누이>는 공격성을 가진 인물인 남동생이 더 비범한 능력을 가진 누이와의 관계에서 공격성을 전적으로 드러내고 있는 서사라고 할 수 있다. 남동생은 자기 소망을 법칙화시켜 소망이 법칙의 영역 안에 있도록 함으로써 결과적으로 공격성을 발현하게 된 것이다. 공격성을 발현하는 과정은 누이를 죽이는, 공격성이 가장 강력한 형태로 드러나게 되기도 하지만. 결국은 자기 자신까지 파괴시키는 결과를 초래하게 되기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 공격적 성향을 가진 남동생을 서사의 주체로 보았을 때, 공격성을 어떻게 제어할 수 있는지 확인하고자 하였다. 건강한 서사로의 길 내기를 가능하게 할 서사지도를 구축하기 위하여 남동생과 같이 공격성을 가진 인물이 나타난 서사를 탐색하고 그 서사의 주체들이 공격성을 제어하는 방안을 탐색하였다. 먼저 <오뉘 힘내기와 동생 걱정한 누이>의 남동생과 같이 공격성을 가지고 있는 인물이 등장하지만, 타의에 의해 소망을 법칙화하지 못하고 소망을 소망으로 견지하고 있는 경우로 설화 <역적모의한 장사와 여자 겁탈한 장사>를 선정하였다. <역적모의한 장사와 여자 겁탈한 장사>는 공격성을 가진 인물인 의형제가 자신들보다 더 힘세고 비범한 인물을 만나 공격성을 제어하게 되는 서사이다. 의형제는 사람들에게 물리적인 힘을 사용하여 자기 소망의 법칙화가 될 수 있도록 조정하여 소망이 상대에게 절대성을 발휘하도록 만들었다. 하지만 의형제가 자신들보다 보다 더 힘 센 사람이 있다는 것을 알게 되는 서사의 분기점에서, 소망을 그대로 소망으로 간직하게 되는 사건을 맞이하여 타의에 의해 공격성을 발현하지 않게 된 것이라고 할 수 있다. 다음으로 <오뉘 힘내기와 동생 걱정한 누이>의 남동생과 같이 공격성을 가지고 있는 인물이 등장하지만, 자의에 의해 소망을 법칙화하지 않고 소망을 소망으로 견지하고 있는 경우로 설화 <오뉘 힘내기와 미륵이 된 누이>를 선정하였다. <오뉘 힘내기와 미륵이 된 누이>는 공격성을 가진 인물인 남동생이 더 비범한 능력을 가진 누이와의 관계에서 스스로 공격성을 제어하게 되는 서사라고 할 수 있다. 남동생은 자기 소망을 법칙화시키기 않고, 소망이 단지 소망의 영역 안에 있도록 함으로써 결과적으로 공격성을 발현하지 않게 된 것이다. 공격성을 스스로 제어하는 과정은 결국 새로운 생명의 창조행위까지 이어져 자의에 의해 공격성을 발현하지 않게 된 것이라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 공격성을 중심으로 <오뉘 힘내기와 동생 걱정한 누이>, <역적모의한 장사와 여자 겁탈한 장사>, <오뉘 힘내기와 미륵이 된 누이>를 비교하여 살펴보고, 서사의 분기점을 탐색하였다. 서사의 분기점을 통해 공격성향을 보이는 동일한 문제 상황에서 건강한 방향으로 가는 서사지도를 구안하였다. 자기서사의 변화는 서사의 분기점에서 이제와 다른 길을 선택함으로써 시작된다고 할 수 있다. 그렇다면 문학치료 프로그...

아동과 청소년의 공격성에 대한 연구

고미영 한국 정신보건 사회사업학회 1998 정신보건과 사회사업 Vol.6 No.-

아동과 청소년기에 나타나는 공격성은 매우 흔하면서도 이 시기를 대표하는 행동문제로 간주된다. 요즈음 우리 사회는 청소년의 학교 폭력이나 집단 폭력 행위에 대하여 심한 우려와 관심을 나타내고 있다. 본 논문은 청소년 폭력에 대한 사회적 해결 방향을 어떻게 취할 것인가를 제시하기 위하여 청소년 폭력의 원인이 되는 아동과 청소년기의 공격성에 대한 이론과 개입 모델을 소개하고 있다. 먼저 아동과 청소년기에 나타나는 공격성의 정의와 유형을 알아보고 각 이론이 제시하는 공격성의 원인에 대한 고찰을 시도했다. 또한 아동기의 공격성이 그 후에 나타나는 청소년기의 공격성과 어떤 연관을 맺고 발달, 유지되어 나아가나에 관한 연구들을 소개하였으며 이제까지 실행되었던 공격성에 대한 개입 모델들을 살펴보았다. 결론적으로 공격성은 단순한 문제가 아니며 공격자 본인을 비롯하여 가족, 또래, 학교 및 지역 사회적 차원에서의 관심과 노력이 요구되는 복합적 문제임을 제시하였다. Aggression is a common behavioral problem in childhood and adolescence which has been researched over the years. Recently, our society has viewed aggression as a major problem in relation to school violence. The present paper introduces several definitions and types of childhood and adolescent adolescent aggression. Two types of aggressive behavior are given attention: reactive aggression and proactive aggression. Reactive aggression is defined as a defensive reaction to a perceived threatening stimulus, whereas proactive aggression is viewed as a learned instrumental behavior which is controlled by reinforcement. It also reviews current theories of aggression in childhood and adolescence. In that review, three different views on the etiology of aggression are noted. Psychoanalytic theory suggests that man possesses an aggressive drive comes from within the eprson. Social learning theory emphasizes that the individual can learn aggressive behavior through observation of a model who is highly regarded as being successful in the performance of aggression. It also views modeling and reinforcement as operating jointly in the learning of aggressive behavior. Meanwhile, cognitive theory believes that thinking patterns such as reflection-impulsivity, fragmentation, failure to empathize with others, a lack of perspective of time, and irresponsible decision making are related to aggressive behavior. The question has been addressed whether there is individual continuity of aggressive behavior or whether there are changes with development. Individual continuity of aggressive behavior has been well documented by many researchers. It has been argued that early intervention with an aggressive youngster may reduce aggressive behavior problems in later years. Finall, two models of intervention on aggression in childhood and adolescence are introduced. Use of a broad repertoire of interventions is recommended for the solution of aggression in childhood and adolescence.

인문,사회과학편 : 무도스포츠 전공자의 공격성향

이천희(ChunHeeLee),이지훈(JiHoongLee) 한국체육학회 2007 한국체육학회지 Vol.46 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 무도스포츠 전공자의 공격성향을 구성하는 요인을 추출하여 무도스포츠 전공자의 공격성향 개념 구조를 확인하고 구조 타당성을 규명하는데 있다. 예비 실험을 통해 반 구조화된 개방형 질문 문항을 구성하여 서울경기 지역의 대학교 무도스포츠 전공자 100명을 대상으로 무도스포츠 전공자의 공격성향을 구성하는 요인을 수집하여 귀납적 내용분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 총 947개 사례의 공격성향 기초자료가 수집되었으며, 이 중 중복되는 사례를 제외하고, 유사한 내용은 통합해 62 사례를 채택하였다. 원자료 62 사례를 14개의 세부 영역과 신체적 공격성향, 언어적 공격성향, 심리적 공격성향의 세가지로 범주화하였다. 이러한 세부 영역을 바탕으로 62개 문항의 무도스포츠 전공자의 공격성향 척도를 개발해 2차에 걸쳐 문항 수정하였다. 본조사 1에서는 탐색적 요인분석을 실시하였고, 본조사 2에서는 확인적 요인분석을 실시하여 구조 타당성을 검증하였다. 본조사 1의 자료 분석 결과 3개 요인에 11개 문항이 탐색되었다. 본조사 2의 자료분석 결과 심리적 공격성향(3문항), 신체적 공격성향(5문항), 언어적 공격성향(3문항)으로 세 개 요인에 총 11개 문항을 확정했으며, 확인적 요인분석의 적합도 지수 값들이 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로, 본 연구를 통해 우리나라 무도스포츠 전공자의 공격성향 개념은 심리적 공격성향, 신체적 공격성향, 언어적 공격성향 요인 세 개의 일반영역으로 구성되며, 일반 스포츠 및 사회인 공격성향의 개념구조와는 다른 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study is to discuss what aspects of people who major in martial art sports involves in aggression, to confirm the structure of aggression conception, and to examine structural propriety of martial art sports. By the pre-research, it was composed to open questions which is half-structured, and gathered the factors which compose of the aggression of the martial art sports major people who are attended in the university located in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. As a result, there was 947 cases of basic materials, and after that, the aggression was divided into 62 cases. 62 cases could be divided into 14 details, physical aggression, lingual aggression, and psychological aggression. In addition, I developed 62 kinds of scale for the aggression based on the details and modified these scales. The exploratory factor analysis was done in the first research then, the confirmatory factor analysis were used. As a result of the first research analysis, 11 questions in 3 factors were extracted. And through the second research analysis, psychological aggression(3 scales), physical aggression(5 scales), lingual aggression(3 scales) were found. In conclusion, perception for the aggression of the martial art sports major person was psychological aggression factor, physical aggression factor, lingual aggression factor, which were different from the tendency of aggression in the other sports.

Gender Differences in Aggression-related Responses on EEG and ECG

임승영,Gwonhyu Jin,정진주,염지우,제갈장환,이상임,조정아,이석규,이영미,김대환,배미정,허진화,문제일,이창훈 한국뇌신경과학회 2018 Experimental Neurobiology Vol.27 No.6

Gender differences in aggression viewed from an evolutionary and sociocultural perspective have traditionally explained why men engage in more direct and physical aggression, and women engage in more indirect and relational aggression. However, psychological and behavioral studies offer inconsistent support for this theory due to personal or social factors, and little is known about the gender-based neurobiological mechanisms of aggression. This study investigates gender differences in aggression through an analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) based neurobiological responses to commonly encountered stimuli, as well as psychological approaches in healthy Korean youth. Our results from self-reports indicate that overall aggression indices, including physical and reactive/overt aggression, were stronger in men. This agrees with the results of previous studies. Furthermore, our study reveals prominent gender-related patterns in γ signals from the right ventrolateral frontal cortex and changes in heart rate through stimulation by aggressive videos. In particular, gender differences in EEG and ECG responses were observed in response to different scenes, as simple aversion and situation-dependent aggression, respectively. In addition, we discovered decisive gender-distinct EEG signals during stimulation of the situation-dependent aggression regions within the right ventromedial prefrontal and ventrolateral frontal regions. Our findings provide evidence of a psychological propensity for aggression and neurobiological mechanisms of oscillation underlying gender differences in aggression. Further studies of oscillatory responses to aggression and provocation will expand the objective understanding of the different emotional worlds between men and women.

공격성 및 분노대처행동과 주관적안녕감의 관계

서수균 한국임상심리학회 2012 Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol.31 No.3

The present study investigated the relationships between aggression, anger-coping behaviors and happiness. Aggression consisted of four factors(Physical/Verbal aggression, Hostility, and Anger). Anger coping behaviors were classified into five factors(Rational coping, Aggressive expression, Avoidance, Emotional resolution, and Distraction). Happiness was assessed by the Satisfaction with life and the Positive/Negative affect. 387 undergraduates served as subjects. Relationships between aggression and happiness varied according to the aggression and happiness factors. Hostility showed the most negative correlation with happiness, and Physical aggression and Anger were also negatively correlated with happiness. However, when controlling for Hostility, Physical aggression and Verbal aggression were positively correlated with happiness, and Anger displayed no correlation. Hostility, Physical aggression, the Verbal aggression and Anger were positively correlated with Negative affect, but when controling for Hostility, the correlations were not significant. These results indicate the relationships between Aggression and happiness were caused by hostility. It seems that Hostility among all factors of Aggression had an especially strong effect on happiness. Among anger-coping behaviors, Avoidance was correlated with all happiness factors, negatively with the Satisfaction with life and the Positive affect, and positively with the Negative affect. The strongest predictor of happiness was Hostility in aggression and Avoidance in anger-coping behaviors. Some anger-coping behaviors(Avoidance, Distraction, and Rational coping) were significantly correlated with happiness after controling for aggression. The Implications and limitations of this study are also discussed.

‘인간의 공격성(aggression)’ 개념에 대한 고찰 및 그 치유 가능성의 전망 - ‘인간학적(anthropological) 관점’을 중심으로

전석환 아시아교정포럼 2018 교정담론 Vol.12 No.1

타인을 살해하는 공격성과 더불어 그러한 공격성 자체에 쾌감을 느끼는 인간의 행위는 과연 어떤 시각에서 어떤 관점으로 보고 평가해야 할 것인가? 다시 말해 고의적으로 상해, 혹은 살인을 저지르는 것과 더 나아가 전쟁을 일으키는 것 같은 더 파괴적인 공격성은 인간에 내재한 불변의 본질성에서 나오는 것인지, 혹은 충동적인 기질적 차이에서 나오는 것인지? 본 연구는 이러한 물음으로부터 출발하여 다음과 같은 과정을 통해 진행된다. 첫 번째는 ‘인간의 공격성’ 개념에 대한 해명을 시도한다. 본 장에서는 인간의 공격성을 일반적인‘방어적인 공격성’과 구별하면서‘인간의 악성 공격성’ 개념을 해명하는 데에 초점을 맞춘다. 두 번째는 악성 인간 공격성의 치유 범주에 대한 고찰을 시도하는 데, 본 장에서는 기존의 치유 범주의 확장과 심화가 필요하다는 점이 논의된다. 본 논문에서는 그러한 필요가 기존의 관점 외에 바로 ‘인간학적 관점을 수용하는 것이다’라는 사실을 밝히고, 그 근거를 해명한다. 세 번째는 인간 공격성의 치유 가능성에 대한 논의를 진행한다. 그러한 논의를 본 연구에서는 ‘생물학적 결정론’에 대한 비판적 관점을 중심으로 수행한다. What viewpoints should be used to evaluate human behavior that feels pleasure in such aggression as well as aggression to kill others? In other words, is the more destructive aggression, such as deliberately injuring or murdering or even causing war, coming from the immutable nature of human beings or from impulsive dispositional differences? This study starts from these questions and proceeds through the following processes. The first tries to explain the concept of 'human aggression'. In this chapter, we focus on explaining the concept of 'malignant aggression' by distinguishing human aggression from general 'benign aggression'. The second is an attempt to examine the healing category of malignant human aggression, which discusses the need for expansion and deepening of existing healing categories. In this paper, we reveal that such a need is to accept the anthropological viewpoint in addition to the existing viewpoint, and explain the basis. The third is the discussion of the possibility of healing human aggression, which is based on a critical view of 'biological determinism' in this study.

남성 알코올의존 환자에서 공격적 성향이 알코올 관련 공격행위와 결혼만족도에 미치는 영향

김수인(Soo-In Kim),최영숙(Young-Sook Choi),우행원(Haing-Won Woo),김성현(Sung-Hyun Kim),최삼욱(Sam-Wook Choi) 한국중독정신의학회 2004 중독정신의학 Vol.8 No.2

Objectives:This study investigated the effects of alcohol dependence on the alcohol-related aggression and the relationship between the alcohol-related aggression and marital satisfaction. Methods:66 patients and 66 family members of each patient were included, who had been treated in St. Andrew’s Neuropsychiatric Hospital. All patients met the diagnostic criteria of alcohol dependence of DSM-IV. For all subjects, we evaluated alcohol-related aggression, aggressive and impulsive characteristics, marital satisfaction and the severity of drinking. Results: The group of patients with upper one third of Overt Aggression Scale score had significantly higher physical aggression subscale of Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, and problem-solving communication and aggression subscales of Korean Marital Satisfaction Inventory (K-MSI) of spouses than the lower one third. Global distress, problem-solving communication and aggression subscales of K-MSI were significantly higher in the spouses than in the patients with alcohol dependence. Conclusion:We found a significant relationship between the alcohol-related aggression of the patients with alcohol dependence and the characteristics of their physical aggression. The alcohol-related aggression also related to the high dissatisfaction of spouses of their marital status. It is necessary to understand the alcohol-related aggression and to focus on decreasing the patient’s aggressive behavior.

The Effect of Abusive Supervision on Subordinates’ Displaced Aggression: Focusing on the Serial Multiple Mediation of Psychological Contract Breach and Job Stress

조선경,신제구 리더십학회 2018 리더십연구 Vol.10 No.1

This study empirically verified the mechanism behind the subordinates’ use of displaced aggression on colleagues as a way to relieve the stress they experience from abusive supervision. When employees are ignored or insulted by their supervisors, they undergo intense feelings of stress and anger that trigger the wish to retaliate, but the difference in rank can lead them to express their dissatisfaction and anger on those who are relatively easier to deal with, such as their colleagues, thereby engaging in displaced aggression. Since supervisors are seen as representatives of the organization, abusive supervision can be perceived as a psychological contract breach by employees, and if so, such perception of psychological contract breach can lead to the justification of unproductive behavior and the feeling that one has lost the support of the organization, causing an increase in job stress. Higher job stress levels lead to stress-coping strategies to conserve resources; because abusive supervision is a hindrance stressor, employees are apt to choose an escape strategy to relieve the stress. As a result, the suppressed anger and dissatisfaction manifests itself in the form of displaced aggression as a sort of self-therapeutic stress relief strategy. This study examined the serial multiple mediation of psychological contract breach and job stress in the relationship between abusive supervision and subordinates’displaced aggression. For the accurate identification of the mechanism behind this relationship, a total of 285 samples were collected through a survey on workers at companies with more than 300 employees, and the individual-level differences were controlled by setting Type A personality and negative affectivity as control variables. The results of the analysis showed that abusive supervision had a positive (+) effect on subordinates’ displaced aggression, and that psychological contract did not directly mediate between abusive supervision and displaced aggression. Also, job stress was found to have a positive mediating effect between abusive supervision and displaced aggression, and the positive serial multiple mediation of psychological contract breach and job stress between abusive supervision and displaced aggression was confirmed. This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of abusive supervision and its effects by including and verifying displaced aggression as one of its outcome variables and demonstrating how displaced aggression can be triggered from abusive supervision. From the practical standpoint, the results of this study highlight the dangers of the ripple effect of abusive supervision, where the victim of abusive supervision creates other victims through displaced aggression, calling for a greater effort at the organizational level This study empirically verified the mechanism behind the subordinates’ use of displaced aggression on colleagues as a way to relieve the stress they experience from abusive supervision. When employees are ignored or insulted by their supervisors, they undergo intense feelings of stress and anger that trigger the wish to retaliate, but the difference in rank can lead them to express their dissatisfaction and anger on those who are relatively easier to deal with, such as their colleagues, thereby engaging in displaced aggression. Since supervisors are seen as representatives of the organization, abusive supervision can be perceived as a psychological contract breach by employees, and if so, such perception of psychological contract breach can lead to the justification of unproductive behavior and the feeling that one has lost the support of the organization, causing an increase in job stress. Higher job stress levels lead to stress-coping strategies to conserve resources; because abusive supervision is a hindrance stressor, employees are apt to choose an escape strategy to relieve the stress. As a result, the suppressed anger and dissatisfaction manifests itself in the form of displaced aggression as a sort of self-therapeutic stress relief strategy.This study examined the serial multiple mediation of psychological contract breach and job stress in the relationship between abusive supervision and subordinates’displaced aggression. For the accurate identification of the mechanism behind this relationship, a total of 285 samples were collected through a survey on workers at companies with more than 300 employees, and the individual-level differences were controlled by setting Type A personality and negative affectivity as control variables. The results of the analysis showed that abusive supervision had a positive (+) effect on subordinates’ displaced aggression, and that psychological contract did not directly mediate between abusive supervision and displaced aggression. Also, job stress was found to have a positive mediating effect between abusive supervision and displaced aggression, and the positive serial multiple mediation of psychological contract breach and job stress between abusive supervision and displaced aggression was confirmed. This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of abusive supervision and its effects by including and verifying displaced aggression as one of its outcome variables and demonstrating how displaced aggression can be triggered from abusive supervision. From the practical standpoint, the results of this study highlight the dangers of the ripple effect of abusive supervision, where the victim of abusive supervision creates other victims through displaced aggression, calling for a greater effort at the organizational level

개인의 국제범죄로서의 침략범죄

오미영(Mi-Young Oh) 大韓赤十字社 人道法硏究所 2006 人道法論叢 Vol.- No.26

국제형사재판소(ICC)로마규정은 집단살해죄, 인도에 반한 죄, 전쟁범죄, 및 침략범죄에 대하여 관할권을 가진다. 이러한 규정을 보면 ‘침략범죄’도 다른 세 가지 범죄와 함께 개인을 처벌하는 ‘개인의 국제범죄’로서 법전화가 진전되었다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 ‘침략범죄’에 대해서는 일단 삽입시키기는 하였으나, 정의조항과 관할권행사조건을 규정한 조항을 채택하는 일은 2009년 후로 미루었다. 그 결과 ICC는 현실적으로 침략범죄에 대해서는 이러한 두 가지 조항이 마련될 때까지 관할권 행사를 할 수 없다. 본 논문에서는 침략범죄의 정의와, 개인의 침략범죄에 대한 처벌을 뉘른베르그재판과 동경재판을 통하여 살펴보고, 개인의 침략범죄와 국가책임과의 어떠한 관계가 있는지에 대해서 살펴보았다. 또한 ICC에서는 왜 ‘침략범죄’에 대해서만 그와 같은 규정을 정하였는지, 그 원인은 단순히 절차상, 각국간의 정치적 이해관계를 조정하는 것이 곤란하기 때문이었는지 아니면 ‘침략범죄’가 다른 범죄와는 다른 성질을 가지고 있기 때문이었는지에 대해서도 고찰해 보았다. 우선, 여러 제안들을 살펴본 결과, 국가의 ‘침략’행위를 ‘침략범죄’의 구성요소로서 개인처벌의 전제로 규정하고 있다는 점에서는 일치하고 있다. 이는 ‘국가의 국제범죄’로서의 ‘침략’에는 ‘개인의 국제범죄’로서의 ‘침략범죄’가 전제가 된다는 특이성을 가지고 있다고도 이해 할 수 있다. 하지만 개인처벌의 전제가 되는 국가의 ‘침략’의 법적행위에 대해서는 대립이 있었다. 이러한 대립은 ‘침략범죄’에 대해서 ICC에서 관할권행사를 할 수 없도록 하고 있다. 따라서 ‘개인의 국제범죄’로서의 ‘침략범죄’에 대한 ICC의 관할권행사를 가능하게 하기 위해서는 국제형법의 법전화에 있어서 ‘침략범죄’의 전제인 국가의 ‘침략’ 그 자체가 ‘국제범죄’라는 것을 직시하여야 한다. 그리고 국가의 ‘침략’의 인정과 정의를 둘러싼 각국간의 정치적 이해대립을 조정할 필요가 있다고 하겠다. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court(ICC) has jurisdiction over crime of genocide, crime against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression. The statute shows that "the crime of aggression", like the other three crimes, has also been undergoing legislation as an "international crimes of individuals" to punish individuals. Even though "the crime of aggression" has been inserted, however, adoption of definition clause and provision to prescribe preconditions to the exercise of jurisdiction has been delayed after 2009. As a result, the ICC cannot exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression until the two provisions are introduced. This treatise investigated the definition on the crime of aggression and punishment on individual crime of aggression through the Nuremberg trials and the Tokyo trials, and relations between individual crime of aggression and responsibility of state. In addition, the treatise investigated why the ICC prescribed such provisions to "the crime of aggression" alone, and what the reason is; whether a mere procedural difficulty of coordination of political interests of the countries or the characteristics of "the crime of aggression" that is different from the other crimes. First of all, each proposal has a sameness of prescribing the "aggression" of state as a composing element and a premise of punishment of individuals. It can be considered that there is a peculiarity that "aggression" as an "international crime of state" is a premise of "the crime of aggression" as an "individual international crime". However, there has been a dispute about legal activities of "aggression" of state which constitutes a premise of punishment of individuals. This dispute prevents the ICC from exercising jurisdiction over "the crime of aggression". Therefore, to make it possible for the ICC to exercise jurisdiction over "the crime of aggression" as an "international crime of individual", it is essential to make it clear that "aggression" of state, which is a premise of "the crime of aggression" in legislation of international criminal code, itself is the "international crime". Futhermore, it is needed to coordinate political interests on recognition and definition of "aggression" of state among countries.

유아의 외현적 공격성 및 관계적 공격성에 대한 유아의 성, 기질, 정서조절능력, 어머니의 양육스트레스의 영향

한준아(Han, Jun Ah),조윤주(Cho, Yoonjoo),김지현(Kim, Jihyun) 한국생활과학회 2014 한국생활과학회지 Vol.23 No.4

The purposes of this study were (1) to explore the gender differences in children’s overt aggression and relational aggression and (2) to investigate the effects of preschool children’s gender, temperament, emotional regulation, and maternal parenting stress on overt aggression and relational aggression. The participants were 173 preschool children and their mothers from three day care center and two kindergarten in Seoul and Gyeong-gi province. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, correlations, and multiple regressions. The results were as follows: (1) There was statistically significant gender difference in preschool children’s overt aggression, but there was statistically no significant gender difference in preschool children’s relational aggression. Boys displayed more overt aggression than girls. (2) Preschool children’s emotional regulation and activity explained children’s overt aggression and relational aggression. When preschool children expressed more emotional regulation, they showed less overt aggression and relational aggression. Preschool children, who perceived having more activity from mothers, diaplayed more overt aggression and relational aggression. Gender was found to affect preschool children’s overt aggression.