시에 나타난 이주노동의 경험과 정체성 탐색 - 이주노동자의 창작시를 중심으로

양경언 한국 리터러시 학회 2021 리터러시 연구 Vol.12 No.3

This study analyzes the poetry by migrant workers in This is a City of Machines, published in 2020, and explores the significance of self-expression attempts through poetry creation and the effect of reading poetry with the character of social testimony. Research on migrant workers has recognized the seriousness of the problems facing them in Korean society, focusing on the “representation” issue aimed at realizing their rights. However, the voices of migrant workers in a compassionate discourse have limited recognition because the research focused on the “representation” of migrant workers is conducted in a direction based on their acceptance in Korean society. “This is the City of Machines ” is a collection of poems written by 35 Nepalese migrant workers, including “Pirajit Pomu,” and translated into Korean by “Mohun Karki” and “Lee Gi Joo.” It is a consequence of using poetry as a self-expressing medium. These poems show that “self-directedness,” a characteristic of poetic language, allows the voices of Nepalese migrant workers to be heard while also making readers reflect on the socially constituted prejudices against migrant workers. Migrant workers' creative poems reflect their experiences of “migration” and “labor” in their mother tongue while gaining reading space in the “labor poetry” genealogy of the Korean literature chapter to draw attention to their reality. It has a unique manner of doing it. In Chapter 2, the “speaker-sender” poetry of the migrant workers specifies the location of the “listener-receiver” and sends the message, while poetic utterance focuses on the direction of the active movement of the “listener-receiver” receiving the message. It allows us to analyze the works in which the “speaker-sender” leads the poetic discourse. This view is based on creating and enjoying literary works as interactive and performing through the active function of language. These psalms reveal the language of a “witness” who challenges the social situation by revealing the real problems of labor through dialogue-like poetic statements, such as an appeal to the “listener-receiver” called “the president.” In Chapter 3, the creator’s activity, experiencing discord due to the contrast of the city of machines and ‘hometown’, reveals his uniqueness in his place of work and continues to awaken a sense of living like a human being, analyzing works that prove it to be an action-oriented activity. The subjectivity of the “worker-poet” is written in the place of labor activities where migrant workers experience discord and the space of action activities, where the creator can build lyricism. Currently, “labor poetry” serves as a stage for creators to freely express their emotions and perceptions through artistic expression activities. The study of Nepalese migrant workers’ creative poetry is meaningful because the situation in which the person’s utterances are visualized through poetic imagery not only allows migrant workers to have a different approach to the real problem but also highlights the effect of the self-expressive function of poetry. 이 연구는 『여기는 기계의 도시란다』(삶창,2020)에 수록된 이주노동자 창작시를 분석하면서,시 창작을 통한 자기표현 시도의 의의와 사회적 증언의 성격을 띤 시 작품읽기 활동의 효과를 탐색한다. 『여기는 기계의 도시란다』는 ‘삐라짓 뽀무’를 포함한 35명의 네팔 이주노동자가쓰고 ‘모헌 까르끼’와 ‘이기주’가 한국말로 번역한 작품이 실린 시집으로,국내에서는처음으로 공식적으로 출판된 이주노동자들의 창작시집이다.해당 시집에 수록된 시편들은 네팔 이주노동자들이 ‘시’를 자기표현적인 매체로 활용한 결과물로,시적언어의 특징인 ‘자기 표현성’이 네팔 이주노동자의 주체적 역량을 발휘하게 했다는 점을보여줄 뿐 아니라 이주노동자에 대한 한국사회의 편견 역시도 독자로 하여금 성찰하게 만든다.이주노동자의 창작시는 그이들의 현실을 한국사회의 일부로 주목하게 한다는 차원에서 한국문학 장의 ‘노동시’ 계보에서 독해될 수 있는 여지를 얻으면서,이주노동자가 자신의 모어에 ‘이주’와 ‘노동’의 경험을 반영한다는 차원에서 그 특수성을 얻는다. 본고의 2장에서는 이주노동자의 창작시에서 ‘화자-발신자’가 ‘청자-수신자’ 위치를 특정하여 메시지를 발신하고,‘청자-수신자’가 능동적으로 움직이도록 시적 발화를 진행함으로써 ‘화자-발신자’가 주도적으로 시적 담화를 형성하는 작품을 분석한다.이는 언어의 능동적 기능을 통해 문학작품의 창작과 향유 과정을 상호적이며 수행적인 것으로 보려는 시각에 기초한다.여기에 해당하는 시편들은 대화체의 시적 진술을 통해 고단한 노동현실의 문제를 고발하는 ‘증언’의 역할을 한다.3장에서는 ‘기계의 도시’와 ‘고향’이라는 대조적인 공간에서 불화를 겪는 창작자가 시작(詩作)활동을 통해 ‘노동자 화자’ 자신이 노동하는 공간에서도 스스로의 고유성을 드러내고 사람답게 살고자 하는 감각을 계속해서 일깨우고 있음을 확인시켜주는 작품을 분석한다.‘노동자-시인’의 주체성은 이주노동자가 불화를 겪는 ‘노동’ 활동의 장소이자,창작자가 서정성을 구축할 수 있는 ‘행위’ 활동의 공간에서 기입된다. 이주노동자의 창작시는 시를 쓰는 이들의 생활이 속한 공동체의 현실을 폭로하고이들에 대한 편견을 바꿔낸다는 차원에서 시 창작활동이 공동체의 감성적 분배를 바꿔놓는 계기를 제공하는 ‘자기표현’으로서의 ‘시 쓰기/읽기’ 행위와 연관된다는 점을증명한다.다문화의 삶을 살고 있는 사람들의 삶을 담아낸 문학작품을 그 자체로 별개의 영역에 두는 것이 아니라 주어진 현실에서 이뤄지는 ‘노동시’의 리터러시 과정으로 살피고자 하는 본고의 시도는,이주노동자 당사자의 목소리를 한국사회로 동일화하기를 부추기지 않고서도 해석할 수 있는 문학적 독법을 마련한다는 의의를 가진다.아울러 사회에서 쉽게 차별받고 혐오,배제되는 이들의 주체적인 목소리와 지금의 사회가 어떻게 함께할지를 리터러시의 활동 속에서 적극적으로 강구되어야 한다는 점을 확인시켜준다.

제조업 분야 이주노동자의 Housing Pathways 연구 - 충북 ○○산업단지 사례를 중심으로 -

남수연 한국농촌사회학회 2023 農村社會 Vol.33 No.2

본 연구는 제조업이 급성장하는 도농복합지역인 충북 음성군의 산업단지에 대한 사례연구를 통해 해당 지역의 이주노동자가 역동적인 주거생태계에 적응하면서 자신이 원하는 주거환경을 찾아가는 경로를 시간의 경과를 기준으로 분석하여주거 이동의 경향을 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 능동성에 중점을 둔 housing pathways를 적용하여 이주노동자의 주거 이동 경로를 주택품질, 주거비, 주거안정성 측면에 따라 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 체류 기간의 경과에 따른 자본력 및 네트워크의 축적을 기반으로 능동성의 발휘 여부에 따라 이주노동자의 housing pathways 는 이주 전기와 후기로 나눌 수 있다. 지역 주택생태계에서 이주노동자에게 주거를제공하는 고용주, 인력업체, 민간임대시장의 역할과 이주노동자의 주거 환경은 이시기별 구분에 따라 변화한다. 고용주, 인력업체가 주로 주택을 제공하는 전기에이주노동자는 주택 품질이 전반적으로 열악한 주거시설에서 경우에 따라 높은 주거비를 감수하면서 거주한다. 그러나 후기로 갈수록 이주노동자는 민간임대시장에서 자체적으로 주택을 임대하여 주택 품질 및 주거비 부담이 개선된 주택에 거주하며 주거비에 대한 고려보다는 주거환경 선호도를 반영하여 이동하였다. 이주노동자 가운데서도 등록 이주노동자가 미등록 이주노동자에 비해 이동 경로를 포함한 주거환경의 각 영역에서 더 유리한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 제조업 분야 이주노동자의 주거환경에 대한 시론적 연구로서 학문적 의의를 지닌다. Literature on migrant workers’ housing is emerging, but there is a lack of research on housing conditions and dynamics in industries other than agriculture. This study investigates the changes of migrant workers’ housing conditions in the manufacturing sector. To this end, migrant workers working in an industrial complex in Eumseong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, which has the highest number of foreigners per thousand residents as of September 2023, were selected to analyze their residential migration routes along with changes in housing quality, housing costs, and housing security. In this process, we utilized migrant workers’ ‘agency’-centered ‘housing pathways’ as a framework. The housing pathways of migrant workers can be divided into pre-migration and post-migration periods depending on the agency. The roles of employers, staffing agencies, and the private rental market in providing housing for migrant workers in the local housing ecosystem, as well as the housing conditions of migrant workers, change according to these periods. In the former period, when employers and staffing agencies mainly provide housing, migrant workers live in housing facilities with generally poor housing quality and sometimes high housing costs, but in the latter period, migrant workers rent their housing on their own in the private rental market and live in housing with improved housing quality and housing cost burden, which tends to reflect their preferences for housing environment rather than consideration of housing cost. Housing stability is directly affected by employment status. However, registered migrant workers were better off than undocumented migrant workers in all aspects of housing conditions. This study, which has academic significance as an exploratory study of the housing conditions of migrant workers in the manufacturing sector, concludes with policy implications.

이주노동자 관련 범죄보도 노출과 접촉 경험이 내국인의 제노포비아와 사회적 거리감에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

우충완(Chung-Wan, Woo),우형진(Hyung-Jin, Woo) 중앙대학교 문화콘텐츠기술연구원 2014 다문화콘텐츠연구 Vol.0 No.17

본 연구는 이주노동자 관련 범죄보도 노출과 접촉 경험이 내국인의 외국인 혐오와 사회적 거리감에 미치는 영향을 부정감정, 고정관념, 및 보호동기(인지된 심각성, 인지된 취약성, 반응효능감, 자기효능감)를 통해 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해 388명의 대학생들이 설문조사에 참여했다. 연구결과, 이주노동자 관련 범죄보도 노출은 내국인의 이주노동자 범죄에 대한 심각성과 취약성에 정적 인과관계를 나타냈고, 반응효능감에는 부적 인과관계를 나타냈다. 또한 이주노동자 관련 범죄보도 노출은 내국인의 제노포비아에 대하여 정적 인과관계를 나타냈다. 이주노동자에 대한 접촉 경험은 내국인의 이주노동자에 대한 고정관념과 자기효능감에 대하여 정적 인과관계를 나타냈다. 이주노동자에 대한 내국인의 부정감정, 고정관념, 보호동기 중 위협평가(인지된 심각성과 인지된 취약성)는 이주노동자에 대한 제노포비아와 사회적 거리감에 정적 영향력을 나타냈다. 기존 연구들의 예측과 달리, 이주노동자 범죄보도 노출은 이주노동자에 대한 부정적 태도와 인식에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났으나 이주노동자 관련 범죄에 대한 부정적 평가에는 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이주노동자와의 접촉 경험 역시 이주노동자에 대한 부정적 태도를 해소하는데 도움이 되지 않고 오히려 고정관념을 강화시키는 것으로 나타났다. 우리나라가 다문화 사회로 진입하는 과정에서 이주노동자 관련 범죄보도 노출과 접촉 경험이 내국인의 외국인 혐오와 사회적 거리감에 미치는 영향에 대한 새로운 논의가 필요할 것으로 보인다. This study explores how the exposure of crime news on and contact experience with migrant workers in Korea affect xenophobia and social distance against them in terms of negative emotion, stereotype, and protection motivation (perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, response-efficacy, and self-efficacy). The data were collected from 388 college students. Results indicate that exposure of crime news on migrant workers in Korea has positive causal relationships on Koreans’ perceived severity and vulnerability on migrant workers’ crime. In addition, exposure of crime news on migrant workers in Korea is negatively associated with response-efficacy on the crime. Contact experience with migrant workers in Korea has positively influenced stereotyping of migrant workers and self-efficacy on migrant workers’ crime. Negative emotion, stereotype, and threat appraisal (perceived severity and vulnerability) of protection motivation on migrant workers and their crime in Korea have positively influenced Koreans’ xenophobia and social distance against them. Unlike previous studies, exposure of crime news on migrant workers in Korea has caused negative estimates on migrant workers’ crime while it has no influence on negative attitudes and perception of migrant workers. Experience of contact with migrant workers is shown not reduce the negative attitude towards migrant workers but rather is shown to reinforce stereotypes of them. In a period where Korea is becoming a multi-cultural society, it is necessary that alternative perspectives should be served to investigate the impact of news exposure of migrant worker crimes in Korea and Koreans’ contact experience with them on Koreans’ xenophobia and on the social distance between Koreans and migrant workers.

구약성서의 입장에서 본 이주 노동자 복지에 대한 교회의 개입방안들

유윤종,석말숙 한국구약학회 2009 구약논단 Vol.15 No.1

As Thomas Friedman pointed out, we are living in the flat world, so movement of people and materials became easy. Accordingly migrant workers from other countries where labor price is cheaper than that of Korea have come into Korea since 1987. Now more than one million of migrant workers are living in Korea. However, the worldwide economic crisis in 2008 influenced seriously Korean economy too. A lot of non- regular workers, daily workers, and migrant workers are under danger of dismissal. The protection and care for migrant workers as well as nonregular workers and daily workers are necessary. This paper pursues what Korean church should do for migrant workers by what biblical ground (Old Testament) and by what kind of social welfare policy. This paper analyzes and compares present status of migrant workers, biblical status of migrant workers, and then presents what Korean church should do by the topics of human rights, legal status, economic trouble, social problem, quality of life, and so on. The human rights of present migrant workers in Korea is not fully protected. Employers regard them not as a human being, but as a working machine. In addition, Korean society sees migrant workers as an object of control, oppression, exclusion. About 21% of migrant workers in Korea are staying illegally. These workers are objects of discrimination, because they are in danger of being banished if their illegal status are revealed. Economically, the most common appeals are overdue wages. A lot of cases of overdue wages are misused by employers for not moving to other companies where higher salary is offered. In addition, about 30% of migrant workers had experienced of violence from employers. Migrant workers also suffer from different language, food, culture, and so on. In the Old Testament, there are four terms for designating foreigners. Among them, the most similar terminology for migrant worker is ger. The Old Testament always emphasizes protection and care for ger. In the Covenant law which is considered as old as tribal period, the protection and care for ger is crucial. Ger in the Covenant law refers to not only foreign workers, but also even Israelites who left their tribes and under protection of other tribes. In Deuteronomic law which was enacted during the monarchic period, the protection and care for ger is more emphasized than in the Covenant law. The law presents a lot of economic means to help them. Ger in the Deuteronmic law is considered not as an Israelite, but as a non-Israelite migrant worker. The Holiness Code enacted during the post-exilic period include ger in Israel community, and if they are circumcised, they can join in the Passover meal. The legal status for ger is fully guaranteed during the post-exilic period. The legal and social status of ger during the post-exilic period was no difference at all with Israelites if ger accepts Yahweh. The irony is that the social, economic, and political condition was most troubled. The Old Testament suggests that the protection and care for ger is beyond economic, social, and political condition. It is a timeless truth that people of God should keep. The Old Testament provides a lot of means to help ger economically. First it is recommended that people should leave some ears of grains, grape and olives during harvest for ger and other poor people. Second, a tithe of three years is collected for ger and other poor people. As economy decreases, the role of Korean church increases. It would be a good chance for Korean church to recover negative images imprinted in Korean society. The necessity of intervention of Korean church to migrant workers as well as other socially weak people becomes more urgent. First, Korean church should provide the value for migrant workers' human right. The universality of human right goes regardless of race, social position, and riches. The Bible teaches us to take care of migrant workers like a family member. Thus Korean church should r... 본 연구는 이주 노동자들의 복지를 위한 범 교회적 차원의 종합적이고 체계적인 지원 시스템의 구축을 위한 연구이다. 본 연구에서 이주 노동자들의 현실태, 구약성서에 나타난 이주 노동자, 한국교회의 이주 노동자 복지의 개입방안에 대한 연구 방법은 이주 노동자들의 인권, 법적 지위, 경제, 의료, 사회, 삶의 지워 등으로 분류하여 분석 비교하는 것이다.

이주노동자와 국내 한국인노동자의 산업재해현황 및 특성 비교

이선웅,김규상,김태우 大韓産業醫學會 2008 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.20 No.4

목적 산업재해 발생 현황 통계자료를 이용하여 대표적인 산업안전보건 취약계층인 이주노동자들의 산업재해 현황과 산업재해 발생과 관련된 특성을 국내 한국인 노동자와 비교 분석하고자 하였다 방법 2004년부터 2006년까지 산업재해 발생 현황 원자료를 통해 파악된 이주노동자의 연 간 산재 발생자수에 대해 매년 12월의 이주노동자 종 노동인구와 외국인노동자의 산재보험 가입률을 적용하여 산재율을 추정하고 산재발생의 특성 분포를 파악하였으며 국내 한국인노동자 산재발생 결과와 비교하였다 또한 2006년 한국산업안전공단 안전지도원 관내 지역 사업장에서 산재 승인된 국내 한국인노동자와 이주노동자 7,210명과 458명에 대해 산업재해 특성 분포를 비교 분석하였다 결과 본 연구방법을 통해 계산된 이주노동자의 총 산재율은 2004년 0.93% 2005년 0.90% 2006년 1.0G% 이었다 사고부상 산재율은 0.90% 0.86% 1.00% 이었고 사고사망 만인율은 2.29 2.22 2.39 이었으며 업무상질병 산재율은 0.011% 0.014% 0.027%이었다 사고부상의 발생 원인에서 감김/끼임과 절단의 비율은 이주노동자에서 유의하게 높았으며 업종 사업장 규모 근무기간이 보정된 후에도 감김/끼임의 비율이 여전히 이주노동자에서 유의하게 높게 나타났다 결론 이주노동자들은 산재보험 누락과 산재보험 비적용 사업장에 대한 배제가 고려되지 않은 공식 통계자료로도 국내 한국인노동자에 비해 높은 산재율을 보이고 있었으며 사고사망의 경우 2006년 기준의 만인율이 2.2배 높은 결과를 보였다 업무상질병의 경우 국내 노동자에 비해 뚜렷이 낮은 산재율을 보여 산재 처리 과정 중에 많은 누락이 실제로 존재할 가능성이 높음을 추측할 수 있었다 5인 미만 제조업의 6개월 이하 근무자에서도 감김/끼임이 유의하게 높게 발생하여 이주노동자들의 내재된 안전 취약성인 기계설비 사용의 안전정보 부족과 위험에 대한 소통부족이 해결되지 않고 있다고 판단된다. Objectives To analyze the status and characteristics of the industrial accidents of migrant workers with comparison to those of native workers. Methods The industrial accident rate of migrant workers was estimated by the annual number of industrial accidents divided by the total number of annual labor population multiplied by the annual admission rate of industrial accident insurance The characteristics of industrial accidents for total migrant workers were assessed and compared with those of total native workers (from 2004 to 2006) In addition, we compared the industrial accidental characteristics of the 7,210 native workers and the 458 migrant workers employed in the Incheon area who received compensation from the industrial accident insurance in 2006. Results In 2004, 2005 and 2006 the total annual industrial accident rates of the migrant workers were 0.93%, 0.90% and 1.06%, the injury accident rates were 0.90% 0.86% and 1.00% the number of injury deaths per 10,000 persons were 2.29, 2.22 and 2.39 and the disease rates were 0.011% 0.014% and 0.027% respectively. As for the cause of injury rolled/jammed and cutting-type injures were more prevalent in the migrant workers. With the standardization of job category industry size and work tenure, the rolled/jammed-type injury was still significantly more prevalent in the migrant workers. Conclusions Even considering the exclusion of the possible missing numbers of the submission of industrial accident cases, and the numbers of workplaces not registered for industrial accident insurance the publicized statistics confirm the higher industrial accident rate of migrant workers compared to native workers Especially the injury death rate was 2.2 times higher for migrant workers than for native workers in 2006. In addition, the remarkably lower occupational disease rate of the migrant workers compared to that of the native workers, suggested that numerous cases of disease were not reported Finally the lack of communication and former education that usually lead to the most prevalent injury type i.e, the rolled/jammed type, supported our conclusion that the migrant workers were in need of more education regarding workplace safety.

신노동자인가 신시민인가? ― 중국의 농민공 문제와 농민 시민화를 보는 관점 재검토

김진공 한국중국어문학회 2023 中國文學 Vol.114 No.-

In China, the issue of rural migrant workers is at the core of the contradictions of contemporary Chinese society and is both a part of and an outward rupture from the issues of agriculture, rural areas and farmers. Therefore, a full understanding of the issue of rural migrant workers requires an understanding of the issues of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, and any attempt to find fundamental solutions to the issue of rural migrant workers must begin with the issues of agriculture, rural areas and farmers. However, both in South Korea and China, the issue of rural migrant workers is commonly viewed as an urban problem, separated from the issues of agriculture, rural areas and farmers. Attention is either focused on urbanization of rural migrant workers in order to alleviate urban inconveniences and remove threats, or on explaining how rural migrant workers face discrimination once they enter the city and how they pose a threat to the Chinese system. Citizenship of rural migrant workers, presented as a solution to the issue of rural migrant workers, is also premised on such a view, and therefore has limited impact on solving the issue of rural migrant workers, and may even have very serious side effects. In this paper, I will examine the context of China's farmers' citizenship policy, which has been promoted as a way to integrate multiple complex urban and rural issues, including the issue of rural migrant workers, and examine the intentions of setting up a transitional stage of ‘new citizens' in the process, as well as the implications and limitations of such a policy. We will also examine the perceptions underlying the approach of premising the problem of rural migrant workers as an urban worker problem and finding solutions to it, and how such perceptions hinder the rational resolution of the issue of rural migrant workers. 중국에서 농민공 문제는 당대 중국 사회의 모순이 집약된 핵심 사안이고, 농촌, 농민, 농업이라는 이른바 ‘삼농’ 문제의 한 부분이자 외부로 돌출된 파열구다. 따라서 농민공 문제를 온전하게 이해하려면 삼농 문제에 대한 이해를 전제해야 하고, 농민공 문제의 근본적인 해결 방안을 찾으려 해도 삼농 문제로부터 출발해야 한다. 삼농 문제와 분리된 채로 농민공 문제를 보는 것은 도시 중심의 편향된 시각이고, 질병의 원인이 아니라 증상에만 집중하는 피상적인 관점이다. 그러나 한국이든 중국이든 농민공 문제를 삼농에서 분리하여 도시의 문제로 인식하는 시각이 일반적이다. 도시의 불편을 해소하고 위협 요인을 제거하기 위해 농민공을 도시에 적합하게 개조하는 데 관심을 집중하거나, 도시로 진입한 농민공이 어떤 차별을 받고 그것이 중국 체제에 어떤 위협 요인이 되는지를 설명하는 데 치중할 뿐이다. 농민공 문제 해결 방안으로 제시된 농민공 시민화도 그런 시각을 전제로 하고, 따라서 농민공 문제 해결에 한계를 보이고 심지어 매우 심각한 부작용을 초래하기도 한다. 본 논문에서는 농민공 문제를 포함하여 도시와 농촌의 여러 복잡한 문제를 통합적으로 해결하는 방안으로 중국이 추진하는 농민 시민화 정책이 어떤 맥락으로 진행되어왔는지 살펴보고, 그 과정에서 과도적 단계로 ‘신시민’이라는 경로를 설정한 문제의식이 무엇이고 어떤 의의와 한계가 있는지 검토하고자 한다. 그리고 농민공 문제를 삼농과 분리하여 도시 노동자 문제로 전제하고 해결책을 찾는 접근법이 어떤 인식의 토대 위에 있는지와 그런 인식이 농민공 문제의 합리적인 해결에 어떤 영향을 주는지도 살펴보고자 한다.

이주노동자 권리 보호를 위한 국제인권규범 수용에 관한 연구

이경숙(Lee Kyung Sook) 인하대학교 법학연구소 2008 法學硏究 Vol.11 No.2

현행 이주노동자 관련법과 정책은 과거에 비할 때 인권적 측면에서 진일보하였으나 단기순환이주노동정책에 따른 과도한 이주노동자의 자유 제한, 이주자 권리보호에 있어 미등록이주자 배제, 이주노동자 가족의 교육권, 사회권 보장의 어려움 등의 현안을 안고 있다. 이는 미등록이주자의 권리 보장, 이주자와 내국인의 차별 없는 권리 보장이라는 국제인권규범의 원칙에 정면으로 배치된다. 국제인권조약의 일반원칙의 국내적 수용은 이주노동자와 가족의 권리를 보호할 뿐만 아니라 정부의 이주자정책의 정책적 효과를 상승시키므로, 국내정책환경을 고려하여 단계적이고 지속적인 국제인권규범의 국내적 수용이 이루어져야 한다. 이를 위해 첫째, 이미 비준한 국제인권조약이 국내에서 적극적으로 활용되어야 한다. 둘째, 이주노동자와 그 가족의 권리 보호에 있어 가장 포괄적인 협약인 ‘이주노동자 권리협약’의 비준을 위한 로드맵을 수립하고 단계적인 수용 방안을 모색해야 할 것이다. 셋째, 국제인권규범의 국내 수용을 위한 노력과 이러한 인권에 기반을 둔 인권원칙이 국내 이주자 정책에 반영되어야 한다. It has been almost a 20 year-history of migrant workers in Korea. There have been development of several relevant laws and system, with a more comprehensive perspective Korean government has approached it as a foreigner policy than only aiming at employment of migrant workers. Despite of development of laws and system, there has still existed several controversial issues-restriction of freedom of migrant workers resulting from circular labor migration policy, exclusion of undocumented migrant workers from legal protection, difficulty to access to social service by migrant workers’ families as well as migrant workers themselves. These conflict non-discrimination principle which is a fundamental principle of international human rights norms. But there exist only a couple of provisions of national laws which conflict to UN Migrant Workers Convention which protects rights of migrant workers and their families the most comprehensively. Because the convention has limitation itself such as not imposing state party a strong obligation and no ratification by major destination countries including Korea. In a meanwhile Korea is a state party of core international human rights treaties since 1990s, which are same based on principle of non-discrimination. Nevertheless those treaties have not influenced national laws much due to lack of specific and concrete concluding recommendations from treaty bodies. international human rights norms are important not only for protecting rights of migrant workers and their families, also for helping policies on migrants works well. Considering migrants policy environment, implementation of international human rights norms should be phased in a based on continuance. For this, at first core international human rights treaties already ratified should be fully implemented at the national level. Legislators and policy makers should phase in international human rights norms which treaty bodies have recommend, and NGOs should effort to provide national situation of migrants to the treaty bodies and keep monitoring in order to draw specific and effective concluding recommendation. Secondly, it is necessary setting up road map to ratify the Migrant Workers Convention and implement it by phase. Although influence of the convention is argued due to low ratification by states, it is very significant to suggest minimum standards to protect migrant workers and their families. Thirdly, it is necessary to consider and implement non-binding international human rights norms. International Labour Organization, United Nations human rights bodies and international conference has been making rooms to study and share current challenges and strategies regarding to migrants issues and provide technical assistance for helping implementation of international human rights norms. It can be said is time not to postpone effort to implement international human rights norms any more not only rapidly increasing the number of also a number of Koreans going abroad to stay or work, reconsidering vulnerabilities and dual or triple discrimination.

제조업 외국인근로자의 산업안전보건과 사업장 변경의 딜레마

김혜선 ( Hye Son Kim ),정진주 ( Jin Joo Chung ) 한국산업노동학회 2015 산업노동연구 Vol.21 No.2

이 연구는 외국인근로자의 안전보건이 ‘외국인’이라는 특수성을 어떻게 담보해야 할 것인가라는 문제의식에서 출발하여, 법ㆍ제도 차원, 조직적 차원 그리고 개인의 행위차원에서 실제 안전보건이 어떻게 이루어지고 있는가를 질적 연구방법으로 살펴본 것이다. 이제까지 이들의 안전보건은 주로 이들이 겪는 언어적 차이를 배려하는 차원에서 접근되었다. 그러나 이들의 안전보건의 문제는 언어적 어려움을 해결하는 것만으로는 부족하며, 한국 사회에서 외국인근로자로 일하는 이주노동이라는 관점에서 총체적으로 파악할 필요가 있다. 연구 결과 한국의 이주법체계에서 규정하는 한국어능력, 송출국의 취업교육과 외국인근로자의 직업경력이 실제 하는 일이나 안전보건과 유기적으로 연관되어 있지 않으며, 사업주의 관리감독과 안전보건교육, 안전보건정보제공 등 사업장 안전보건활동이 제대로 이루어지지 않는 경우가 많았다. 사업장 안전보건문제가 제대로 이루어지지 않을 때 외국인근로자의 행위는 크게 네 가지의 방식으로 나타났다. 첫째, ‘자기가 알아서’ 조심하는 방식이다. 둘째, 안전보건의 중요성을 깨닫지 못하는 경우이다. 셋째, 사업장을 변경하거나 이탈하는 방식이다. 넷째, 사업주가 사업장변경에 동의하지 않아서 이를 체념하고 일을 계속하는 경우이다. 이중에서 외국인근로자가 사업장을 변경하거나 이탈하는 경우는 이제까지 외국인근로자는 주로 높은 임금을 위해 이직을 하고 미등록 체류자격으로 남게 된다는 사회적 통념을 깨는 행위이며, 외국인근로자의 안전이 위협받을 때 안정적인 고용 역시 불가능하다는 것을 보여준다. 끝으로 외국인근로자의 안전보건문제를 해결하기 위한 정책방향을 모색하였다. This study aims to investigate how occupational safety and health of migrant workers are ensured. We focus on law and institutional/organizational aspects, and personal behaviors. In many cases, issues of migrant workers’ OSH have been dealt in terms of cultural and language difficulties. However, it is not enough to grasp the migrant worker’s OSH related problems. We examine how the institutional requirements such as Korean Language ability test, employment education and migrant workers’ job career secure OSH for migrant workers before they arrived in Korea. We also discuss whether employers appropriately provide migrant workers with appropriate OSH training. There are four types of migrant workers’ responses when OSH doesn’t work properly. First, migrant workers take care of themselves. Second, they don’t realize the risk of industrial accident and the necessity of OSH. Third, they change or leave the workplace without legal permission. Forth, they give up changing workplace due to their boss’s disapproval and continue to stay at the same workplace. The last case do not match with the common social notion that migrant workers change their jobs for higher wage. Since workplace change or departure often results in disadvantage such as the restriction on re-entry to Korea in the future, migrant workers are not likely to change their workplaces. The result of this study suggests that previous job career of migrant workers in their own country should be linked to their job ability required for current work tasks. It is necessary to heighten the recognition of the OSH among both employers and migrant workers. Either improvements of working conditions or endowment of rights of changing their workplace in case of confronting health hazard is necessary for occupational health for migrant workers.

외국인 노동자의 법적보호

李光澤 國民大學校 法學硏究所 2004 법학논총 Vol.16 No.-

In August 2003 the Act Concerning Employment of Foreign Workers which induced the "employment permit system"(EPS) was promulgated. The EPS was designed in order to reduce the abuses of the "Industrial Trainee System"(ITS) as well as lighten legal employment of alien workers by medium and small industries which have difficulties in recruiting Korean workers. In the process of preparing for the new EPS, which is to be affective in August 2004, the Government of Korea took a measure between September and November 2003 to legalize 184,000 aliens, or 81% of the 227,000 illegal residents, who were staying in Korea for less than 4 years. The others were to be expelled out of Korean territory. The selective legalization process for undocumented migrants who have been in Korea (as of March 31, 2003) was as follows: 1) less than 3 years are eligible for sojourn status; 2) between 3 years and less than 4 years: eligible for visa issuance certificate then leave the country by November 15. Afterwards within 3 months return to Korea for legal employment; 3) more than 4 years: there is no way to legalize (the Korean government has warned that they must leave the country by November 15, otherwise arrest and forcible deportation would be implemented). Expulsion, heavy fines, and ban on reentry were to be the consequences of all undocumented migrant workers who did not leave voluntarily. A joint rally of the joint Committee for Migrant Workers in Korea (JCMK)/the Common Committee for Opposing Crackdown on Migrant Workers, Abolition of Trainee System and Securing Migrants' Rights, Korea (COCATS) and the Special Committee on Amending the Overseas Korean Act was held in downtown Seoul on November 2. On November 11 a Sri Lankan migrant, who came to Korea as a trainee 7 years ago to support 7 family members in home, threw himself at a subway train with the fear of forced deportation. On the next day a Bangladesh migrant, who had been staying in Korea for 7 years, hung himself because there was no way to pay back the loan raised in order to come to work in Korea. These deaths triggered a series of sit-in protests which was started in Ansan of Gyeonggi province. On 14 migrant workers in Changwon of Gyeongnam province staged a sit-in protest after a memorial service for the dead alien workers. A large group of Chinese workers of Korean origin joined the sit-in protest, as well. Between November 17 and 28 the Ministry of Justice, National Intelligence Service, and Police Agency jointly operated forcible deportation of undocumented migrants who were not eligible for legalization. During the period 1,233 migrant workers and 250 employers were taken into custody. On 20 a Russian migrant, who came to Korea in January 2003 with tourist visa, jumped overboard in trying to escape from the ship taking him back home. On 25 an Uzbek out of despair hung himself in Incheon. On December 3 a policy coordinating meeting under the Office of the Prime Minister released new measures to solve undocumented migrants' problem. According to the new measures, if the undocumented migrants voluntarily leave the country by the end of 2003, the period of ban on reentry would be shortened as less than 6 month. During the period of December 8 and 17 when the government operated the 2nd round of joint control measures, a Korean Chinese died on the street due to the cold weather and a Bangladeshi worker found dead in a container where he hid himself during the control and was unable to be properly treated for heart ailment. On 13 a group of Indonesian migrant workers from Changwon who were holding silent demonstration in front of the Korea Methodist Church were attackted by the immigration officials. Senior leaders of National Council of Churches in Korea (KNCC), Buddhist leaders, film directors, actors and actresses, medical doctors released statements on opposing the forced deportation and legalizing all undocumented migrant workers. On January 7, 2004 after a protest demonstration in front of the Bangladesh Embassy riot police and immigration officials arrested two migrants. On the next day a protest rally was held in condemning the Ministry of Justice that allowed brutal attack on migrants and migrants' rights advocates. Between January 16 and 21 the protest group participated in the World Social Forum 2004 in Mumbai, India in order to make public the ongoing migrants' struggle in Korea and strengthen the network and solidarity with migrant rights groups. On 20 the Office for Government Policy Coordination released measures to extend grace period for undocumented migrants again. On February 6 the migrants and Korean Chinese groups concluded a 84-day sit-in protest declaring the 2nd round of their struggle. The decision was made after the Government agreed on extention of grace period to voluntarily leave the country in exchange for a guarantee they could return legally later. II. The theme "migrant workers" became one of three main topics discussed in the XIV World Congress of Labour Law and Social Security, which was held in Seoul from September 26 through 30, 1994. According to the ILO Convention No. 143, the term "migrant worker" means a person who migrates or who has migrated from one country to another with a view to being employed otherwise than on his own account and includes any person regularly admitted as a migrant worker.(Art. 11, Para. 1) The ILO Convention No. 143 of 1973, which came into force on December 9, 1978 in supplement to the Convention No. 97 of 1949, gives further provisions concerning migrations in abusive conditions and the promotion of equality of opportunity and treatment of migrant workers. Each member state for which this Convention is in force shall undertake to respect the basic human rights of "all migrant workers"(Art. 1). In order to prevent and to eliminate migrations in abusive conditions Article 3 of the Convention No. 143 stipulates as follows: Each Member shall adopt all necessary and appropriate measures, both within its jurisdiction and in collaboration with other Members (a) to suppress clandestine movements of migrants for employment and illegal employment of migrants, and (b) against the organisers of illicit or clandestine movements of migrants for employment departing from, passing through or arriving in its territory, and against those who employ workers who have immigrated in illegal conditions. Article 9, Paragraph 1 of the Convention No. 143 reads: "Without prejudice to measures designed to control movements of migrants for employment by ensuring that migrant workers enter national territory and are admitted to employment in conformity with the relevant laws and regulations, the migrant worker shall, in cases in which these laws and regulations have not been respected and in which his position cannot be regularised, enjoy equality of treatment for himself and his family in respect of rights arising out of past employment as regards remuneration, social security and other benefits." According to Article 10 of the Convention, each Member for which the Convention is in force undertakes to declare and pursue a national policy designed to promote and to guarantee, by methods appropriate to national conditions and practice, equality of opportunity and treatment in respect of employment and occupation, of social security, of trade union and cultural rights and of individual and collective freedoms for persons who as migrant workers or as members of their families are lawfully within its territory. Each Member shall also, by methods appropriate to national conditions and practice, in consultation with representative organisations of employers and workers, formulate and apply a social policy appropriate to national conditions and practice which enables migrant workers and their families to share in advantages enjoyed by its nationals while taking account, without adversely affecting the principle of equality of opportunity and treatment, of such special needs as they may have until they are adapted to the society of the country of employment.(Art. 12 (e)) But the provisions concerning equality of opportunity and treatment do not apply to - (a) frontier workers; (b) artistes and members of the liberal professions who have entered the country on a short-term basis; (c) seamen; (d) persons coming specifically for purposes of training or education; (e) employees of organisations or undertakings operating within the territory of a country who have been admitted temporarily to that country at the request of their employer to undertake specific duties or assignments, for a limited and defined period of time, and who are required to leave that country on the completion of their duties or assignments.(Art. 11, Para. 2) To Korea hundreds of thousand workers mostly from Asian countries have been admitted as the so-called "vocational trainees" and later "industrial trainees." The question is whether the "vocational trainees" or "industrial trainees" admitted to Korea fall under the category of "the persons coming specially for purposes of training or education", as defined in Art. 11, Para. 2(d) of the Convention. Unfortunately, the answer to this question is negative. Most of the "trainees" admitted to Korea are sent directly to undertakings which are not prepared to give ordinary vocational training. The sit-in strike of the Nepalese workers in January 1995 triggered a series of discussions to better the situation of the migrant workers in Korea. Without equal treatment of the migrant workers in labour law and social security, the "globalization" would remain mere political propaganda. In this sense, it is expected that the new EPS is able to find right ways to design national and international policy to promote and guarantee equality of opportunity and treatment in respect of employment, and of other rights related thereto and to respect the basic human rights of all migrant workers.

이주노동자 대상 한국어 교수요목 설계 방안 연구 -입국 예정 이주노동자의 한국어 학습을 위해서-

류영석 한국언어문화교육학회 2008 언어와 문화 Vol.4 No.3

This study aims to develop the Korean language education syllabus to fit the migrant workers’ personal characteristics and traits on the basis of their needs and to enhance the basic communicative competence in their daily lives in society and at work. The migrant workers experience various kinds of difficulties in their daily lives, both inside and outside the workplace. These problems are due mainly to the lack of communicative competence on their part. This insufficient communicative competence can be attributed to the type of Korean learning that does not get accomplished systematically and substantially in their own respective countries. That is, the Korean language education syllabus does not reflect their needs and is not implemented and harmonized with the real circumstances and situations which they need to face in Korea. The problem worsens because the Korean language education syllabus they had is taught by their teachers in an arbitrary manner. This research aims to show that first of all, a suitable Korean language education syllabus that reflects the migrant workers’ needs should be developed in order that the Korean language education will be able to effectively accomplish the specific purposes that will benefit the migrant workers. This type of syllabus that will reflect the migrant workers’ needs will result in giving the learners more control of the communication process and enhancing their learning efficiency. This study aims to develop the Korean language education syllabus to fit the migrant workers’ personal characteristics and traits on the basis of their needs and to enhance the basic communicative competence in their daily lives in society and at work. The migrant workers experience various kinds of difficulties in their daily lives, both inside and outside the workplace. These problems are due mainly to the lack of communicative competence on their part. This insufficient communicative competence can be attributed to the type of Korean learning that does not get accomplished systematically and substantially in their own respective countries. That is, the Korean language education syllabus does not reflect their needs and is not implemented and harmonized with the real circumstances and situations which they need to face in Korea. The problem worsens because the Korean language education syllabus they had is taught by their teachers in an arbitrary manner. This research aims to show that first of all, a suitable Korean language education syllabus that reflects the migrant workers’ needs should be developed in order that the Korean language education will be able to effectively accomplish the specific purposes that will benefit the migrant workers. This type of syllabus that will reflect the migrant workers’ needs will result in giving the learners more control of the communication process and enhancing their learning efficiency.