들뢰즈・가타리 철학에서 주체 개념의 의미

최진아 한국철학사상연구회 2019 시대와 철학 Vol.30 No.2

주체ʼ는 철학사적으로 가장 논쟁적인 개념 중 하나이다. 그것은 당연한 귀결이다. 왜냐하면 우리 삶을 바꾸는 문제에 대한 철학적 성찰과 실천은 언제나 주체 문제로 회귀할 수밖에 없기 때문이다. 주체에 대한 현대적논쟁은 탈-데카르트적 관점에서 마련될 수 있는 주체의 다양한 함의와 가능성의 지평을 제시해주었다. 그 중에서도 라캉은 주체를 무의식적 욕망의존재로 정의함으로써 정신분석학적 관점에서 주체를 새로이 복원시켰던 반면, 들뢰즈・가타리는 주체를 반-정신분석학적 입장에서 무한한 생산의차원으로 규정함으로써 전통적 주체를 넘어선 새로운 주체의 가능성을 보여주었다. 실제로 들뢰즈의 사상에서 주체 개념은 끊임없이 여러 다른 개념어로 대체되었다. 초기에 들뢰즈가 주체를 존재론적-인식론적 차원에서다루었다면, 이후 가타리와의 공동 작업을 통해서 주체에 대한 논의는 정치・사회적 변화를 실현시키는 혁명적 운동으로 확장된다. 특히 주체의 ʻ욕망하는 생산ʼ은 주체가 사회적 관계를 맺으면서 끊임없이 자신의 생산력을사회로 확장하는 자기-분열적인 주체성 생산이며, 이것은 곧 사회 전반에 욕망하는 미시-다양체의 다양한 흐름과 배치를 한다는 점에서 실천적이고혁명적이다. ʻSubjectʼ is one of the most controversial concepts in philosophical history. That is a natural conclusion. That's because philosophical reflection and practice on the matters of changing our lives always cannot help reverting to the Subject problem. The contemporary debate on the Subject has provided a horizon of the various implications and possibilities of the Subject being arranged from a post-Descartes perspective. Among them, while Lacan newly restored the Subject from a psychoanalysis perspective by defining it as the existence of unconscious desire, Deleuze and Guattari showed the possibility of a new subject beyond the traditional Subject by defining it as an infinite dimension of production from an anti-psychoanalytical stance. Actually, in Deleuze's thought, the concept of the Subject was constantly replaced by several different conceptual words. If, at an early stage, Deleuze addressed the Subject on the ontological-epistemological level, then through joint work with Guattari, the discussion of the Subject extends into a revolutionary movement to realize political and social change. In particular, the ʻDesiring Productionʼ of the Subject is a self-divergent subjectivity-production in which the Subject endlessly expands own productive forces into society as it forms social relationships. And it is practicable and revolutionary in that it is contrary to the diverse flow of micro-diversity that desires throughout society.

판례 분석을 통한 중국 디자인특허권 침해 판결에 영향을 끼치는 법률 요건 연구

김종우 중앙대학교 법학연구원 문화.미디어.엔터테인먼트법연구소 2023 문화.미디어.엔터테인먼트 법 Vol.17 No.1

The standard of the subject of determining infringement of design patent rights must be applied to the user. First of all, the user's judgment subject and the aesthetic value of the design are consistent with each other. This is different from error prevention from the purchase angle. Since the design patent product is used, the user finally enjoys the aesthetic value of the design patent product. The higher the user’s ability to identify a product design, the more the user not only becomes the subject of determining infringement of design patent rights, but also improves design quality. In China, the same or similarity of the design is judged from the user’s perspective. Although most of the general consumers are defined by the current law as the subject of determining infringement of design patents, in most cases, courts observe them from the user’s perspective. The “Patent Examination Guidelines” stipulated that the judgment on the same or similarity of the design must be made under the same or similar situation as a result of the comparison of the patent product types in the case. In other words, it was admitted that it did not constitute the fact that the patent related to the case and the design contrast were substantially equivalent. The definition of design in Chinese patent law also did not stipulate design by separating products. In the judgment of infringement of design patent rights, there has been no judgment on whether the design is the same or similar by separating tangible objects that are objects. Various requirements can be referred to for the recognition of the purpose. At the same time as acknowledging its use, it can refer to requirements such as international design classification tables, design manuals, product features and actual sales of products, and usage. Situation such as product function, actual sales, use, etc. are usually related to product usage information. In order for the infringement of design patent rights to be established, the design in which the rights have been infringed and the patent design related to the case must be the same or similar. When comparing designs, parallelism and visual confirmation must be adopted. Judgment of the same or similarity of the design is mainly based on Article 11 of the Supreme People’s Court Interpretation 1 in 2009 in China. This regulation must be based on the design characteristics of the design entrusted with the authority and the design characteristics filed for infringement of rights, and thus the overall visual effects of the design are comprehensively judged. In 2013, Article 75 of the Beijing High Court’s “Determination Guidelines” stipulated that causing errors in consumers is not a criterion for determining whether a design patent right constitutes an infringement of rights. In this theory, a parallel contrast method should be adopted in determining infringement of design patent rights because it does not conform to reality when applied in practice. It’s hard to imagine a judge analyzing a design product one day in a court and then changing the location again to see another design product another day in another court. The ruling included an underlit cover inside the lampshade, the thickness of the stand, a cross-sectional shape of the lower connection, and a very small hole inside the cross-section. Adopting an indirect control method requires extremely difficult judgment in such a situation where there are so many differences and differentiated parts are so fine. Overall, when recognizing areas that are easily observed during normal use of design products, requirements such as product use, various conditions of use, area size, installation site, and direction of sunlight should be considered from the observer’s point of view. In addition, design features that differ from the current design usually have a greater influence on the overall visual effect. Design is a design rich in aesthetic sense, and if a design does... 디자인특허권 권리 침해 판단 주체의 표준은 사용자에게 적용되어야만 한다. 우선, 사용자의 판단 주체와 디자인이 구비한 심미적 가치는 서로 부합한다. 이것은 구매 각도에서 출발한 착오 방지와는 다르다. 디자인특허제품을 사용했기 때문에 사용자는 비로소 해당 디자인특허제품이 가져오는 심미적 가치를 누리게 된다. 제품 디자인에 대한 사용자의 식별능력이 높을수록 사용자는 디자인특허권 침해 판단의 주체가 될 뿐만 아니라 디자인 품질도 향상시킬 수 있다. 중국에서는 사용자 시각으로 디자인의 동일함 또는 유사함에 대해 판단을 진행한다. 현행 법률에서는 비록 대부분 일반 소비자를 디자인특허권 침해 판단의 주체로 규정하고 있는데, 디자인의 대조과정으로 말하면 법원은 대다수의 경우 사용자 시각에서 관찰을 한다. ‘특허심사지침’에서는 디자인의 동일함 또는 유사함에 대한 판단은 반드시 해당사건 특허제품 종류가 대조 결과 동일하거나 유사한 상황 하에서 진행한다고 규정하였다. 즉 사건 관련 특허와 디자인 대조가 실질적으로 동등하다는 사실을 구성하지 않는다고 인정한 것이다. 중국 특허법의 디자인에 대한 정의 또한 제품을 따로 분리하여 디자인을 규정하지 않았다. 디자인특허권 침해 판단에서 목적물인 유형 물체를 별도로 분리하여 디자인의 동일함 또는 유사 여부에 대해 판단을 진행한 바가 없다. 용도의 인정에 대해서는 여러 요건을 참고할 수 있다. 용도를 인정함과 동시에 국제디자인 분류표, 디자인 설명서, 제품 기능 및 제품의 실제 판매, 사용 상황 등의 요건을 참고할 수 있다. 제품 기능, 실제 판매, 사용 등의 상황은 통상 제품 용도 정보와 관련이 된다. 디자인특허권 침해가 성립하려면 권리가 침해된 디자인과 사건 관련 특허디자인이 반드시 동일하거나 유사해야만 한다. 디자인에 대해 비교할 때에는 반드시 병렬대조 및 육안으로 직접 확인하는 방식을 채택해야 한다. 디자인의 동일함 또는 유사성에 대한 판단은 중국에서 주로 2009년 ‘최고인민법원 해석1’ 제11조 규정에 근거하고 있다. 동 규정은 권한을 위임받은 디자인, 권리가 침해되어 제소된 디자인의 설계 특징에 근거해야만 하며, 이로써 디자인의 전반적인 시각 효과를 종합적으로 판단한다고 되어 있다. 2013년 북경 고등법원의 ‘판단지침’ 제75조는 소비자로 하여금 착오를 불러일으키는 것은 디자인특허권의 권리 침해 구성 여부를 판단하는 기준이 아니라고 규정한 바 있다. 동 학설에서는 디자인특허권 침해 판단에서 병렬대조방식을 채택해야 하는데, 그 이유는 실무 적용 시 현실에 부합하지 않기 때문이다. 판사가 어느 날 법정에서 디자인 제품을 분석한 후에 다시 장소를 바꿔 또다른 법정에서 다른 날 다른 디자인제품을 본다는 것도 상상하기 어렵다. 판결문에는 등갓 내부의 언더라이트 커버, 스탠드 두께, 하단부 연결부위 단면 형태, 단면 내부의 아주 작은 구멍 등을 포함하였다. 차별점이 이렇게 많고 차별화된 부분이 이와 같이 미세한 상황에서 간접대조방식을 채택하는 것은 극도로 어려운 판단을 요구한다. 종합해보면 디자인제품의 정상 사용 시 용이하게 관찰되는 부위를 인정할 때에는 관찰자의 시각에서 종합적으로 제품 용도, 각종 사용 상태, 면적 크기, 설치 부위, 제품의 일조 방향 등의 요건을 고려해야 한다. 또 현행 디자인과 차별화되는 디자인 특징은 통 ...

객체지향 시스템에서 서브젝트 생성에 관한 연구

김행곤 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1998 연구논문집 Vol.57 No.2

To overcome software crisis, the concept of object-oriented is introduced. A major benefit of object-oriented paradigm is the degree of reuse that can be achieved in weill-engineered system. In the paradigm, new object classes can be generated with inheritance from ixisting class. It is the primary vehicle for component reuse. Object itself is intensely uninteresting. Object classes have several attributes and behaviors. They have various relationships and collaborations between each other. New entire system can be constructed with these component composition without a lot of cost or efforts. In this paper, we propose subject as the vehicle for composition in software reuse. We define the subject declaration form and the subject production rule. Subject is produced by applying components to the subject production-rule, and it must be stored and searched into database for reuse. We designed and implemented the SPS(Subject Production System) that supports the component composition in software reuse. By using the SPS, we can find appropriate candidate component and produce new subject which is composed components. SPS supports effective reuse design and coding phase for new application.

한국어 문장 유형 설정과 정상군의 홑문장 산출 양상에 대한 연구

성수진 ( Sung Soojin ) 한국문법교육학회 2016 문법 교육 Vol.27 No.-

Most aphasic patients, including Broca’s aphasia patients, have morphosyntactic disorders in sentence production and sentence comprehension due to neurological injuries. The purpose of the study is to develop a sentence production test that can evaluate aphasic patients’ sentence-production abilities based on the morphosyntactic features of Korean sentences. It includes simple sentences, conjunctive sentences, and embedded sentences. This paper is the first study with regard to the simple sentences. For accurate test result, test items were chosen by rigorous pre stages; 107 pilot study sentences were selected on the basis of representative sentence structures in Korean. To verify reliability and validity of the sentences, 3 Korean linguists examined them thoroughly. Picture stimuli had made by an art specialist and confirmed by 4 speech-language pathologists for their content validity. And a pilot study was carried out by 25 normal subjects. A total of 86 sentences were amended thrice based on the results of the pilot study, and the other preliminary experiment was carried out on 114 normal subjects using the amended sentences. Another round of selection of sentences was made by a Korean linguist after reviewing the test results of the normal subjects. The secondary consultation with the Korean linguist resulted in the final version of the simple sentence test(40 sentences in all: active, causative, passive). The 114 subjects were grouped into two based on their age. Age group 1 was for subjects who were between 45 and 74 years and Age group 2 was for those who were 75 years or older. Further, they were grouped into two based on their education; Education group 1 comprised those with 1 to 6 years of education, while Education group 2 subjects had 7 or more years of education. Mixed-model ANOVA was carried out to examine the normal subjects`` performance in sentence production. In the analysis of different types of verbs in simple sentences, the result was that the types of verbs were statistically significant factors; the subjects performed best on active verbs but their performance worsened gradually on causative verbs and passive verbs.

생활화학제품 함유 화학물질에 관한 리스크 커뮤니케이션

조태제(Cho, Tae-Je) 한양법학회 2023 漢陽法學 Vol.34 No.1

The consumer chemical products we use in our daily lives may contain chemicals that are considered hazardous or likely to pose a risk. Therefore, proper management is needed. As one of the management means, a method of providing information on chemical substances to consumers using the product can be considered. A widely used method is to display information on chemical substances on the outer surface or packaging of products. Recently, a system that requires business operators to provide information on chemical substances to consumers has been established. In order to increase the readability of the labeling in consumer chemical product subject to safety verification, improvement of the labeling system according to Article 10(8) of CONSUMER CHEMICAL PRODUCTS AND BIOCIDES SAFETY CONTROL ACT’ is required. It is necessary to make the display by QR code or barcode parallel. Display by such an electronic method will make it easier for consumers to access information. The EU is actively realizing consumers right to know about chemical substances contained in products through the AskREACH project. It is necessary to carry out such a project in Korea, and this project will be more effective when electronic display is combined. According to Article 35(2) of ACT ON REGISTRATION AND EVALUATION OF CHEMICALS, the transferor of a product containing substance subject to intensive control must provide information related to the use of the product to the consumer requesting the provision of information. The problem is that the provision of information is required only when the product containing the substance subject to intensive control reported under Article 32 is transferred. As a result, the scope to which this regulation can be applied is very limited. While Article 32 aims to collect and manage information on chemical substances, Article 35 has meaning in protecting the safety of transferees or consumers of products containing substances subject to intensive control. The two have different legislative intent. For consumer safety, it is necessary to relax the application requirements of Article 35 by referring to Article 33 of REACH.: From product containing a substance subject to intensive control reported pursuant to Article 32 to product that the content of each individual substance subject to intensive control contained in one unit of the product shall exceed 0.1 weight percent. Improvements in the labeling system and the information provision system implemented by business operators will enable consumers to make informed product choices. This will encourage companies to develop alternative materials and will ultimately contribute to reducing emissions of hazardous chemicals to the environment.

과타리의 생태철학에서 주체성 생산의 미학적 패러다임에 관한 연구

김성하 ( Sung Ha Kim ) 한국미학예술학회 2016 美學·藝術學硏究 Vol.47 No.-

본 논문은 과타리(Ferix Guattari, 1930-1992) 생태철학에서 윤리적이고 미학적인 생태 철학적 실천에 관한 논의를 고찰한다. 이것은 과타리 생태철학의 윤리적이고 정치적 실천 개념인 ‘주체성(subjectivite) 생산’의 ‘미학적 패러다임’에 대한 것이다. 결과적으로 본 논문은 다음의 결론을 도출한다. 첫째, 과타리의 생태철학은 현시대의 생태적 위기를 인간 실존의 문제로 바라보고 그 대안으로 환경, 주체성, 사회관계에 상응하는 환경 생태학, 정신 생태학그리고 사회 생태학이 서로 가로지르는 세 가지 생태학을 제안한다. 그것은 정신 생태학의 담론을 근저로 하는 과타리 생태철학의 주요한 실천 개념인 새로운 ‘주체성의 생산’을 통한 윤리-미적 실천으로, 현시대의 위기를 극복하고자 하는 철학적 기획이다. 둘째, 과타리 생태철학의 실천 개념인 주체성 생산의 실질적 동력은 ‘능동적이고 생산적인 유물론적 무의식의 욕망’으로 규정된다. 그것은 ‘집단적 주체’ 개념을 전제하는 것으로, 새로운 혁명적이고 자율적인 주체성의 생산을 궁극적으로 모색하기 위한 것이다. 셋째, 과타리 생태철학에서 예술은 생태논리로서 주체성 생산의 모델로 제시되며, 새로운 미학적 패러다임으로의 전환에 있어 본질적인 것으로 사유된다. 이러한 ‘주체성 생산의 미학적 패러다임으로의 전환’은 현시대의 생태위기를 극복 할 수 있는 실천적 방식으로, 현대 생태철학의 ‘새로운 미학적 실천 가능성’을 제시한다. 따라서 과타리의 생태철학은 현시대의 생태 미학적 논의의 다양한 지평을 열고 있는 것으로 평가된다. This thesis is a study of the ecosophical practice ― the ethico-aesthetic ― within the ecosophy of Guattari (Felix Guattari, 1930-1992). Furthermore, this thesis looks at the ethical, as well as the aesthetic paradigm in the ‘production of subjectivity( subjectivite)’, which is a political concept of practice within Guattari``s ecosophy. As a result, this thesis draws the following results. Firstly, Guattari``s ecosophy sees the present day ecological crisis as the problem of human existence. And as an alternative, Guattari proposes three ecologies that traverse into one another: environmental ecology, mental ecology, and social ecology, which respectively corresponds to environment, subjectivity and social relations. A philosophical plan can be made by using the discourse of mental ecology as a base to a new ‘production of subjectivity’ through ethico-aesthetic practice to overcome the present day ecological crisis. Secondly, the substantial potential of the ‘production of subjectivity’ in Guattari``s concept of practice is defined as active and as productive materialistic desires of the unconscious. That is, premising the concept of the subject group intends to find a new revolutionary autonomous ‘production of subjectivity’. Thirdly. in Guattari``s ecosophy, art is presented as eco-logic and a model of ‘production of subjectivity’. Also, art is recognised as essential when it ‘changes to a new aesthetic paradigm’. This ‘change to a new aesthetic paradigm’, which is a ‘production of subjectivity’ is presented as a new aesthetic practical possibility, and therefore as a practical method that can overcome the present day ecological crisis. Therefore, it can be said that Guattari``s ecosophy opens up the prospect of a variety of present day ecological aesthetic discussions.

WHAT DRIVERS CONSUMERS’ CHOICE OF ORGANIC IN THE TAIWANESE MARKET

Wei-Chih Tseng,Chun-Hui Chang 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7

With the popularization of the issues of global warming and climate change, more and more people are aware of environmental damages caused by human behavior. The fundamental living necessities of humans, such as food, water, clothing, housing and transportation, all take place on the Earth. Many environmentalists and governments worldwide have started to promote low carbon and green concepts. Such a green urgency is sweeping the world. Based on the surveys conducted by the Organic Trade Association (OTA) in 2013, over 40% of those surveyed in US households have a higher level of motivation to purchase organic products, for the sake of their own and their family's health. In addition, 97% of organic product buyers had purchased organic fruits or vegetables in the past six months. We can also see this kind of situation in Taiwan, where about 80% of consumers are willing to pay more money to purchase environmentally friendly products. The OTA even maintains that, except for Japan, Taiwan is the fastest growing organic market in Asia. Therefore, this study aims to explore the consumers' purchase behaviour behind the organic market in Taiwan. The organic market in Taiwan covers the products from agriculture, food processing, textiles, apparels, and even personal care products and cleaning supplies. Following this green trend that seeks to enhance human health and to maintain a sustainable earth to live on, organic stores in Taiwan have become an emerging industry and there seem to be endless business opportunities in this potential organic market. In order to acquire a significant market share, it is necessary for enterprise managers to understand consumers' perceived value of organic products and how this determinant, perceived value, impact their purchase intention. Perceived value is the overall purchase experience of consumers. It is based on the consumers' comparison between the quality and quantity of products received and paid out, and their objective and subjective consideration of certain factors (Schechter, 1984; Zeithaml, 1988). Perceived value varies with the type of products and services and consumers' personal traits (Zeithaml, 1988). Perceived value is a complicated construct and, therefore, its impact on consumers' purchase intentions toward products cannot be judged from a single dimension only (Bolton & Drew, 1991). Literature on perceived value divides it into utilitarian and hedonic values. Utilitarian value refers to the perceived value acquired by consumers after their purchasing goals have been achieved in the process of consumption. That is to say, utilitarian value is the task- and rationalization-oriented decisions of consumers. On the other hand, hedonic value is affiliated to the individual emotional and irrationality phase of consumers, which usually occur during the process of consumption. Consumers commonly feel pleasant emotions and feelings of motivation and accomplishment, or can even fulfill their desire for escape (Babin & Attaway, 2000; Babin, Darden, & Griffin, 1994; Bae, 2008). Past studies have pointed out that perceived value has a direct impact on the purchase intention (Grewal, Monroe, & Krishnan, 1998). However, in the Value-Attitude-Behavior Model, Homer and Kahle (1988) indicated that perceived value affects consumers' purchase intention through the mediating effect sourced from their attitude. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been commonly used to explain a variety of human behaviour (Cunningham and Kwon,2003; Andrews, Silk and Eneli,2010; Kim & Chung, 2011). The TPB mainly focuses on the influence of three behavioural intention dimensions of individuals: attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. In short, following the fundamental concept of TPB (Ajzen, 1985), this study explored the variables of (1) consumers' attitude towards organic products, (2) the subjective norm, represented by the pressure from family members and close friends, and (3) the perceived behavioural control, presenting perceived ability to control the availability and accessibility of organic products. The ultimate goal of this research is to find out the critical determinants influencing consumers' purchase intentions towards organic products. In order to explore the consumers' possible decisive path from perceived values to purchase intention toward organic products (see figure 1), this study includes the variables utilitarian value and hedonic value as the antecedents, attitude as the mediating factor, and both subjective norm and perceived behavioural control as other influential factors. Figure 1: Conceptual framework and hypotheses This study mainly targeted the consumer behavior toward organic products in the Taipei area of Taiwan. Totally 565 samples were collected. Excluding invalid questionnaires (73 samples), the number of valid questionnaires was 492. The valid response rate was 87%. The SEM is a statistical technique combining both factor analysis and path analysis and is widely used in social and behavioural science studies. Therefore, this study adopted the SEM as the analytical tool to explore the causal relationship among the latent variables discussed above. In sum, this study revealed that the proposed model could well predict consumers’ purchase intentions toward organic products. The empirical research results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the findings of this study confirmed the claims proposed by many scholars that perceived value is a critical determinant affecting the purchase intention of consumers (Zeithaml, 1988). The empirical results of this study show perceived value is an important antecedent driving consumers to purchase organic products in Taiwan. Nevertheless, perceived value is a multi-dimensional construct. As Ryu et al. (2010) suggested in order to explain all consumptive phenomena, we should consider consumers' overall evaluation of utilitarian and hedonic values that are taken into account during their consumption experience. This study found that utilitarian and hedonic values are, indeed, the important driving antecedents for consumers to purchase organic products. Moreover, utilitarian value, compared to hedonic value, has a higher level of impact on the consumers’ purchase intention toward organic products. With regard to the sale of organic products, in addition to the emphasis on the interesting and exciting experience acquired from the purchase or use of organic products, what is more important is that managers can directly emphasize the quality, practical value of organic products, and the contribution that organic products make to people’s health and environmental protection. This not only directly drives consumers to purchase organic products but also further promotes the degree of satisfaction of consumers towards organic products, subsequently increasing the chances for organic products to be purchased. In particular, this study also finds that the main reason for people who never purchase organic products is that they do not yet have a preference toward organic products. For enterprises which want to extend the organic market in Taiwan, this study suggests that managers make consumer to be fond of organic products by driving hedonic and utilitarian value that can be provided by the organic products. Second, the influence of perceived behavioral control and attitude on purchase intention, as mentioned in the TPB in previous studies, was also supported in this study. In other words, when consumers purchase organic products, they have been deeply affected by factors regarding the degree of their knowledge of organic products or the accessibility of the organic products. In that case, the channel strategy and the store coverage of organic products should be very critical in the ever-booming organic products market in Taiwan. Besides, this investigation finds that a certain proportion of consumers do not purchase organic products because they do not understand the organic products, which is also a very important clue for the companies that intend to penetrate the market. They could spread environmental protection knowledge via the advertisements to educate consumers about the benefits (such as protecting the environment, and being good to health, etc.) of the usage of organic products. In that way, the potential consumers could be encouraged to purchase organic products and this will be beneficial for the development of total organic product market.

WHAT DRIVERS CONSUMERS’ CHOICE OF ORGANIC IN THE TAIWANESE MARKET

Wei-Chih Tseng,Chun-Hui Chang 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.2

With the popularization of the issues of global warming and climate change, more and more people are aware of environmental damages caused by human behavior. The fundamental living necessities of humans, such as food, water, clothing, housing and transportation, all take place on the Earth. Many environmentalists and governments worldwide have started to promote low carbon and green concepts. Such a green urgency is sweeping the world. Based on the surveys conducted by the Organic Trade Association (OTA) in 2013, over 40% of those surveyed in US households have a higher level of motivation to purchase organic products, for the sake of their own and their family's health. In addition, 97% of organic product buyers had purchased organic fruits or vegetables in the past six months. We can also see this kind of situation in Taiwan, where about 80% of consumers are willing to pay more money to purchase environmentally friendly products. The OTA even maintains that, except for Japan, Taiwan is the fastest growing organic market in Asia. Therefore, this study aims to explore the consumers' purchase behaviour behind the organic market in Taiwan. The organic market in Taiwan covers the products from agriculture, food processing, textiles, apparels, and even personal care products and cleaning supplies. Following this green trend that seeks to enhance human health and to maintain a sustainable earth to live on, organic stores in Taiwan have become an emerging industry and there seem to be endless business opportunities in this potential organic market. In order to acquire a significant market share, it is necessary for enterprise managers to understand consumers' perceived value of organic products and how this determinant, perceived value, impact their purchase intention. Perceived value is the overall purchase experience of consumers. It is based on the consumers' comparison between the quality and quantity of products received and paid out, and their objective and subjective consideration of certain factors (Schechter, 1984; Zeithaml, 1988). Perceived value varies with the type of products and services and consumers' personal traits (Zeithaml, 1988). Perceived value is a complicated construct and, therefore, its impact on consumers' purchase intentions toward products cannot be judged from a single dimension only (Bolton & Drew, 1991). Literature on perceived value divides it into utilitarian and hedonic values. Utilitarian value refers to the perceived value acquired by consumers after their purchasing goals have been achieved in the process of consumption. That is to say, utilitarian value is the task- and rationalization-oriented decisions of consumers. On the other hand, hedonic value is affiliated to the individual emotional and irrationality phase of consumers, which usually occur during the process of consumption. Consumers commonly feel pleasant emotions and feelings of motivation and accomplishment, or can even fulfill their desire for escape (Babin & Attaway, 2000; Babin, Darden, & Griffin, 1994; Bae, 2008). Past studies have pointed out that perceived value has a direct impact on the purchase intention (Grewal, Monroe, & Krishnan, 1998). However, in the Value-Attitude-Behavior Model, Homer and Kahle (1988) indicated that perceived value affects consumers' purchase intention through the mediating effect sourced from their attitude. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been commonly used to explain a variety of human behaviour (Cunningham and Kwon,2003; Andrews, Silk and Eneli,2010; Kim & Chung, 2011). The TPB mainly focuses on the influence of three behavioural intention dimensions of individuals: attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. In short, following the fundamental concept of TPB (Ajzen, 1985), this study explored the variables of (1) consumers' attitude towards organic products, (2) the subjective norm, represented by the pressure from family members and close friends, and (3) the perceived behavioural control, presenting perceived ability to control the availability and accessibility of organic products. The ultimate goal of this research is to find out the critical determinants influencing consumers' purchase intentions towards organic products. In order to explore the consumers' possible decisive path from perceived values to purchase intention toward organic products (see figure 1), this study includes the variables utilitarian value and hedonic value as the antecedents, attitude as the mediating factor, and both subjective norm and perceived behavioural control as other influential factors. Figure 1: Conceptual framework and hypotheses This study mainly targeted the consumer behavior toward organic products in the Taipei area of Taiwan. Totally 565 samples were collected. Excluding invalid questionnaires (73 samples), the number of valid questionnaires was 492. The valid response rate was 87%. The SEM is a statistical technique combining both factor analysis and path analysis and is widely used in social and behavioural science studies. Therefore, this study adopted the SEM as the analytical tool to explore the causal relationship among the latent variables discussed above. In sum, this study revealed that the proposed model could well predict consumers’ purchase intentions toward organic products. The empirical research results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the findings of this study confirmed the claims proposed by many scholars that perceived value is a critical determinant affecting the purchase intention of consumers (Zeithaml, 1988). The empirical results of this study show perceived value is an important antecedent driving consumers to purchase organic products in Taiwan. Nevertheless, perceived value is a multi-dimensional construct. As Ryu et al. (2010) suggested in order to explain all consumptive phenomena, we should consider consumers' overall evaluation of utilitarian and hedonic values that are taken into account

〔특집논문〕의료법의 현대적 과제 : 임상시험과 피험자보호에 관한 연구

박민제 ( Min Je Park ),박정인 ( Jung In Park ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2014 홍익법학 Vol.15 No.2

오늘날 인간 대상연구나 임상시험은 과학이나 의학발전을 위해서는 필요한 부분 중 하나이다. 그런데 피험자가 임상시험에 참여할 경우 피험자의 권리, 안전, 복지를 보호하기 위한 추가적인 조치가 필요하다. 특히 의학연구 분야는 법규제 측면을 본다면 일부 의사나 연구자들이 반발할 가능성도 있다. 그러나 적절한 규제는 피험자를 보호하는 동시에 의사나 연구자들도 보호하는 기능도 있다. 또한 각 관계가 있는 (행정)기관과 연대하여 우수한 임상시험의 물적·인적육성, 의뢰자에게 공정하면서 피해방지 및 설명, 동의의 정보가 충분히 제공할 수 있는 시스템구조 등을 위한 노력이 더욱 더 필요하다. 한 측면만 살펴보면, 피험자 개인의 이익과 반드시 연결되어 있지 않다. 오히려 피험자 자신에 대한 위험과 그 희생으로 이루어진다고 해도 결코 지나치지 않다. 한편 의사 입장에서 임상시험을 실시할 경우, 의료과학 발전에 기여할 의무와 환자의 이익을 위해서 보호할 의무가 있다. 의사는 이 양쪽 의무 사이에 서 있다고 보아도 무방할 것이다. 이 양쪽 의무가 서로 충돌하는 측면이 있기 때문에 상호연결해서 조화롭게 일치시켜 나아간다는 것은 결코 쉽지는 않다. 만약 피해가 피험자에게 발생한 경우, 모든 구제가 가능할 수 있도록 완벽한 체제를 준비해 두어야 한다. 인간 대상연구나 임상시험은 피험자보호를 위하여 그 구조적 결함을 보완하여 행정 및 법에 의한 규제와 임상시험심사위원회의 판단 등을 고려하여야 한다. 그러므로 피험자 보호를 위하여 입법론으로 충분히 정비하여야 할 것이다. 그리고 외국 경우처럼 보험등을 통한 피해구제의 체제를 정비한 다음, 과학이나 의학발전을 위하여 노력하여야 할 것이다. 실질적으로는 각 국가마다 임상시험이 다를 수 있기 때문에 더욱 더 지속적으로 피험자보호를 위해 노력해야 한다. In today` society, it is necessary to take a clinical trial on humans in order to carry out scientific and medicinal research. In the event that subjects participate clinical trial, additional measures should be taken to protect subjects` right, safety and welfare. Especially in the sphere of medicinal research, some parts of doctors and researchers, possibly, oppose to legal regulations. But appropriate regulations play an important role to protect not only subjects but also doctors and researchers. By collaborating with the related Ministry, we can secure excellent human and material resources to take a clinical trial, and at the same time, provide fair and damage-preventing system and informed consent for the subjects. At the first glance, clinical trial on the subjects have damaging interests to the subjects individuals. In fact, clinical trial are carried out by the sacrifice of the subjects individuals. On the other hand, doctors who carry out clinical testings have the duty to contribute to the development of medical science and to protect subjects` interests. Doctors who carry out experiments should make a good adjustment these two conflicting interests. These two`s interests are conflicting each other, so it is not easy to coordinate interests between them. If damages occur to the subjects, we should prepare to take perfect legal remedy measures to compensate for the damaged subjects. Clinical trial on humans should lay down administrative and legal regulations and pass the judgement of Institutional Review Board, and so on. Because of these reasons we should modify various laws and regulations to protect the subjects. As taken effect to the foreign countries it is desirable to introduce insurance system and take measures to advance science and medicine. Substantially, as every country has different clinical trial system, we should make a greater effort to protect the subjects.

Subject/Object Asymmetry in wh-Questions in Second Language Acquisition

Soo Ok Kweon 현대문법학회 2002 현대문법연구 Vol.29 No.-

This study examines subject/object asymmetry in wh-question production in adult second language learners. In an oral production test, a lower error rate was observed for object wh-questions than for subject wh-questions. Two contrasting principles are responsible for the asymmetry of preference and accuracy between subject and object wh-questions. Minimal Attachment Principle (Frazier 1987) accounts for the inferior performance on subject wh-questions, while Depth of Embedding Principle (O’Grady 1997) proposes an opposite prediction: subject wh-questions are strongly preferred. The results of the current study show that object wh-questions involved more errors than subject wh-questions in an elicited production test. This suggests that the Minimal Attachment Principle is an appropriate theoretical framework of the subject/object asymmetry at least in second language processing,