The Assessment of Beet Powder and Cactus Powder as Nitrite Substitute in Processed Sausages

( Zhen Song ),( Une-jung Koh ),( Joo-eun Kim ),( Hang-phow Bea ),( Seo-yeon Lee ) 전북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 2019 농업생명과학연구 Vol.50 No.1

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of beet and cactus pear powders as an alternative coloring agent for nitrite. The sausages were treated with nitrite (control), beet powder and cactus pear powder, and the quality traits including pH, color, and moisture were analyzed at different storage time. The results showed that pH values had significant differences (P<0.01) among the different storage time in every group. The control group had the highest pH values and the treatment of cactus pear had the lowest values (P< 0.05). But the pH values had no difference among every one storage time (P >0.05) between the beet treatment group and the control group. CIE L* values had no difference among different storage time in the control group, but beet (P<0.01) and cactus pear powder-added groups (P<0.05) had significant differences. Compare to different groups, the control groups had the highest CIE L* values in every one storage time. CIE b* values had a significant difference between the control group and the treatment groups (P<0.05). The CIE b* values in the beet powder-added group had a quick decrease during the storage time and had the lowest values at 14d storage time. There had a significant difference of CIE a* values between the treatment groups and the control group at every one aging time (P<0.05), and the control group had the lowest CIE a* values in every one aging time, meanwhile, the treatment of beet powder group had the highest CIE a* values in every one aging time. The moisture values decreased as storage time increased, especially, in the beet powder (P<0.001) and cactus pear powder (P<0.01) groups had significant differences. Compare to different groups found that in every one storage time, the beet treatment group had the highest moisture values and the cactus pear treatment group had the lowest moisture value. Especially, there had a significant difference at 14d among the different groups (P<0.05). Results demonstrated that the beet in sausage has excellent palatability, has better color and can improve the water holding capacity of the sausage. Hence, the results of the present study demonstrated that beet powder shows more suitability as a natural colorant in sausage production as an alternative to nitrite.

Pollen record of the centennial climate changes during 9-7 cal ka BP in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Delta plain, China

Song, Bing,Li, Zhen,Lu, Houyuan,Mao, Limi,Saito, Yoshiki,Yi, Sangheon,Lim, Jaesoo,Li, Zhen,Lu, Anqing,Sha, Longbing,Zhou, Rui,Zuo, Xinxin,Pospelova, Vera Cambridge University Press 2017 Quaternary research Vol.87 No.2

<B>Abstract</B><P>We reconstructed the centennial climate changes for the period of 9-7 cal ka BP in the upper region of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Delta plain. A general warming and wetting trend from 8560 to 7220 cal yr BP was indicated by the decrease in <I>Quercus</I> (deciduous) and increases in <I>Quercus</I> (evergreen), <I>Pinus</I>, and Polypodiaceae spores. However, there were several brief climate fluctuations. A notable palynological change, from regional assemblages dominated by arboreal pollen to local assemblages mainly consisting of nonarboreal pollen, reflects climate fluctuations. The key indices of <I>Quercus</I> (deciduous), <I>Pinus</I>, herbs, fern spores, and palynological concentrations showed similar signs of centennial climate fluctuations. We suggest that the climate changes of the Dongge Cave and Yangtze River Delta regions were mainly affected by the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) during the period of 9-7 cal ka BP. The general warming trend may be associated with an intensified EASM, and solar activity may be one of the important factors driving the centennial climate changes. The ~8.2 ka event was also recorded in the Yangtze River Delta region, which suggests that there was a close relationship between the EASM and Greenland climate during the early Holocene.</P>

Effects of Different Thawing Methods on Pork Loin Quality

( Zhen Song ),( Ha-young Kim ),( Yu-na Oh ),( Young-kyung Lee ),( Jin-hyeon Park ) 전북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 2019 농업생명과학연구 Vol.50 No.1

The proper harvester(Camp champion C 3000) equip condition to get under 5mm Kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.) harvesting particle size were set the number of blade more than 4 and rotate over 100 rpm. The small size of harvesting particle could promote the fermentation of lactobacillus and it improved the exterior and chemical evaluation of kenaf silage. The fittest fermentation periods to sustain basic levels of kenaf silage quality was more than 40 days. To secure the most suitable stage for harvest, we analyzed yields, crude protein and total digestible nutrients contents along culture periods. At 120 days after seeding, kenaf yields approach 9,600 kg/10a and crude protein contents was 8.2% which belonged most preferable grade. also the total digestible nutrients reached 52.2%. In the process of kenaf fermentation, add molasses 0.5∼2.0% could strengthen the degradation of cellulose and elevate the preference of flavor. To select the best microbe for making kenaf silage, we applied the 4 kinds of lactobacillus which originated from Kimch and make an patent application by Jeonbuk ARES. As a result L. mesenteroides M-17 was sellected for enhancing the preference of flavor and sustaining the good grade silage quality. Adding L. mesenteroides M-17 in the process of fermentation could elevated the crude protein contents and get good grade of relative feed value.

Research on the Relationship Between Serum Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Song, Xiao-Yun,Zhou, Shi-Jie,Xiao, Ning,Li, Yun-Song,Zhen, De-Zhi,Su, Chong-Yu,Liu, Zhi-Dong Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.8

Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate the levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF in serum of patients with non- small cell lung cancer, for assessing their possible diagnostic and prognostic roles. Methods: We enrolled 48 patients newly diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer and 40 healthy controls. TNF- ${\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-8 levels were measured in the serum of all the subjects with specific radioimmunoassay kits, while EGF was analyzed by sandwich enzyme immunoassay techniques. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed between lung cancer patients and the control group regarding the values of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF in serum. Moreover, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-8 and VEGF levels were higher in patients with advanced stages compared to early stages. In addition, higher serum levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF were found in smokers than in non-smokers, both in patients and controls. Conclusion: Serum levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF were all elevated in lung cancer patients, suggesting that inflammatory cytokines could be jointly used as a screening tool. Though TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-8 and VEGF levels were related to advanced disease, long-term survival studies of NSCLC patients should be performed to confirm whether they can act as biomarkers of advanced disease. In addition, smoking would be an important contributor to the processes of inflammation and lung cancer.

Objective Meat Quality from Quality Grade and Backfat Thickness of Hanwoo Steers

Zhen Song,황인호 한국축산식품학회 2023 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.43 No.3

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of quality grade (QG), and back-fat thickness on the carcass traits and meat quality properties of Hanwoo steers. Fifty carcasses were sorted into two QG (QG 1+ and 1) and three back-fat thickness (˂10 mm, 10 to 19 mm and ≥19 mm) groups. After investigating the carcass traits (rib eye, back-fat thickness, weight, color, yield index, maturity, marbling score, and texture), the longissimus lumborum muscles from the carcass groups were collected and analyzed for meat quality (pH, color, cooking loss, and moisture), texture profiles [Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), and tensile tests], and fatty acid. Results showed that marbling score (p<0.001), moisture (p<0.05) and tensile tests values (p<0.05) had a significant differences between QG1+ and QG1. No differences in pH, color traits, cooking loss and WBSF values occurred between the QG groups. Regarding the back-fat thickness effect, we observed that the carcass weight, yield index (p<0.001), yield grade (p<0.001) and marbling score (p<0.05) had a significant differences among the back-fat thickness groups. Regarding the meat quality, moisture content and WBSF values (p<0.01) among the back-fat thickness groups. The back-fat thickness did not affect the pH, color, cooking loss and tensile tests. The QG and back-fat thickness did not affect the fatty acids contents (p>0.05). It may be concluded that the carcass traits and meat quality were significantly affected the QG and back-fat thickness.

Differences in toughness and aging potential of longissimus lumborum muscles between Hanwoo cow, bull and steer

Zhen Song,황인호 한국축산학회 2023 한국축산학회지 Vol.65 No.4

Thirty Hanwoo cattle including bulls, cows, and steers (n = 10 each) were slaughtered and investigated for carcass traits (weight, meat color, fat color, yield index, maturity, marbling score, back-fat thickness, and firmness) and meat quality. The meat quality such as: pH, color, cooking loss, fatty acid, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, warner-bratzler shear force, tensile tests, and texture profiles were analyzed on longissimus lumborum (LL) muscles of the carcasses at different aging times (3 d and 21 d). The results showed that steers and cows had higher back-fat thickness and marbling score, and a lower firmness (p < 0.001) than bulls. Bulls exhibited a lower meat quality indicating by higher cooking loss, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance content, warner-bratzler shear force and tensile test values (p < 0.01). Regarding the sensory property, the bull meat also had higher hardness, and lower tenderness, juiciness and flavor scores than the cow or steer meat (p < 0.01). Additionally, the bull meat had a higher polyunsaturated fatty acid and a lower monounsaturated fatty acid contents (p < 0.01). With increased aging time, the meat tenderness was improved in all the genders. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that the gender and aging time affected the carcass traits, fatty acid and sensory quality of beef. Postmortem aging could improve the meat tenderness of all genders especially bulls.

關于改善旅行社行業管理的思考 - 從政府行爲效率角度出發

송진춘 ( Zhen Chun Song ),진방영 ( Fang Ying Chen ),이서분 ( Rui Fen Li ) 한국관광산업학회 2004 국제관광학술대회 Vol.- No.-

관광과 문화 : 泰山文化旅游資源吸引力硏究 -從旅游者感知的角度-

송진춘 ( Zhen Chun Song ),진방영 ( Fang Ying Chen ),송국혜 ( Guo Hui Song ) 한국관광산업학회 2006 국제관광학술대회 Vol.2006 No.-

Dirichlet heat kernel estimates for rotationally symmetric Lévy processes

Chen, Zhen-Qing,Kim, Panki,Song, Renming Oxford University Press 2014 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society Vol.109 No.1

<P>In this paper, we consider a large class of purely discontinuous rotationally symmetric Lévy processes. We establish sharp two-sided estimates for the transition densities of such processes killed upon leaving an open set [Formula]. When [Formula] is a [Formula]-fat open set, the sharp two-sided estimates are given in terms of surviving probabilities and the global transition density of the Lévy process. When [Formula] is a [Formula] open set and the Lévy exponent of the process is given by [Formula] with [Formula] being a complete Bernstein function satisfying a mild growth condition at infinity, our two-sided estimates are explicit in terms of [Formula], the distance function to the boundary of [Formula] and the Lévy density of [Formula]. This gives an affirmative answer to the conjecture posted in Chen, Kim and Song [Global heat kernel estimates for relativistic stable processes in half-space-like open sets. <I>Potential Anal.</I> 36 (2012) 235–261]. Our results are the first sharp two-sided Dirichlet heat kernel estimates for a large class of symmetric Lévy processes with general Lévy exponents. We also derive an explicit lower bound estimate for symmetric Lévy processes on [Formula] in terms of their Lévy exponents.</P>

Organic Montmorillonite/Polyethersulfone/Polytetrafluoroethylene Ternary Nanocomposites: Characterization and Tribological Performance in Dry Sliding Condition

Zhen Zuo,Yulin Yang,Pengtao Yan,Laizhou Song,Xin Jin 한국섬유공학회 2022 Fibers and polymers Vol.23 No.6

Polyethersulfone (PES)/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) based composite were prepared with the nanofiller oforganic montmorillonite (OMMT). Compared with original OMMT, the interlayer spacing of OMMT in nanocomposites wasdecreased from 3.47 nm to 1.35 nm, attributing to the decomposition of interlayer quaternary ammonium salt. OMMTnanofiller was favorable to improve the thermal stability and abrasion resistance of PES/PTFE compounds. The preferablewear property of OMMT/PES/PTFE composite was mainly ascribed to the load bearing capacity of OMMT on the wornsurface of polymer composites. The OMMT/PES/PTFE compound with 10 wt% OMMT exhibited the lowest wear rate,owing to its densification morphology. Because of the absence of PTFE transfer film, the friction coefficient of OMMT/PES/PTFE compound with 10 wt% OMMT were higher than those of PTFE and PES/PTFE compounds.