최대 엔트로피 기법으로 도출한 지속 가능한 송이 생산 전략

구자춘 ( Ja Choon Koo ),최준영 ( Jun Yeong Choi ),윤여창 ( Yeo Chang Youn ) 한국산림과학회 2013 한국산림과학회지 Vol.102 No.3

Pine mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake) is one of the most profitable forest products in Korea. We postulated a hypothesis that a high rate of returns to labor input could make the harvest of pine mushroom off the optimum level. In the view of developing a sustainable production strategy for pine mushroom producers,production of pine mushroom collectors and pine mushroom growth function were estimated using maximum entropy method. Annual pine mushroom production and labor input were the data used in the estimation of production function of pine mushroom collectors and pine mushroom growth function. The level of sustainable maximum production derived from the estimated function. The production function estimated shows that production of pine mushroom is affected more by the resource of pine mushroom stocked in the forests than by labor that households put in forestry business. The production function of mushroom collectors and the estimated growth function indicate that pine mushroom harvests for the period of 2005-2011 did not reach the potential level of maximum sustainable production. Therefore, we suggest that pine mushroom harvest should be controlled until the resource stock of pine mushroom in the forests increases to the level of maximum sustainable production.

송이가공품에 대한 마케팅전략 수립 -양양송이를 중심으로-

신해식 ( H. S. Shin ),노성훈 ( S. H. Roh ),( M. Mohsin ),정윤필 ( Y. P. Jung ),이종인 ( J. I. Lee ) 강원대학교 농업생명과학연구원(구 농업과학연구소) 2011 강원 농업생명환경연구 Vol.23 No.1

Various processed pine mushroom products are produced and sold to consume the pine mushroom year-round in Yangyang-Gun. However, consumers do not know about the processed pine mushroom products because marketing strategies for the processed pine mushroom products are not existed. The purpose of this study is to suggest the marketing strategies for the processed pine mushroom products. In order to suggest the marketing strategies data from questionnaire for consumers were used. The questionnaire was given to participants at Yangyang Pine Mushroom Festival in September 27, 2009 and consumers at Hanaromarts located at Changdong and Yangjaedong during October 8th and 9th in 2009. 686 questionnaires were used for analyses from 700 questionnaires distributed. The questionnaires were analyzed by frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and multi-dimensional analysis using SPSS 12. As the results, the marketing strategies for the processed pine mushroom products were suggested as follows. First, TV and Radio were analyzed as more effective mass media than other mass media in marketing strategy. Second, the prices of the processed pine mushroom products can be set higher than that of general processed products in price strategy. The consumers willingness to pay for the processed pine mushroom products were higher than that of general processed products. Third, if the functional processed pine mushroom products were developed and the products contain components only existed in pine mushroom, the products will be appealed more effectively to consumers than that of general products for products strategy. Fourth, intensive channel policy will be effective especially in discount stores, direct outlet of agricultural cooperative, and direct trading of agricultural products for distribution strategy.

느타리버섯 생산과 유통의 효율화방안

조원대 농협대학교 협동조합경영연구소 2003 협동조합경영연구 Vol.31 No.-

Latest mushroom is one of the most important food in our country. Particularly oyster mushroom is popular to the consumer and producer in the mushroom. Oyster mushroom was producted about 70,000MT/year and occupied about 42% of mushroom product. Generally oyster mushroom was marketed in the most amount, 3,770MT/mon. from September to November on the other side the least amount, 2,900MT/mon. from June to August. The results to increase in competitiveness of marketing, were investigated as follows; 1) to make production of stability and high quality in mushroom. 2) to manage specializations and systems of cultivation in mushroom. 3) to reduce costs of production and marketing. 4) to make exchange of information in marketing. 5) to control shipment of mushroom.

한국 버섯산업의 발전사

유창현,You, Chang-Hyun 한국버섯학회 2003 한국버섯학회지 Vol.1 No.1

한국의 버섯재배는 1960년대 초에 정부에서 농산물 수출과 농민의 소득을 증대시키기 위하여 양송이와 표고의 증산계획을 세워 시작하였다. 농촌진흥청 산림청 등 국가 연구기관에서는 유전적 소질이 우수한 품종의 육성, 양질의 종균보급, 고품질 버섯을 대량생산하는 기술을 개발하고 농민에게 재배기술을 교육하고 현지 지도를 하였으며, 재배시설비 등을 정책적으로 지원하였다. 재배방법이 개발되어 농가에서 대량으로 생산하기 시작한 버섯종류는 표고, 양송이, 느타리버섯, 팽이, 영지, 큰느타리버섯 등이다. 현재 버섯을 재배하는 농가는 약 2만호, 생 버섯의 총 생산량은 약 17만톤으로 느타리버섯이 가장 많고 다음이 팽이, 표고, 양송이 순으로 많다. 버섯의 총 농업생산액은 7,000억원을 넘으며, 연중생산이 가능한 농가의 중요한 소득작목으로 발전하였다. Mushroom cultivation in Korea was launched in the early 1960's. At that time Korean government started a program for increasing cultivation of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and oak mushroom (Lentinula edodes) to export agricultural products and to increase farm income. National research institutes under Rural Development Administration, Korea Forest Service, etc. play a leading role in mushroom industry as follows : Development and spread of genetically superior commercial strains, good spawns, and cultivation techniques. Training and field advice to lead farmers for mass production of high quality mushrooms. Political support of facilities and establishments for mushroom cultivation. Several mushrooms including oak mushroom, button mushroom, oyster mushroom, winter mushroom, Ganoderma, P. eryngii, etc. have been popularized for their cultivation techniques and produced in large quantities in the farm. According to a recent statistics, mushrooms have been grown by about 20,000 farm households, in Korea and the gross production of fresh mushrooms is estimated about 170,000 M/T. The gross production of oyster mushroom is the highest followed by winter mushroom, oak mushroom and button mushroom. The gross amount of mushroom production stands over 700 billion won. Thus, mushroom industry goes to the most important cash crop to be produced yearly.

버섯 산업의 발달 동향

유영복,오민지,오연이,신평균,장갑열,공원식 한국버섯학회 2016 한국버섯학회지 Vol.14 No.4

Worldwide production of mushrooms has been increasing by 10–20% every year. Recently, Pleurotus eryngii and P. nebrodensis have become popular mushroom species for cultivation. In particular, China exceeded 8.7 million tons in 2002, which accounted for 71.5% of total world output. A similar trend was also observed in Korea. Two kinds of mushrooms— Gumji (金芝; Ganoderma) and Seoji—are described in the ancient book 'Samguksagi' (History of the three kingdoms; B.C 57~A.D 668; written by Bu Sik Kim in 1145) during the Korea-dynasty. Many kinds of mushrooms are also described in more than 17 ancient books during the Chosun-dynasty (1392~1910) in Korea. Approximately 200 commercial strains of 38 species of mushrooms were developed and distributed to cultivators. The somatic hybrid variety of oyster mushroom, ‘Wonhyeongneutari,’ was developed by protoplast fusion, and distributed to growers in 1989. Further, the production of mushrooms as food was 199,829 metric tons, valued at 850 billion Korean Won (one trillion won if mushroom factory products are included) in 2015. In Korea, the major cultivated species are P. ostreatus, P. eryngii, Flammulina velutipes, Lentinula edodes, Agaricus bisporus, and Ganoderma lucidum, which account for 90% of the total production. Since mushroom export was initiated in 1960, the export and import of mushrooms have increased in Korea. Technology was developed for liquid spawn production, and automatic cultivation systems led to the reduction of production cost, resulting in the increase in mushroom export. However, some species were imported owing to high production costs for effective cultivation methods. In academia, RDA scientists have conducted mushroom genome projects since 1997. One of the main outcomes is the whole genome sequencing of Flammulina velutipes for molecular breeding. With regard to medicinal mushrooms, we have been conducting genome research on Cordyceps and its related species for developing functional foods. There are various kinds of beneficial substances in mushrooms; mushroom products, including pharmaceuticals, tonics, healthy beverages, functional biotransformants, and processed foods have also became available on the market. In addition, compost and feed can likewise be made from mushroom substrates after harvest.

양송이 안정생산을 위한 생산기술 현장연구

전창성 외 한국버섯학회 2010 한국버섯학회지 Vol.8 No.3

양송이 단위면적당 생산량이 1990년부터 지속적으로 감소하여 1980년대의 절반에 가까운 수량을 보이고 있다. 따라서 수량감소 요인을 분석하고 그에 따른 대책을 마련하기위하여 본 시험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 농가에서 사용하는 배지의 품질이 기계화되는 과정에서 하락하였고, 병해충발생으로 인한 피해 문제가 크게 대두되었다. 양송이 재배농가의 퇴비배지 입상시 배지의 질소함량은 권장량보다 낮고, 입상량은 120~150kg/3.3㎡로 기존 입상량 보다 적으며, 현장에서 질소 수준별 시험에서 질소함량별 퇴비제조에서 질소원 수준이 1.5%가 수확량이 가장 높았으며, 배지량이 증가하면 수량이 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 병해충의 발생으로 후주기 수확을 하지 못해 다수확하지 못하였다. 병해충은 주변의 청결성에 문제가 있는 것으로 나타났는데 주변의 미생물상 및 병해충발생정도는 시기별로 조사한 결과 양송이 농가의 재배사 내외의 미생물상은 일관된 결과는 아니지만 대조지역에 비하여 높은 미생물 밀도를 보이고 있다. 이를 해결하기위한 방법으로 청결하고 위생적 관리를 위해서는 병해충 발생의 오염원이 되고 있는 재배사 주변에 방치되어 있는 폐상배지를 처리하는 것과 재배사 주변의 살균 소독방법의 개발이 매우 시급한 실정이다. 대조지역인 대천해수욕장 주변과 대비하여 버섯재배지역은 수십배 이상의 미생물 밀도를 보이고 있었다. 특히 폐광을 이용한 냉·이용 터널에서 재배사의 냉풍 유도터널 내의 바닥 및 환풍기에 곰팡이균사가 생장하고 있었으며, 재배사 바닥에 곰팡이가 발생되어있는 등의 문제가 발생하고 있었다. 간이시험에서 재배소독약으로는 벤잘코늄액에 대한 살균을 효과를 검정하기 위하여 재배사 공기중 분리세균을 대상으로 0.005% 처리에서도 저지원이 나타났으며, 살균효과가 높은 것으로 조사되었다. Common mushroom production per area has been decreased and are up to less than 50% of the 1980 production. To determine the main reasons for the decrement, we performed this study. Two main reasons, which are mushroom disease and the low compost quality because of mechanized compost making, were assessed. In mechanized mushroom farms, nitrogen concentration in compost was lower than recommended and total compost quantity was about 100-150 kg/3.3㎡, which was also lower than usual. Our study revealed that higher nitrogen concentration (about 1.5%) in compost gave better production. Also, use of large amount of compost appeared to increase the mushroom production, although more insects and disease problems were observed. The relationships between the presences of microorganisms and occurrence of diseases were assessed by monitoring the microorganism densities near the mushroom farms. Higher number of microorganisms were observed near the mushroom farm area, compared to control region, Daechon beach. Most contaminating molds were found in the circulating fans, tunnel and culture room floor. The bacterial isolates were collected from the air in mushroom culture room and killed with 0.005% Benzalkonium solution, indicating treatment of Benzalkonium are the effective methods to sanitize the mushroom culture room.

양송이 안정생산을 위한 생산기술 현장연구

전창성,장갑열,정종천,이찬중,공원식,유영복 한국버섯학회 2010 한국버섯학회지 Vol.8 No.3

Common mushroom production per area has been decreased and are up to less than 50% of the 1980 production. To determine the main reasons for the decrement, we performed this study. Two main reasons, which are mushroom disease and the low compost quality because of mechanized compost making, were assessed. In mechanized mushroom farms, nitrogen concentration in compost was lower than recommended and total compost quantity was about 100-150 kg/3.3m2, which was also lower than usual. Our study revealed that higher nitrogen concentration (about 1.5%) in compost gave better production. Also, use of large amount of compost appeared to increase the mushroom production, although more insects and disease problems were observed. The relationships between the presences of microorganisms and occurrence of diseases were assessed by monitoring the microorganism densities near the mushroom farms. Higher number of microorganisms were observed near the mushroom farm area, compared to control region, Daechon beach. Most contaminating molds were found in the circulating fans, tunnel and culture room floor. The bacterial isolates were collected from the air in mushroom culture room and killed with 0.005% Benzalkonium solution, indicating treatment of Benzalkonium are the effective methods to sanitize the mushroom culture room.

버섯재배 배지재료용 수입 농업부산물에서의 세균 조사 연구

김준영,김수산,김성환,Kim, Jun Young,Kim, Susan,Kim, Seong Hwan 한국미생물학회 2018 미생물학회지 Vol.54 No.4

국내 버섯 생산용 배지재료 용도로 수입되는 밀짚, 피트모스, 비트펄프, 면실피, 면실박 등 농업부산물에 대한 안전성 자료 구축이 시급히 요구되고 있다. 그러나 미생물에 대한 조사 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 2년 동안 호주, 캐나다, 중국, 이집트, 독일, 인도, 우크라이나에서 수입한 농업 부산물인 밀짚, 피트모스, 면실박, 면실피, 비트펄프를 대상으로 인체, 식물, 버섯에 유해가능성 있는 세균의 존재 여부를 확인하기 위해 수행하였다. 조사된 수입된 농업부산물에는 $1.35{\times}10^2$에서 $8.34{\times}10^6CFU/g$ 농도 범위로 세균이 존재하였다. 세균을 분리하여 16S rDNA를 분석한 결과 총 19속 45종의 세균이 동정되었다. Basillus 속 세균이 우점으로 존재 하였고 그 다음으로 Paenibacillus 속 세균이 많이 존재하였다. 종 수준에서는 Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria 그룹에 속하는 순으로 다양성이 존재하였다. 농업부산물 별로 볼 때는 밀짚과 피트모스에서 더 다양한 속의 세균들이 존재하였다. 이 중 인체 유해성이 보고된 세균은 5속 6종으로서 Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter ludwigii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas monteilii, Bacillus anthracis, Cellulosimicrobium funkei가 존재하였다. 놀랍게도 인체병원균이면서 동시에 식물 병원균으로 보고된 Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumonia 그리고 식물병원균 Bacillus altitudinis가 존재하였다.또한 곤충 병원성의 Lysinibacillus sphaericus와 버섯 병원성의 Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense가 존재하였다. 본 연구 결과는 국내에 수입되고 있는 버섯재배 배지용 농업부산물에 여러 종류의 잠재성 있는 병원성 세균이 존재함을 확인하였다. 이는 수입되고 있는 농업부산물이 버섯생산에 안전하게 사용되기 위해서는 위생 검사와 관리가 시급히 필요함을 시사한다. It is urgently required to construct safety data on agricultural by-products imported for use as medium materials for domestic mushroom production. However, research on microorganisms is insufficient. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of bacteria that have the possibility of harmful effects on human, plants and mushroom in wheat straw, peatmoss, cottonseed hull, cottonseed meal, and beet pulp imported from Australia, Canada, China, Egypt, Germany. Bacteria were found in the range of $1.35{\times}10^2$ to $8.34{\times}10^6CFU/g$. As a result of 16S rDNA sequence analysis, total of 19 genera and 45 species of bacteria were identified. Bacillus genus was dominant, followed by Paenibacillus genus. At the species level, diverse species was in the order of Firmicute, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Regarding the agricultural by-products, straw and peat moss had more diverse bacteria than other agricultural by-products. Among the indentified bacteria, 6 species of 5 genera (Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter ludwigii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas monteilii, Bacillus anthracis, and Cellulosimicrobium funkei) were present as potent harmful bacteria to human. Surprisingly, both the human and plant pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumonia was present. Bacillus altitudinis was present as a plant pathogen. Lysinibacillus sphaericus, an insect pathogen, and Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense, a mushroom pathogen, were also present. The results of this study confirmed that several kinds of pathogenic bacteria were present in the agricultural by-products for the mushroom cultivation medium imported into Korea. Our work suggests that hygiene inspection and management is urgently needed for imported agricultural by-products to be safely used for mushroom production.

양송이버섯 생산 환경의 미생물 안전성 및 오염원 분석

김진희,최송이,황인준,현정은,김선애,반가희,김세리 한국식품저장유통학회 2022 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.29 No.7

This study aimed to investigate the contamination sources of button mushrooms by assessing the microbial load on the mushrooms and in the agricultural inputs that come into contact with the mushroom. A total of 234 samples including mushrooms, compost, casing soil, and tools from A, B, C, and D farms were tested for sanitary indicators (aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and Escherichia coli) and foodborne pathogens (E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes). To identify the contamination source, E. coli was isolated and analyzed using MLST (Multi-Locus Sequence Typing). The number of aerobic bacteria remained consistent during composting (>7 log CFU/g); however, the occurrence of coliforms and E. coli was reduced to the detection limit (<1.0 log). Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were detected in the raw material; however, they were inactivated during composing. More than 6.0 log of aerobic bacteria and 3.0 log of coliforms were observed in the casing soil from A, B, and C farms and in the gloves from the C farm. MLST indicated that the STs of E. coli isolated from casing soil layer and from the harvested mushrooms were identical at ST 189. Therefore, cross contamination occurred through the casing soil layer, and this could contribute to E. coli contamination in mushrooms. It is necessary to practice hygiene guidelines, such as sterilization of casing soil, worker hygiene, and facility sanitation, to minimize the potential of microbial contamination in mushrooms.

Effects of Substitution of Fermented King Mushroom By-Products Diet on the Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Economics of Fattening Pigs

( Gyo Moon Chu ),( Jang Woo Ha ),( Young Min Song ) 한국동물자원과학회(구 한국축산학회) 2013 한국축산학회지 Vol.55 No.4

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fermented king oyster mushroom by-products diet(FMBD) on the growth performance, blood characteristics, and carcass traits of fattening pigs and its economics. The fermented diet mainly contained 40.0% king oyster mushroom(Pleurotus eryngii) by-products, 20.0% corn, 28.0% soybean meal, 0.1% supplemental probiotics and 0.08% cellulase. The mixed ingredients were fermented for 1 d at 37℃ followed by 9d at room temperature, after which they were dried at 45℃ for 3 d. Pigs(n=96) were divided into eight heads per pen, four diet treatments and three replications. The basal diet(C) was substituted with 20%(T1), 50%(T2) and 80%(T3) FMBD. The concentration of crude protein(CP) was significantly higher(p<0.05) at the end of the fermentation period. The average daily gain(ADG) and feed efficiency were significantly lower(p<0.05) in T3 than C. Additionally, carcass grade was significantly better(p<0.05) in all treatments than C and the ratio of high carcass grade was higher. Although substitution of FMBD decreased growth performance, it improved carcass grade and decreased the feed cost of fattening pigs. Therefore, it was expected that the increase in the utilization ratio of FMBD will reduce the cost of animal production.