재미한인의 문화변용에 나타난 다문화주의 전략 고찰

허성태 ( Heo Song Tae ),임영언 ( Yim Young Eon ) 아시아문화학술원 2016 인문사회 21 Vol.7 No.5

이 연구의 목적은 재미한인의 첫 이주(1903년)가 시작된 지 100여년이 지난 시점에서 문화변용에 따른 재미한인들의 미국사회에서의 다문화주의 전략을 고찰하고, 그 시사점을 도출하는데 있다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 미국사회에서 재미한인들의 문화변용 전략은 한국인과 미국인과의 관계 개선, 한국문화와 미국문화의 통합전략으로 한국문화를 유지하면서 미국문화를 수용하는 전략을 구사하는 경향이 있었다. 둘째, 요인분석 결과, 변수에 대한 설명력의 크기는 “주변화(혼합형 부정형)>동화(미국 친화형)>분리(한국 친화형)>통합(혼합형 긍정형)” 순서로 나타났으며 그 중에서 주변화 전략이 가장 높았다. 셋째, 상관분석 결과, 재미한인들이 미국문화 친화형에 가까울수록 미국사회통합에 긍정적이고 한국과의 관계에 부정적인 것으로 나타났으며, 주변화에 부정적인 경향이 강할수록 미국사회통합에 긍정적인 성향이 강한 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 재미한인의 문화변용 전략은 미국 내 소수민족이라는 비주류 집단의 입장에서 볼 때는 미국사회와의 사회통합전략을 구사하고 있었다. 그러나 미국의 주류사회 입장에서 보면 재미한인들은 미국사회 통합이라는 다문화주의 전략의 특성이 강한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 재미한인들의 다문화주의 사회 통합전략의 특성은 미국이민사회의 특수한 구조 속에서 발생하는 사회적 축적물로 그들의 이주경험의 반복이 결국 문화변용을 지속적으로 발생시키고 있는 것으로 보인다. Immigration of Koreans to American continent started since 1903. After more than 100 years of cultural changes between Koreans and Americans there is need to study new phenomena`s. In this research was a studied Korean Americans cultural change considering American society`s multicultural strategy. The purpose of this research is to bring out suggestions relying on survey which carried out among Korean-Americans. Three main results given below. First, Korean - Americans acculturation strategy was maintained by the Korean culture and American culture. Relationship between Koreans and Americans also integration process of the Korean culture and American culture. Second, as a result Marginalization, Assimilation, Separation and Integration Rank are four main factors highly impacted acculturation strategy of Korean Americans. Third, the correlation analysis result shows that the assimilation style was positive in American social unification and also was negative in the relation of Koreans. As a result Korean Americans shows positive to the marginalization and negative to the social unification. In conclusion, Korean American acculturation strategy was exposed to be strong in the majority position and social integration strategy in a minority position. The immigration experience is caused acculturation of Korean Americans by the social structure of Multicultural society. Special structure of American society continuously bring Korean Americans cultural changes.

베트남과 흔들리는 미국 남성성의 신화

이승복(Seung-bok Yi) 한국영미어문학회 2014 영미어문학 Vol.- No.113

This paper discusses the shaky and unsteady American mythology of manliness in Tim O'Brien's works. American society, as O'Brien himself has experienced and thus described so poignantly in his works, has long been proud of its dependence of military force for nation-building and expending its border. Since the closure of American frontier in the 1890s, America has looked for new frontiers. Vietnam is considered a New Frontier by American policy-makers and they are about to reenact the frontier virtues of the past and thus restore the manliness for American soldiers and public as well. American soldiers, accustomed to their society's respect for military force through army plays and mass media, try to relive their ancestors' manliness in Vietnam. The tough environmental forces of Vietnam, however, defy American desire and American soldiers witness the breakdown of their myth and suffer from traumatic experiences. To heal their hurt pride, the soldiers quite often commit serious crimes against civilians, and the wrongly conceived and ill-practiced acts of vengeance are no exception when they return to America, targeting their female partners as the very objects of restoring their hurt pride. O'Brien seems to suggest the possible solution to this hurt pride of male characters by presenting more flexible and accommodating femininity or feminine virtues, but soon finds that feminine virtues has limits in America where the myth of frontier and of manliness is still too strong and deep-rooted.

미국 철도역사 계획지침의 ‘끊임없는 여정(Seamless Journey)’ 개념의 건축적 의미에 관한 연구

강혁진 대한건축학회지회연합회 2019 대한건축학회연합논문집 Vol.21 No.6

The purpose of this study is to examine the architectural significance of the concept of ‘Seamless Journey’ in US Railway Station Planning Guidelines. This is an attempt to improve the Korean Railroad Planning Guidelines. To this end, this study examined the characteristics of the traffic space and the meaning of the continuous experience of railway architecture. And, looked at the concept of seamless journey used in the design guidelines of the American railway station and its application. The comparative analysis of the UK guidelines also identifies the significance of the sequential experience in railway station design. As a result, the architectural meaning of seamless journey in the US guidelines can be explained as follows. First, the railway station is recognized as a human-centered experience space. Second, railway station design should be part of the continual experience of the journey. Third, all environmental factors are the objects of design to architecturally reflect the value of continuous experience.

Understanding 1.5 Generation Korean Americans: Considering Their Diversity and Educational Experiences

테레사 편 재외한인학회 2012 在外韓人硏究 Vol.28 No.-

One of the significant changes that happened in the Korean American community after the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 is the rise of 1.5 generation Korean Americans. Although “1.5 generation” has become a popular term commonly used within the Korean American community and academia, and they are known to be bilingual and bicultural Korean Americans who are between first and second generation immigrants, understanding exactly who they are and what they are going through as immigrants in the U.S. have not been thoroughly researched. This study examined some of the challenges in defining the term “1.5 generation,” the diversity within 1.5 generation Korean Americans, and educational experiences of 1.5 generation. The finding of this study shows that 1.5 generation who immigrated to the U.S. as adolescents, compared to those who immigrated as children, have different understanding of Korean language and culture and face greater adjustment challenges after their immigration because they face both adolescence and acculturation at the same time. Because there is such diversity within 1.5 generation Korean Americans in terms of their immigration and acculturation experiences, developing an accurate definition of 1.5 generation can be a complicated task. Despite the diversity found within this population, however, most 1.5 generation Korean Americans seem to share the difficulty of learning English, social isolation, racism and the development of negative identity as they first enter U.S. public schools, and the lack of quality English education puts some of 1.5 generation Korean Americans in a vulnerable place where they can develop both Korean and English literacy problems. More studies are needed to fully understand the diverse life and educational experiences of 1.5 generation Korean American population.

Social Relationships for Youth and Adolescents within the Korean American Immigrant Church

김지찬 한국기독교교육학회 2015 기독교교육논총 Vol.41 No.-

Some ethnic immigrants socialize around their religious communities. The Korean immigrant church in particular is known to functionas a social center where Korean immigrants can perpetuate their cultural and spiritual practices in the U.S. However, few studies have directly focused on the social relationships of younger generations sharing the same space in the church with their parent generations. The main research question is this: How do 1.5-and second-generationKorean-American youths perceive their experience with social relationships in their foreign-born parents’ religious community? The author, through qualitative research methods, examines the experiences shared by American-born or American-raised Korean youths involved in their parents’ religious community. This study will provide a space for discussions about the function of the Korean immigrant church in fostering youths’ socio-cultural development and suggest ways to promote better intergenerational relationships through their time spent together at the immigrant church.

개항기 미국인이 바라본 서울에 대한 인식 - 미국인 견문기를 중심으로 -

이수기 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 역사문화연구소 2022 역사문화연구 Vol.82 No.-

The reasons why Americans are interested in Seoul and regard Seoul as more important than other regions are as follows. One is that Westerners had to enter Joseon during the opening of the port and enter Seoul, where the foreign legation was located, and even if they traveled to the provinces, they had to go through Seoul to the provinces. In addition, Seoul is characterized by a common area visited by Americans. In this article, I would like to analyze the perceptions of Seoul that appeared in the interview period through the interview period of Americans and further summarize the perceptions of Seoul by country. I would like to analyze the records left by visiting Korea from the 1880s to the 1910s. Representatively, we will focus on the records of 10 people, including Lowell, Gilmore, Daniel Gifford, Mrs. Underwood, Hulbert, Allen, Underwood, J Robert Moose, Sands, and Noble. The analysis focused on the first impression of Seoul recognized by Americans and the day and night scenery of Seoul. The first impression showed common interest in the notation of Seoul on the map, Namsan Mountain and Buksan Mountain, two large mountains surrounding the royal palace, and the walls and gates between these two mountains, the royal palace, roads, relics, and the population of Seoul. The only change here was about the road. The daytime part of Seoul showed common interest in transportation, shops and merchants, education, modern schools, sewage treatment and hygiene related to infectious diseases. Here, the change was pointed out as a change in transportation means, such as tram, train, and steamboat, and as a change in schools, modern school education and methods were mentioned in the traditional Seodang. The night part of Seoul showed common interest in Bonghwa, Bosingakjong, curfew, and patrol systems, which correspond to communication. Here, the change was due to the change in communication, and the whole body and telegram were heard instead of beacon, and the curfew was abolished. These changes were mainly changes that appeared after the Gabo Reform, and changes by period could be examined. In addition, most Americans emphasized that the pace of modernization and development of Joseon is faster than that of other capitals. The attempt is late, but it indicates that the speed is fast. Finally, I finish writing in anticipation of being able to summarize differences or changes in perceptions by country by analyzing perceptions of Seoul by country other than the United States. 개항기 미국인들은 자신의 견문기에 서울에 대한 관심을 기록하였다. 미국인 견문기에서 수도인 서울에 대한 인상과 인식은 대부분 빠지지 않고 기록하였다. 미국인들이 서울에 관심을 갖고 서울을 다른 지역에 비해 중요하게 여기는 이유는 다음과 같다. 하나는 개항기 서양인들이 조선에 입국하여 외국공사관이 있는 서울에 먼저 들어갔어야 했고, 지방을 여행하더라도 서울을 거쳐 지방으로 가야 했기 때문이다. 또 하나로 서울은 미국인들이 공통적으로 방문한 지역이라는 특징이 있다. 이 글에서는 미국인의 견문기를 통해 견문기에 나타난 서울에 대한 인식을 분석하고, 나아가 국가별 서울인식을 정리해보고자 한다. 그리하여 1880년대부터 1910년대에 한국을 방문하여 남긴 기록을 중심으로 분석하려고 한다. 대표적으로 로웰, 길모어, 다니엘 기포드, 언더우드 부인, 헐버트, 알렌, 언더우드, 제이콥 로버트 무스, 샌즈, 노블 등 10명의 기록을 중심으로 하겠다. 미국인들이 서울에 대해 가진 공통관심사로는 지도상 표기의 수도와 서울의 위치, 서울 가는 길, 서울의 인구, 서울의 경치와 주위환경, 남산과 북한산, 성벽과 성문, 왕궁, 도로, 유적 유물, 봉화와 통금, 하수처리와 위생, 시장과 상점, 순찰체계, 왕궁, 한강, 운송수단, 의식주, 선교사업(병원과 교회 및 학교 설립), 서울의 교육, 외국공사관, 서울의 유적, 서울의 변화와 근대화 등으로 분석할 수 있다. 미국인들이 인식한 서울에 대해 첫인상과 서울의 낮과 밤 풍경에 중점을 두어 분석하였다. 첫인상에 대한 부분은 지도상 서울의 표기 방식, 왕궁을 둘러싸고 있는 두 큰 산인 남산과 북산, 이 두 산 사이의 성벽과 성문, 왕궁, 도로, 유물, 서울의 인구 등에 대해 공통적 관심을 나타내었다. 여기에서 변화상은 도로에 대한 것뿐이었다. 서울의 낮에 대한 부분은 교통에 해당하는 운송수단, 경제상황을 엿볼 수 있는 상점과 상인, 교육에 해당하는 서당과 근대식 학교, 전염병과 관련 있는 하수처리와 위생 등에 대해 공통적 관심을 보였다. 여기에서 변화상은 운송수단의 변화로 전차, 기차, 증기선 등을 지적하였고, 학교의 변화로 전통적인 방식의 서당에서 근대식 학교 교육과 방법 등을 언급하였다. 서울의 밤에 대한 부분은 통신에 해당하는 봉화, 보신각종과 통금, 순찰체계 등에 대해 공통적 관심을 나타내었다. 여기에서 변화상은 통신의 변화로 봉화 대신 전신과 전보를 들었고, 통금에 대해 통금 폐지를 들었다. 이러한 변화상은 주로 갑오개혁 이후 나타난 변화로 시기별 변화를 살펴볼 수 있었다. 또한 대다수 미국인들이 강조한 부분이 있는데, 그것은 조선의 근대화 발전 속도가 다른 수도에 비해 빠르다는 점이다. 시도는 늦었지만 속도는 빠르다는 것을 나타낸 것이다. 끝으로 이후에 미국 이외의 다른 국가별 서울에 대한 인식을 분석하여 국가별 인식의 차이 또는 변화 등을 정리할 수 있을 것으로 기대하며 글을 마친다.

Youth Ministry with the 1.5 Generation Korean Americans: Conversion Experiences of Love and Acceptance

정신애 한국기독교교육정보학회 2014 Journal of Christian education information tech Vol.0 No.25

This article claims a revised practice of youth ministry with the 1.5 generation Korean Americans based on their conversion experiences of divine love and acceptance. The conversion experiences were gathered from the 20 intensive interviews upon which the researcher's doctoral research was based. The research results indicate that the 1.5 generation Korean Americans experienced their conversions predominantly through the assurance of divine love and acceptance rather than the awareness of sin. On the one hand, it is because their psychological needs for security, sense of belonging, and self-esteem were satisfied in their conversion by the experiences of divine love and acceptance. On the other hand, it is because their ethnic churches have overemphasized the concept of sin as pride. In this sense, practices of youth ministry with the 1.5 generation Korean Americans need to focus more on the theme of divine love and acceptance, while wisely applying reframed notions of sin.

제3차 교육사절단이 제안한 `커리큘럼 지침`의 총론에 대한 교육평설

박승배 ( Seungbae Park ) 한국교육과정학회 2016 교육과정연구 Vol.34 No.4

This study is an educational criticism of parts one and two of the Curriculum Handbook for the Schools of Korea by the third American Education Team that stayed in Korea from September 1954 to June 1955. The authors of the Curriculum Handbook suggest the following. First, Korean schools should adopt an experience-based curriculum. Second, five fallacies that are easily committed during curriculum building are discussed. Third, teachers should listen to the opinions of parents and students when they determine the purposes of the curriculum. Fourth, students should be allowed to play an active role in the process of deciding on the learning experiences that they will have. Fifth, the natural organization or approach is the most logical one for the experience-based curriculum when organizing learning content. Sixth, teachers should know various types of integration procedures. Seventh, the five areas of learning―learning respect for the worth of the individual, developing a sense of personal adequacy, developing a sense of personal responsibility, developing respect for work, and learning social skills―should be compulsory in Korea. Eighth, students, parents, and the local community should be invited to participate when a curriculum evaluation program is designed. The implications of the Curriculum Handbook that remain in Korean schools will be briefly interpreted and evaluated.

한국·북미 학위취득자간 국제협력 성향 비교 분석

서경희(Kyung-Hee Suh),조남재(Namjae Cho) 한국외국어대학교 영미연구소 2008 영미연구 Vol.19 No.-

This study aims to compare the two groups of researchers - North American-degree holders and Korean-degree holders - with respect to their attitude towards international collaboration in research. Based on the assumption that the educational training and learning environment can affect their perspectives and their patterns of behavior, we administered a questionnaire to the two groups. We performed statistical analyses of their experience, attitude, and evaluation with respect to international collaboration. The results show that North American-degree holders have more experiences in international research collaboration than Korean-degree holders. However, Korean-degree holders are found to apply for institutional supports from public research foundation for international collaboration more often than their counterparts. Korean-degree holders have higher expectation of and positive evaluation towards the collaborative cross-border research opportunities. Korean-degree holders tend to better appreciate the provision of information regarding the international collaboration programs than North American-degree holders. As for the specific types of research funding they want to obtain, Korean-degree holders show much higher level of interest in programs that offer overseas research opportunities to the graduate students and post-doctors. When it comes to the countries preferred for future collaboration, U.S. outnumbered all the other nations, followed by Japan, England, China, and Germany. Some implications from the results are discussed.

미국이주 초기 한인 중학생들이 인식한 한국의 학교생활과의 차이에 대한 연구 : 학교사회복지 개입적 관점에서

배진형 한국학교사회복지학회 2011 학교사회복지 Vol.- No.21

Despite of increasing immigrant students to the U.S., there were little concern and limited studies on differences in their American school experiences as base-line research. This study purposed to explore what were real & specific differences in American school experience, that newly arrived Korean junior high students recognized. To achieve this purpose, 10 newly arrived Korean junior high students, who had been less than 2 years and living near Chicago area, were interviewed with semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed through constant comparison and categorization using the qualitative method. Results were organized as 7 different sub categories as follows; 1) Unfamiliar and unexpected environment and school life, 2) Rules based on safety first and no exception, 3) Class and study that needed much activeness based on diversity, 4) Relationship with teachers who were accessible and understanding through communication, 5) Peer relationship that could change, depending on situations but still had boundaries, 6) Lunch time with free food items/seat choice but no free time under supervision. and 7) School bus use that entailed tight rule following and mutual manners. And the main category was facing various differences without knowing the background or contexts of differences due to temporary shortage and gap. Based on above results, description of connected results with existing studies, new findings, discussion, considering positive points to apply, and practical intervention phases for school social work services for new comers, supporting for these students' better adjustment, were suggested. 과도한 교육열과 국제화에 대한 기대를 이유로 미국 등 선진국으로의 이주 학생들이 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 하지만 이들의 미국 학교 적응에 있어 한국 학교와의 차이점을 먼저 살피고 간극을 채워 가는 것을 기반으로 바람직한 적응을 돕는 측면을 고려한 학교사회복지적 관심은 미비하다. 본 연구는 미국으로 이주한 한인 중학생들이 이주 초기 그들이 인지한 미국 학교생활 내에서 한국 학교와 어떠한 차이점들이 있는지를 밝히고자 하는 목적을 가지고 수행되었다. 이를 통하여 이들의 바람직한 학교 적응을 돕는 전문분야인 학교사회복지 개입에 대한 제언을 도출하고자 하였다. “이주 초기 미국 중학교에서 학생들이 인지한 한국학교와의 차이는 구체적으로 무엇인가?”라는 연구 질문을 가지고, 시카고 인근 교외 서로 다른 지역에 거주하는 10명의 학생들을 대상으로 이들의 초기 6개월 미국 중학교 적응과정에서의 한국 학교와의 차이점에 대한 심층면접을 실시하였다. 녹취한 자료는 지속적 비교분석을 통해 개념들을 추출하고 이를 범주화하는 개방코딩을 활용하여 분석하였다. 도출된 차이점들은 학교생활의 각 체계별로 범주화되었다. 결과적으로, 학교생활의 맥락파악이 없이 맞닥뜨리게 되는 다름과 일시적 부족에서 오는 다양한 차이점이라는 범주 하, 7가지 하위 범주 즉 생소하며 예상치 못한 환경과 일상, 사소한 것도 무시되지 않는 안전제일주의 규칙, 다양성의 기반위에 일상에서의 적극성이 요구되는 학습, 소통이 부담스럽지 않은 수용적 교사관계, 상황에 따라 변화되는 경계선 있는 교우관계, 음식과 자리선택의 자유에 반해 철저한 지도감독하의 점심시간, 그리고 안전기반과 상호존중예절을 지키는 버스이용으로 도출되었다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 이주 초기 학교생활에서의 이주 학생들을 대상으로 그들의 원 문화에서의 학교생활과 현재 학교생활에서의 차이점들을 우선적으로 점검하여야 함을 제언하였다. 더불어 그러한 차이점이 어떠한 맥락과 이유에서 기인하는 것인지에 대한 문화적 이해를 돕기 위한 학교사회복지사의 관심과 전문적 개입에 대한 단계적 실천방안을 제시하였다. 나아가 본 연구를 토대로 앞으로 미국으로 이주하는 잠재적 한인 중학생들의 예방적 차원의 적응 준비, 또한 한국에 온 다문화 중도 입국 청소년들이 경험하게 되는 한국학교와 본국 학교와의 차이 인식을 통한 바람직한 적응 개입 프로그램에 간접적 기초자료가 되고자 하였다.