Form-focused Instruction in Incidental Learning of English Verb Patterns

김부자 한국영어어문교육학회 2010 영어어문교육 Vol.16 No.3

The present study investigated what kind of form-focused instruction would yield better results for incidental learning of English verb patterns in two experiments. Experiment 1 compared the effectiveness of focus on form (reading + translation) and focus on forms (verb pattern list + translation) tasks in learning new English verb patterns incidentally in Korean EFL college classrooms. The results of Experiment 1 showed significantly higher results for the focus on forms group. Since it was revealed by Experiment 1 that the learners did not notice unknown target verb patterns, Experiment 2 was undertaken to examine whether the difference between the focus on form and focus on forms conditions found in Experiment 1 would be retained even after the isolated form-focused instruction or focus on forms aiming at teaching students how to recognize verb patterns was provided for the learners before the focus on form and focus on forms tasks were carried out. The results showed that the focus on form group yielded significantly higher incidental learning scores than the focus on forms group. The effectiveness rates of the focus on form in Experiment 2 were statistically higher than those of the focus on forms in Experiment 1. The results of the two experiments indicated that the combination of the isolated form-focused instruction and focus on form was significantly more effective in learning English verb patterns incidentally. In conclusion, form-focused instruction including both isolated form-focused instruction and focus on form is an effective way to incidental learning of English verb patterns.

텍스트의 감정 분석 기반 조형 시각화 방법 연구 - VAD 감정 차원과 조형 언어 사전을 중심으로 -

황정석,조택연 한국공간디자인학회 2024 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.19 No.5

(연구배경 및 목적) 언어와 조형은 인간의 감정을 표현하고 소통하는 주요 수단임에도 불구하고, 둘 간의 직접적인 변환과 연계에는 어려움이 존재한다. 그러나 최근 인공지능 기술의 발달로 자연어를 기반으로 한 조형 생성에 관심이 높아지면서, 언어와 조형의 상호 연결 가능성에 대한 탐색이 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 텍스트의 감정 분석을 기반으로 한 시각화 방법을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 감정 분석 기술을 활용하여 텍스트의 감정을 Valence, Arousal, Dominance의 차원으로 구조화하는 VAD 모델을 적용하였다. 텍스트에 내재된 감정을 정량화하고 이를 조형 언어로 변환함으로써, 기존의 직관 기반 조형 생성 방식과 차별화된 감정 기반 조형 생성 방법론을 모색하고자 하였다. (연구방법 및 범위) 연구를 위해 첫째, 문헌 연구로 언어와 조형의 관계, 그리고 감정을 매개로 한 언어-조형 연결 가능성에 대해 고찰한다. 둘째, VAD 모델에 대해 심층적으로 검토하고, 이를 토대로 텍스트 감정 분석 및 조형 변환 방법론을 설계한다. 셋째, 선행 연구와 관련 자료를 바탕으로 조형 언어 데이터셋을 구축하고, VAD 감정 차원과 조형 요소를 연계한 조형 언어 사전을 제작한다. 넷째, 대중가요 가사를 대상으로 텍스트 전처리, 감정 분석, 조형 언어 변환, 이미지 생성의 일련의 과정을 수행하는 조형 생성 실험을 진행한다. 다섯째, 실험 결과를 바탕으로 제안 방법론의 효용성과 한계점을 논의하고, 후속 연구 방향을 제언한다. (결과) 실험 결과, VAD 감정 모델과 조형 언어 사전을 활용한 시각화 방식은 텍스트의 감정과 분위기를 일관성 있게 반영할 수 있음을 확인하였다. VAD 기반 방식은 동일한 텍스트에 대해 유사한 스타일의 이미지를 생성한 반면, 기존 방식은 다양한 스타일의 이미지를 생성하였으며 텍스트-이미지 간 감정적 연계성이 상대적으로 약했다. 다만 VAD 모델의 단순한 감정 분류와 조형 언어 사전의 제한적 표현력이 한계점으로 관찰되었다. (결론) 본 연구는 감정이라는 매개체를 통해 언어와 시각을 연결함으로써 인간의 감성에 부합하는 조형 콘텐츠 생성에 기여할 수 있음을 시사한다. 제안된 텍스트 감정 분석 기반 시각화 방법은 예술 및 디자인 분야의 창의적 실천에 새로운 관점을 제시함은 물론, 인간과 AI의 협력적 창작 가능성을 열어줄 것으로 기대된다. (Background and Purpose) Despite the pivotal role of language and form as mediums for expressing and communicating human emotions, significant challenges remain in terms of direct transformation and linkage. Nevertheless, with recent developments in artificial intelligence technology and a growing interest in natural language-based form generation have led to an increased exploration of the potential for interconnection between language and form. This study aims to propose a visualization method based on text sentiment analysis. To achieve this, the VAD (Valence, Arousal, Dominance) model was applied to structure the emotions in the text using sentiment analysis techniques. By quantifying the emotions inherent in the text and converting them into visual form, this research seeks to differentiate from existing intuition-based form generation methods and explore a sentiment-based form generation methodology. (Methods) This study involved several key steps. First, a literature review was conducted to examine the relationship between language and visual form and the potential for linking them through emotions. Second, the VAD model was thoroughly reviewed and used as the basis for designing a methodology for text sentiment analysis and form transformation. Third, a visual form language dataset was constructed based on previous research and related materials, and a form language dictionary was created linking VAD emotion dimensions to form elements. Fourth, a form generation experiment was conducted using popular song lyrics, involving text preprocessing, sentiment analysis, form language transformation, and image generation. Finally, the effectiveness and limitations of the proposed methodology were discussed based on the experimental results, and directions for future research were suggested. (Results) The experimental results corroborated the efficacy of the visualisation method utilizing the VAD emotion model and the formative language dictionary in consistently reflecting the emotions and atmosphere of the text. The VAD-based approach generated images with analogous styles for the identical text, whereas the existing approach produced images with various styles and showed relatively weak emotional connectivity between the text and the images. However, the simple emotion classification of the VAD model and the limited expressiveness of the formative language dictionary were observed as limitations. (Conclusion) The findings of this study indicate that integrating emotional content into language and visuals can facilitate the development of form and content that resonates with human sensibilities. The proposed visualization method, based on text sentiment analysis, offers a novel perspective for creative practice in the fields of art and design. Furthermore, it provides a potential avenue for collaborative creation between humans and AI.

“But who makes it? Who thinks it?”: Rethinking Form in Virginia Woolf’s The Waves

손영주 한국제임스조이스학회 2014 제임스조이스저널 Vol.20 No.1

Challenging the age-old assumption of the division between the concept of form in Western metaphysics from Plato to Kant and the Hegelian/Marxist notion of the term, this paper argues that Woolf’s concept of form anticipates and even pushes one step further the dialectical notion of totality. A close reading of Woolf’s observations concerning form enables us to see that Woolf in fact significantly deviates from Bloomsbury art critic Clive Bell’s notion of significant form and his overall aesthetic formalism, far from incorporating his views as commonly believed. Unlike Bell’s theory Woolf puts forward an idea of form that assumes the connection between the part and the whole—not in the sense that the latter as an a priori principle determines the former, but in the sense that they are dialectically related and mutually constructive. In its resistance to a static, idealistic, or even totalistic notion of reality, Woolf’s notion of form has some affinity with what Karel Kosík terms “concrete totality.” Woolf even moves beyond the dialectical concept of totality or any other theories of form as she constantly raises a very important question of ‘who’ thinks the form. The near obsession with various forms in The Waves is a case in point. The novel illustrates how Bernard’s evocation of rings and lines, Louis’s steel rings and chains, and Rhoda’s loops and bubbles at once disclose and undermine the sense of social unification tied up with imperial sentiment by constantly inviting us to look at who, in what context, think these forms. In this way, the novel fights against the ideological ossification that frequently accompanies the concept of form and opens up a possibility to imagine a more inclusive, anti-imperialist model of self and community coming into being, not by means of telling us what to think, but by means of illustrating us how to think of form—form as reality and/or reality as form.

Form-focused Instruction in Incidental Learning of English Verb Patterns

Kim, Bu-Ja The English Teachers Association in Korea 2010 영어어문교육 Vol.16 No.3

The present study investigated what kind of form-focused instruction would yield better results for incidental learning of English verb patterns in two experiments. Experiment 1 compared the effectiveness of focus on form (reading + translation) and focus on forms (verb pattern list + translation) tasks in learning new English verb patterns incidentally in Korean EFL college classrooms. The results of Experiment 1 showed significantly higher results for the focus on forms group. Since it was revealed by Experiment 1 that the learners did not notice unknown target verb patterns, Experiment 2 was undertaken to examine whether the difference between the focus on form and focus on forms conditions found in Experiment 1 would be retained even after the isolated form-focused instruction or focus on forms aiming at teaching students how to recognize verb patterns was provided for the learners before the focus on form and focus on forms tasks were carried out. The results showed that the focus on form group yielded significantly higher incidental learning scores than the focus on forms group. The effectiveness rates of the focus on form in Experiment 2 were statistically higher than those of the focus on forms in Experiment 1. The results of the two experiments indicated that the combination of the isolated form-focused instruction and focus on form was significantly more effective in learning English verb patterns incidentally. In conclusion, form-focused instruction including both isolated form-focused instruction and focus on form is an effective way to incidental learning of English verb patterns.

Form-focused Instruction in Incidental Learning of English Verb Patterns

Bu-Ja Kim 한국영어어문교육학회 2010 영어어문교육 Vol.16 No.3

The present study investigated what kind of form-focused instruction would yield better results for incidental learning of English verb patterns in two experiments. Experiment 1 compared the effectiveness of focus on form (reading + translation) and focus on forms (verb pattern list + translation) tasks in learning new English verb patterns incidentally in Korean EFL college classrooms. The results of Experiment 1 showed significantly higher results for the focus on forms group. Since it was revealed by Experiment 1 that the learners did not notice unknown target verb patterns, Experiment 2 was undertaken to examine whether the difference between the focus on form and focus on forms conditions found in Experiment 1 would be retained even after the isolated form-focused instruction or focus on forms aiming at teaching students how to recognize verb patterns was provided for the learners before the focus on form and focus on forms tasks were carried out. The results showed that the focus on form group yielded significantly higher incidental learning scores than the focus on forms group. The effectiveness rates of the focus on form in Experiment 2 were statistically higher than those of the focus on forms in Experiment 1. The results of the two experiments indicated that the combination of the isolated form-focused instruction and focus on form was significantly more effective in learning English verb patterns incidentally. In conclusion, form-focused instruction including both isolated form-focused instruction and focus on form is an effective way to incidental learning of English verb patterns.

벽식 철근 콘크리트 거푸집 신 공법의 생산성 분석 및 적용활성화 방안 연구 : 철근콘크리트 아파트의 내측벽 거푸집에 관하여

김두석,김용수 중앙대학교 건설환경연구소 2001 環境科學硏究 Vol.12 No.1

The purpose of this study is to provide productivity(man-hours) analysis of new forming methods(SK wall & slab form, Ilho form) and conventional forming methods(Euro form, Aluminum form) in apartment wall construction. Productivity analysis were performed based on data collection in construction sites and a questionnaire survey. The results of this study are as follows : 1. comprehensive productive order from high to low is investigated as the following: SK wall&slab form, Ilho form, Aluminum form and Euro form. 2. for the improved application of new forming methods, the following is required: ① fair distribution of the benefit raised from the use of new forming methods, ② the development training program for forming laborers and actual training.

제주도 안덕계곡에 분포하는 식물의 생활형에 관한 연구

최영은 ( Choi Young-eun ),김창환 ( Kim Chang-hwan ),권용호 ( Kwon Yong-ho ),두하은 ( Doo Ha-eun ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2018 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.30 No.2

This research was conducted to analyze plant life forms of Andeok valley in Nam Jeju-gun(county) of Jeju Island by dividing the life forms into three categories:dormancy form, radicoid form, and disseminule form. Of the total 420 species surveyed, phanerophytes (P) of dormancy form were most prevalent as 87 taxa or 20.71% followed by hemicryptophytes (H) and therophytes (Th) with 79 taxa or 18.81% and 75 taxa or17.86%, respectively. In addition, geophytes (G) and nanophnerophytes (N) were relatively abundant with 66 taxa (15.71%) and 54 taxa (12.86%) respectively. Since evergreen shrub grows on the understory vegetation where P is distributed, the distribution of N was observed to have a fairly high proportion. Th is composed of species, which are introduced by anthropogenic disturbance and alien species invaded. In this context, human activities might affect the distribution of Th. The distribution ratio of chamaephytes (Ch) and hydatophytes (HH) reflects the geographical characteristics of Andeok valley, which has various shapes of cliffs. As the river length of Andeok valley is long and its stream flow is plentiful, a relatively large number of HH were distributed in the valley. As for the distribution of the plants surveyed in 1995, 2004, and 2017, the number of species of dormancy forms has been increased, while its distribution rate has shown asimilar proportion. This might be significantly influenced by both climate conditions and topographical features. Of propagation forms, R5(non-clonal growth) of radicoid from was predominant as 236 taxa (56.19%), followed by R3 (rthizomatous plants) and R4 (stoloniferous plants) with 58 taxa (13.81%) and 32 taxa (7.62%), respectively. Unlike the percentage of root types, which are bulb, corm, tuber and tuberous root, a fleshy root has a wide variety of plant species with 14 taxa. In terms of disseminule form, D4 (only by gravity) including 168 taxa (40%) was predominant, followed by D1 (disseminated by wind and water) including 93 taxa (22.43%) and D2 (by animals and man) containing 91 taxa (21.67%). The proportion of D1 and D2 reflects regional characteristics and geographical and geomorphological properties, which were influenced by a deep ravine of Andeok valley.

브라질 포르투갈어의 호칭어에 대한 소고

김한철,곽수민 한국 포르투갈-브라질 학회 2016 포르투갈-브라질 연구 Vol.13 No.2

Considering that address forms play a social-linguistic role by helping people interact with the other, this paper observed address forms used in Brazil, assuming that address forms recently used in the country had gone through big changes in contrast to the address forms inherited from Portugal. In order to organize the system of Brazilian Portuguese address forms and show the social-linguistic meanings and values each form brings, we analyzed these address forms by reorganizing them in subgroups so that the Brazilian Portuguese student or teacher could understand better their complexity. The address forms in Brazilian Portuguese are reclassified in four groups: family address forms, address forms for aquaintances, address forms for unknown ones and titles. This paper also gives a special attention to the forms ‘senhora’, ‘tia’, ‘menino’, ‘menina’, ‘mano’ among others, pointing out the restricted circumstances in which these forms can be used. Finally this paper shows that Brazilian Portuguese uses the formula ‘possessive pronoun + address form’ to express respect or closeness to the listener.

AL1050 소재의 양·음각 점진성형 공법간 성형 정밀도 비교

이경부(Kyeong-Bu Lee),오현만(Hyun-Man Oh),강재관(Jae-Gwan Kang) 한국생산제조학회 2013 한국생산제조학회지 Vol.22 No.5

Incremental forming of sheet metal is a modern method of forming sheet metal, where parts can be formed without the use of dedicated dies. Existing experimental configurations for incremental forming can be broadly classified into two categories, i.e., negative and positive forming. In this paper, forming qualities such as shape accuracy and surface roughness of Al 1050 material were discussed for different forming methods. The formed and the corresponding opposing surfaces were measured with a three-dimensional scanner and a surface roughness tester. It was found that in terms of shape accuracy, the best opposing surface was obtained with positive forming, whereas the worst formed surface was obtained with negative forming; furthermore, the opposing surface is always better than the formed surface, regardless of the forming method used.

현대건축의 비정형형태유형과 디지털디자인도구 명령어의 상호관계분석에 관한 연구

박상준 한국기초조형학회 2016 기초조형학연구 Vol.17 No.2

The general conformational changes of architecture refuse the order of hierarchical form under the influence of digital paradigm, and develop atypical form aiming at organic and free form. In accordance with this change, the purpose of this study is to prepare the foundation for a study on use of digital design Commands and type classification of various atypical forms through an interaction analysis between types of atypical form and digital design tool Commands. In addition, the range of this study sets up the interaction between atypical form of architecture and command language of digital design Commands, and the study associated with the application of actual form-build will be consistently researched through follow-up studies. To analyze the relations between informal forms and digital design tool commands, this researcher analyzes informal forms in various types including Extrude and put it in a library. In chapters 2 and 3 are described informal forms, and in chapter 3 is classified the relations between informal forms and digital design tool commands. To establish their relations with digital design tool commands based on the classification system of informal forms, this study divides design tool commands into 2D and into 3D, defines them, and establishes their correlations. As the result, this study tries to combine the rules of digital design tool commands and suggest the possibility of creating a variety of informal forms of contemporary architecture. 건축의 전반적인 형태변화는 디지털패러다임의 영향으로 위계적 형태의 질서를 거부하고, 유기적이며 자유로운 형태를지향하는 비정형형태로 발전하고 있다. 디지털디자인도구역시 시대와 형태의 유형변화에 따라 발전하고 있으며, 건축을포함한 형태이론과의 상호작용을 통해서 함께 변화하고 있다. 이러한 변화에 맞추어 본 연구의 목적은 비정형형태의 유형과 디지털디자인도구 명령어의 상호관계 분석을 통해, 다양한 비정형형태의 유형분류와 디지털디자인도구 활용 연구를 위한 기반을 마련하는 것이다. 따라서 건축의 비정형형태와 디지털디자인도구 명령어와의 상호관계까지만 설정하였으며, 실제 형태구축의 적용에 관련한 연구는 후속연구를 통해 지속적으로 연구하고자 한다. 지금까지의 비정형 관련 연구는 대다수 Parametric, NURBS, 외피구성에 따른 비정형 관련 연구가 주를 이루고 있었으며, 형태생성을 위한 디자인도구 활용에 관한 연구는 부족하다고 판단된다. 비정형형태와 디지털디자인도구 명령어의 관계를 분석하기 위하여 비정형형태를 Extrude를 포함한 다양한 형태와 여러 유형으로 분석하여 라이브러리화 하였으며, 비정형형태유형은 2,3장에서, 비정형형태유형과 디지털디자인도구 명령어의 관계는 3장에서 분류하여 정리하였다. 그리고 비정형형태의 유형분류를 바탕으로 디지털디자인도구 명령어와의 관계를 설정하기 위하여 디자인도구의 명령어를 2D, 3D로 구분하여 정의하였다. 이러한 상호관계 설정을 바탕으로 디지털디자인도구 명령어 규칙의 조합을 통한 현대건축의 다양한 비정형형태생성의 가능성을 제시하고자 한다.