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Jason Chung. Amanda Zink 이화여자대학교 생명의료법연구소 2018 Asia Pacific Journal of Health Law & Ethics Vol.11 No.2
IBM’s Watson achieved celebrity on the quiz show Jeopardy! but it is now weighing in on matters of life and death as an expert system in the healthcare setting. Increasing automation in areas such as oncological research and diagnostics promises significant reductions in morbidity and mortality, but several barriers stand in the way of such technology’s widespread implementation and acceptance. As Watson achieves greater accuracy and is increasingly relied upon by doctors, one key question will become: how should liability be assigned where medical errors can be traced to an “artificial” intelligence (AI)? Using philosophical and legal concepts, this article classifies Watson’s current capabilities and examines how humans make “good” decisions in order to better characterize Watson’s role and potential faults. The authors conclude that Watson warrants a unique legal status akin to personhood and is analogous to a medical resident, in that both require “oversight” by an attending physician. We therefore argue that liability for wrongful diagnoses by medical AI should attach on a medical malpractice basis rather than through a products liability or vicarious liability scheme, and can thus be addressed contractually between the AI provider and medical institutions rather than constituting an open question for legislatures.
Luckscheiter André,Zink Wolfgang,Lohs Torsten,Eisenberger Johanna,Thiel Manfred,Viergutz Tim 대한응급의학회 2022 Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine Vol.9 No.4
Objective The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of using machine learning to establish the need for preclinical airway management for injured patients based on a standardized emergency dataset.Methods A registry-based, retrospective analysis was conducted of adult trauma patients who were treated by physician-staffed emergency medical services in southwestern Germany between 2018 and 2020. The primary outcome was to assess the feasibility of using the random forest (RF) and Naive Bayes (NB) machine learning algorithms to predict the need for preclinical airway management. The secondary outcome was to use a principal component analysis to determine the attributes that can be used and advanced for future model development.Results In total, 25,556 adults with multiple injuries were identified, including 1,451 patients (5.7%) who required airway management. Key attributes were auscultation, injury pattern, oxygen therapy, thoracic drainage, noninvasive ventilation, catecholamines, pelvic sling, colloid infusion, initial vital signs, preemergency status, and shock index. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was between 0.96 (RF; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96–0.97) and 0.93 (NB; 95% CI, 0.92–0.93; P<0.01). For the prediction of airway management, RF yielded a higher precision-recall area than NB (0.83 [95% CI, 0.8–0.85] vs. 0.66 [95% CI, 0.61–0.72], respectively; P<0.01).Conclusion To predict the need for preclinical airway management in injured patients, attributes that are commonly recorded in standardized datasets can be used with machine learning. In future models, the RF algorithm could be used because it has robust prediction accuracy.
Jason Chung,Amanda Zink 이화여자대학교 생명의료법연구소 2018 Asia Pacific Journal of Health Law & Ethics Vol.11 No.2
IBM’s Watson achieved celebrity on the quiz show Jeopardy! but it is now weighing in on matters of life and death as an expert system in the healthcare setting. Increasing automation in areas such as oncological research and diagnostics promises significant reductions in morbidity and mortality, but several barriers stand in the way of such technology’s widespread implementation and acceptance. As Watson achieves greater accuracy and is increasingly relied upon by doctors, one key question will become: how should liability be assigned where medical errors can be traced to an “artificial” intelligence (AI)? Using philosophical and legal concepts, this article classifies Watson’s current capabilities and examines how humans make “good” decisions in order to better characterize Watson’s role and potential faults. The authors conclude that Watson warrants a unique legal status akin to personhood and is analogous to a medical resident, in that both require “oversight” by an attending physician. We therefore argue that liability for wrongful diagnoses by medical AI should attach on a medical malpractice basis rather than through a products liability or vicarious liability scheme, and can thus be addressed contractually between the AI provider and medical institutions rather than constituting an open question for legislatures.
고대 유전자에 대한 두 종류의 DNA 분리 방법의 비교 연구: 실리카 현탁액 방법 및 초원심분리 농축 방법
Lee, Eun-jung,Maixner, Frank,Zink, Albert 한국분석과학회 2018 분석과학 Vol.31 No.2
This study compared two methods for preparing ancient DNA (aDNA) for the construction of successful shotgun libraries that may be applied to massive parallel sequencing. For the comparative analysis, the DNA of prehistoric rib samples from Hungary was extracted using either a manually prepared silica suspension or the Amicon Ultracel-15 10K ultracentrifugal device (Millipore). After the extraction of the same amount of bone powder (about 150 mg) from three samples by each method, the amount of extracted double-stranded DNA and the subsequent degree of construction of the shotgun library were analyzed. The Amicon device method was rapid and easier to perform and resulted in an approximately 11-fold higher DNA recovery than that obtained using the silica suspension. The shotgun library constructed using DNA templates prepared by the Amicon device was more successful than that constructed from templates isolated using the silica suspension. The comparative study of these two aDNA extraction methods showed that the Amicon device has the advantages of saving time, process simplicity, and high efficiency. 이 연구에서는 대규모 병렬형 염기서열 분석 (massively parallel sequencing)에 적용할 샷건 라이브러리 (shotgun library)를 성공적으로 제작하기 위해 두 가지 유형의 고대 DNA (ancient DNA, aDNA) 분리 방법을 비교하였다. 헝가리 선사 시대 늑골 뼈 시료로 실리카 현탁액을 이용한 추출법과 Amicon Ultracel-15 10K 초원심 분리 장치(Millipore)를 이용한 추출법을 비교하였다. 약 150 mg의 뼛가루에서 각각의 방법으로 3 회 반복 추출한 후 이중 가닥 DNA (double stranded DNA, ds DNA)의 양을 측정하였다. 초원심분리 농축 방법은 실리카 현탁액을 사용하는 것보다 더 빠르고, 더 쉬운 공정이며 약 11 배 높은 DNA 회수율을 나타냈다. 또한 초원심 분리 장치로 획득한 DNA 주형은 실리카 현탁액으로 획득한 것보다 샷건 라이브러리가 훨씬 성공적으로 만들어졌다. 두 종류의 aDNA 추출 방법을 비교한 본 연구는 Amicon 장치를 사용하는 분리법이 시간의 절약, 단순한 프로세스 및 높은 효율 등의 장점을 지니고 있음을 보여주었다.
Size-selective pH-operated megagates on mesoporous silica materials.
Xue, Min,Cao, Dennis,Stoddart, J Fraser,Zink, Jeffrey I RSC Pub 2012 Nanoscale Vol.4 No.23
<P>pH-responsive megagates have been fabricated around mesoporous silica material SBA-15 in order to mechanize the mesopores. These megagates remain closed in neutral conditions, but open at pH 5. The capping components of the megagates were designed to be capable of controlling pores up to 6.5 nm in diameter. Selectivity of payloads with different sizes can be achieved through the use of different capping components. The operation of the megagates was demonstrated by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy which is capable of monitoring the release of both the payload and the cap. This study opens up new possibilities in the field of controllable release.</P>
Thomas, Courtney R.,Ferris, Daniel P.,Lee, Jae-Hyun,Choi, Eunjoo,Cho, Mi Hyeon,Kim, Eun Sook,Stoddart, J. Fraser,Shin, Jeon-Soo,Cheon, Jinwoo,Zink, Jeffrey I. American Chemical Society 2010 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.132 No.31
<P>Mesoporous silica nanoparticles are useful nanomaterials that have demonstrated the ability to contain and release cargos with mediation by gatekeepers. Magnetic nanocrystals have the ability to exhibit hyperthermic effects when placed in an oscillating magnetic field. In a system combining these two materials and a thermally sensitive gatekeeper, a unique drug delivery system can be produced. A novel material that incorporates zinc-doped iron oxide nanocrystals within a mesoporous silica framework that has been surface-modified with pseudorotaxanes is described. Upon application of an AC magnetic field, the nanocrystals generate local internal heating, causing the molecular machines to disassemble and allowing the cargos (drugs) to be released. When breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) were treated with doxorubicin-loaded particles and exposed to an AC field, cell death occurred. This material promises to be a noninvasive, externally controlled drug delivery system with cancer-killing properties.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2010/jacsat.2010.132.issue-31/ja1022267/production/images/medium/ja-2010-022267_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja1022267'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Stimulated Release of Size‐Selected Cargos in Succession from Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
Wang, Cheng,Li, Zongxi,Cao, Dennis,Zhao, Yan‐,Li,Gaines, Justin W.,Bozdemir, O. Altan,Ambrogio, Michael W.,Frasconi, Marco,Botros, Youssry Y.,Zink, Jeffrey I.,Stoddart, J. Fraser WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2012 Angewandte Chemie Vol.124 No.22
<P><B>Zwei Fliegen mit einer Klappe</B>: Die kovalente Bindung von β‐Cyclodextrin (gelb; siehe Bild) an mesoporöse Siliciumdioxid‐Nanopartikel (MSNs) ergibt ein duales Freisetzungssystem, das mit unterschiedlich großen Wirkstoffen (blaue und rote Kugeln) beladen werden kann, die sich auf verschiedene Stimuli hin nacheinander freisetzen lassen. Die kleineren Moleküle werden durch Absenken des pH‐Wertes freigesetzt, die größeren nach Abspaltung der Cyclodextrine von der MSN‐Oberfläche.</P>