중국실학의 함의와 현대적 의의

張學智,池俊鎬 한국철학사연구회 2003 한국 철학논집 Vol.12 No.-

실학에 관한 대부분의 저서와 논문들은 일반적으로 明·淸시기에 일어난 ‘經世致用’ 思潮를 실학으로 정의하고 있다. 그러나 역사적인 문헌에서 드러나는 ‘실학’이라는 두 글자의 의미와 그리고 중국 역사에서 실제로 일어났던 사상조류의 변천을 살펴보면, 실학은 실제적으로 더욱 광범위한 내용을 포괄하고 있다. 실학은 도덕적인 측면에서의 ‘독실한 수양(篤實修養)’, 경제적인 측면에서의 ‘유가의 경전에 능통하여 실질적인 쓸모 있는 것에 정통함(通經致用)’, 事功이라는 측면에서의 ‘나라를 경영하여 세상을 구제함(經邦濟世)’이라는 세 가지 주요한 측면을 포괄하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 세 가지 측면을 역사적인 문헌과 사상사의 발전이라는 면으로 나누어 그 의미를 설명하였으며, 明·淸시기에 經世致用의 學이 왜 특별히 表彰되어 ‘실학’으로 불리게 되었는지 그 원인에 관하여도 검토하였다. 아울러 王陽明 心學의 변천과 明代 中·後期에 왕양명의 제자들이 토론한 주요 문제들이 갖는 의의를 탐구함으로써 明淸之際에 이르러 학풍이 크게 변화된 이유를 살펴보았다. 修德과 明經 그리고 經世의 세 가지 측면은 종합된 하나의 틀을 갖추고 있으며, 明德은 統領이 되고 明經과 致用은 輔翼이 된다. 그렇기 때문에 미래에 과학기술이 모든 것을 지배하고 모든 것을 제약하는 시대에 이르러서도 가치적인 理想을 수립할 수 있으며 사람의 최후까지도 배려하고 보살필 수 있게 된다. 이러한 점은 실학이 갖고 있는 현대적인 의의이기도 하다. 경제의 세계화 그리고 문화의 多元化시대인 오늘날 전통의 계승과 창조적인 발전은 중시되어야 한다. 아울러 전통에 관한 총체적인 이해와 설명을 통하여 새로운 學統도 형성하여야 한다. 중국 문화의 우수한 점을 흡수하고, 서양 민주제의 장점을 받아들이고, 지식인들의 憂患意識과 현실 정치에 대한 비판정신을 간직함으로써 정치적인 면에서도 새로운 政治文明을 건설하여야 할 것이다. Real Learning (Shixue) in Chinese classics and its historical context can be actually interpreted as a term which includes more comprehensive meaning than its literal meaning. Real Learning should be interpreted in three aspects: religious cultivating in morality, understanding the classics and making them be useful in social practice in Confucian studies, and administering the country and succoring the masses in the public affairs. This paper tries to articulate these three aspects of the connotation of Real Learning in terms of its meaning in texts and in the progress of the history of thought. According to this paper, these three aspects of the connotation of Real Learning played important roles in Chinese traditions of morality, learning, and politics. The ideological trend of practice in Ming and Qing Dynasties is not a totally new one but the continuation of Chinese traditional thought. Real Learning cannot be understood as an ideology which is similar to the Confucianism in the two Han Dynasties, Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, Buddhism in Sui and Tang Dynasties, or Neo- Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. 一般硏究實學的著作和論文都以明淸時期興起的經世致用思潮來定義實學本文則認爲, 從“實學”這兩個字在歷史典籍里的意思和中國歷史中實際發生的思想潮流的變遷來看, 實學實際上包括着更爲廣闊的內容. 實學應該包括三個主要的方面: 道德上的篤實修養, 經學上的通經致用和事功上的經邦濟世. 本文對這三個方面分別從歷史文獻和思想史的發展說明타們的眞實義涵. 着重梳理這三個方面對中國道統、學統、政統發生的巨大影響, 認爲明淸經世思潮是中國源遠流長的利用、厚生傳統的延續, 不是明淸時期特有的. “實學”只是一個標志學術思潮或學風轉型的槪念, 不能把타作爲和兩漢經學、魏晋玄學、隋唐佛學、宋明理學平行的思潮. 本文還檢討了明淸經世致用之學爲什요特別被表彰爲實學的原因, 幷從王陽明心學的演變及王陽明弟子所討論的主要問題在明代中後期的意義說明明淸之際學風丕變的根据. 在實學的現代意義方面, 本文認爲, 修德、明經、經世三個方面應當組成一個광架, 明德是統領, 明經、致用爲輔翼, 在未來科技宰制一切、規約一切的時代樹立价値理想, 完成人的終極關懷. 在當今經濟全球化、文化多元化的時代中重視對傳統的繼承與創造性轉化, 幷經過詮釋形成新的學統. 在政統方面, 吸收中國文化的優良成分, 吸納西方的民主制度的長處, 保持知識分子的憂患意識和對現實政治的批判精神, 建設新的政治文明.

중국 직장여성의 의복 구매행동 연구

임숙자,신혜봉,장춘희 이화여자대학교 생활환경대학 인간생활환경연구소 2004 인간생활환경연구소 논집 Vol.- No.2

The purposes of this study was to investigate the clothing purchasing behavior of Chinese career women and the awareness and purchasing experience of Korean apparel brand. The data was collected from 662 Chinese 20 · 30's career women using questionnaire and analysed by frequency analysis, means using SPSS package. The results of this study were as follows: The clothing purchasing motives of Chinese career women were 'because the season changed' and 'to express one's own individuality'. In using informants, they were influenced by 'display of shop', 'the past purchasing experience' and 'friends or colleague' The clothing selection standards were 'fitness' and 'design'. For store selection, they consider importantly 'product quality', 'price' and 'salesperson's service'. The clothing purchasing place were 'first class department store' and 'famous brand shop'. Most Chinese career women like to so shopping during weekend and periods of brand sales. For paying method, they still like to use cash more than credit cards, because credit card is not popular in China yet. After they have purchased clothing they were satisfied with design, color and fitness of clothing products, but dissatisfied with the parking system of the shop and public transportation. In the estimation of Korean apparel procucts, more than 50% of subjects have known about Korean apparel brand.

이광수의 '무정'과 장한수의 '제소인연' 비교연구

장춘매(Zhang, Chun-Mei) 한국문학회 2010 韓國文學論叢 Vol.56 No.-

20세기 초에 유가사상에 젖어 있었던 중한 양국은 서구문화의 영향으로 근대화로 진입하기 시작했다. 중한 양국 근대과도기의 연애와 혼인에 관한 인식을 밝히기 위해 본고는 한국 작가 이광수의 <무정>과 중국 작가 장한수의 <제소인연>을 비교했다. 두 작품은 모두 당대 사람들에게 익숙하지 않은 자유연애 이야기를 서술하고 있다. 본고는 이 두 작품을 주제, 인물, 서사법 등 여러 측면에서 비교하여 그 공통점과 차이점을 찾아낼 뿐만 아니라 작가 이광수와 장한수가 자유연애에 대해 주장하는 관점도 규명했다. 그리고 주제와 문체의 차원에서 두 작품이 전통문학을 계승하면서 개혁해 나아가는 측면도 고찰하였다. As the twentieth century began, both Korea and China featured with the traditional Confucianism started towards modern societies thanks to the influence of western culture. To expound the general viewpoints of the two countries on marriage at the transitional time, the paper is intended to make a comparative study of two works--Mu Jeong by Korean writer Lee Kwang-soo and Ti xiao yin yuan by Chinese writer Zhang Hen-shui. The two works both tell stories about people’s freedom to choose their spouses--a new concept unfamiliar to peoples at that time in both countries. The paper is designed to seek out the differences and similarities between the two novels from the aspects of themes, characterizations, and narrative methods and is an attempt to make a study of the propositions of both Lee Kwang-soo and Zhang Hen-shui on the freedom to choose one's spouse. Besides, the paper is also an effort to study what the two writers inherit from their respective traditional literatures and what is invented by the two.

Imaging Anatomy of Waldeyer's Ring and PET/CT and MRI Findings of Oropharyngeal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Zhang, Chun-Xing,Liang, Long,Zhang, Bin,Chen, Wen-Bo,Liu, Hong-Jun,Liu, Chun-Ling,Zhou, Zheng-Gen,Liang, Chang-Hong,Zhang, Shui-Xing Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.8

Background: This study was conducted to analyze positron emission tomography (PET) / computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performance with oropharyngeal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (ONHL).Materials and Methods: The complete image data of 30 ONHL cases were analyzed, all patients were performed PET / CT and MRI examination before the treatment, with the time interval of these two inspections not exceeding 14 days. The distribution, morphology, MRI signal characteristics, enhancement feature, standardized uptake value (SUV) max value and lymph node metastasis way of the lesions were analyzed. Results: Among the 30 cases, 23 cases were derived from the B-cell (76.7%), 5 cases were derived from the peripheral T cells (16.7%) and 2 cases were derived from the NK/T cells (6.7%). 19 cases exhibited the palatine tonsil involvement (63.3%). As for the lesion appearance, 10 cases appeared as mass, 8 cases were the diffused type and 12 cases were the mixed type. 25 cases exhibited the SUVmax value of PET / CT primary lesions as 11 or more (83.3%). MRI showed that all patients exhibited various degrees of parapharyngeal side-compressed narrowing, but MRI still exhibited the high-signal fat, and the oropharyngeal mucosa was intact. 25 cases were associated with the neck lymph node metastasis, among who 22 cases had no necrosis in the metastatic lymph nodes, while the rest 3 cases exhibited the central necrosis in the metastatic lymph nodes. Conclusions: PET / CT and MRI have important value in diagnosing and determining the lesion extent of ONHL.

한,중,일 IoT홈 가전생활재의 지능형 기능성 비교연구

장순순(주저자) ( Chun Chun Zhang ),이연숙(공동저자) ( Yeun Sook Lee ),황지혜(공동저자) ( Ji Hye Hwang ),박재현(공동저자) ( Jae Hyun Park ) 디자인융복합학회 2016 디자인융복합연구 Vol.15 No.2

급속도로 발달한 정보기술은 산업환경 전반에 걸쳐 정보와 기능의 통합화를 이루며 우리 생활에 많은 영향을 미치고 있다. 특히 사물인터넷(IoT), 클라우드 컴퓨팅, 빅 데이터 분석 등 새로운 통신 환경의 출현은 인터넷을 중심으로 한 모든 전자기기들의 연결을 가능하게 함에 따라 이제는 산업환경을 넘어 주거환경까지 변화시키는 중요한 매체로 주목받고 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구의 목적은 고도로 발전하는 기술과 함께 진화하는 주거환경의 스마트 가전의 유형과 그 특성을 파악하고자 하는 것이다. 그리고 이를 위해 한국, 중국, 일본의 대표적인 브랜드 상품((Samsung, Haier, Panasonic)을 선정하여 각 특성을 비교 분석 하였다. 선정된 브랜드는 GHA(General rules of intelligentization technology for intelligent household appliances) 의 스마트 가전 적용 기준을 활용하여 각 유형을 분석하였다. 분류된 유형은 스마트 가전 사용자가 자율적(Self)으로 학습, 활용, 적용, 진단, 추론, 구성, 조절 등이 가능한 7가지의 유목으로 나누어졌으며, 이를 기준으로 나타난 각 국가별 브랜드 상품은 의(Clothing), 식(Food), 주(Housing)의 범주로 체계화 하였다. 브랜드별 나타난 주요 특성으로는 한국의 삼성은 원격제어 기능이, 중국의 하이얼은 전자기술의 적용이, 일본의 파나소닉은 에코나비(ECONAVI)인 에너지 절약 시스템으로 나타났다. Along with rapid development, progress of the network technology and digital information technology, human are stepping into the intelligent society of internet. Thereby the quality of living environment and working environment are keep improving. Under the big background of internet era, the timeliness and convenience of smart home system has been improved greatly. While lots of smart products have gradually penetrated into people``s daily life. The household appliances are among most popular ones. This paper is intended to compare smart features of household living products among most representative brands in China, Japan and South Korea. The smart features include self-learning, self-adapting, self-coordinating, self-diagnosing, self-inferring, self-organizing, and self adjusting. As result, most smart features of these products showed great similarity. While some features were dominated according to countries such as remote control feature in Korea, energy saving feature in Japan, and one button operation feature in China.

Clinical Significance of SH2B1 Adaptor Protein Expression in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Zhang, Hang,Duan, Chao-Jun,Chen, Wei,Wang, Shao-Qiang,Zhang, Sheng-Kang,Dong, Shuo,Cheng, Yuan-Da,Zhang, Chun-Fang Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.5

The SH2B1 adaptor protein is recruited to multiple ligand-activated receptor tyrosine kinases that play important role in the physiologic and pathologic features of many cancers. The purpose of this study was to assess SH2B1 expression and to explore its contribution to the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: SH2B1 expression in 114 primary NSCLC tissue specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and patients' outcome. Additionally, 15 paired NSCLC background tissues, 5 NSCLC cell lines and a normal HBE cell line were evaluated for SH2B1 expression by RT-PCR and immunoblotting, immunofluorescence being applied for the cell lines. Results: SH2B1 was found to be overexpressed in NSCLC tissues and NSCLC cell lines. More importantly, high SH2B1 expression was significantly associated with tumor grade, tumor size, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and recurrence respectively. Survival analysis demonstrated that patients with high SH2B1 expression had both poorer disease-free survival and overall survival than other patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that SH2B1 overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for patients with NSCLC. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the SH2B1 protein may contribute to the malignant progression of NSCLC and could offer a novel prognostic indicator for patients with NSCLC.

RPSA Gene Mutants Associated with Risk of Colorectal Cancer among the Chinese Population

Zhang, Shan-Chun,Jin, Wen,Liu, Hui,Jin, Ming-Juan,Chen, Ze-Xin,Ding, Zhe-Yuan,Zheng, Shuang-Shuang,Wang, Li-Juan,Yu, Yun-Xian,Chen, Kun Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.12

The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ribosomal protein SA (RPSA) gene with colorectal cancer (CRC). A case-control study including 388 controls and 387 patients with CRC was conducted in a Chinese population. Information about socio-demography and living behavior factors was collected by a structured questionnaire. Three SNPs (rs2133579, rs2269349, rs7641291) in RPSA gene were genotyped by Illumina SnapShot method. Multiple logistic regression models were used for assessing the joint effects between tea consumption and SNPs on CRC. The subjects with rs2269349 CC genotype had a decreased risk for CRC (OR=0.60; 95%CI = 0.37-0.99), compared with TT/CT genotype after adjustment for covariates. A similar association of rs2269349 with rectal cancer was observed (OR=0.49; 95%CI=0.24-1.00). Further analyses indicated that this SNP could modify the protective effect of tea drinking on CRC. Among the subjects with rs2269349 TT/CT or rs2133579 AA/GA, there was a marginal significantly lower risk of CRC (OR and 95%CI: 0.63 and 0.39-1.01 for rs2269349; 0.64 and 0.40-1.02 for rs2133579) in tea-drinking subjects in comparison to non-tea-drinking subjects. Mutants in the RPSA gene might be associated with genetic susceptibility to CRC and influence the protective effect of tea consumption in the Chinese population.

An ileosigmoid fistula: what is the diagnosis?

( Chun Lan Zhang ),( Ji Li ),( Yan You ),( Yue Hui Ni ),( Yan Zhang ),( Jia Ming Qian ) 대한장연구학회 2017 Intestinal Research Vol.15 No.2

How Does Dynamic Capability Adjust Chinese Firms' Capabilities to Adapt to Environment Changes?

Chun Xia ZHANG,방호열 한국무역연구원 2023 무역연구 Vol.19 No.1

Purpose – In a constantly turbulent industry environment, companies seeking to survive or even maintain a competitive edge should be able to adapt their capabilities to respond to opportunities and challenges wherever and whenever they arise. This study proposes a research model based on previous research and attempts to illustrate the relationship between the frequency of utilization of the three components of dynamic capabilities and innovation capability and how environmental turbulence (i.e., the market, technology, and competitors) moderates the relationship between dynamic capabilities and innovation capability. Design/Methodology/Approach – The study sample comprises 256 Chinese companies, with longitudinal data spanning three years. Partial Least Squares-structural equation models (PLS-SEM) have been conducted to empirical data analysis. Findings – The findings suggest that the frequent utilization of sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring capabilities in a highly turbulent environment may have different degrees of impact on innovation capabilities. To cope with environmental turbulence, dynamic capabilities (i.e., sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring) should be carefully managed to enable capability alignment and ultimately enhance competitive advantage. Dynamic capabilities are valuable to organizations and even contribute to their ability to be innovative. Research Implications – Advancing from existing literature, this research contributes to extend knowledge about the dynamic capabilities and innovation capability, makes it necessary for organizations to use dynamic capabilities to effectively modify their approach to innovation in stable or turbulent environments.

Formation of Magnetic Graphene Nanosheets for Rapid Enrichment and Separation of Methyl Orange from Water

Zhang, Feng-Jun,Zhang, Zhuo,Xie, Fa-Zhi,Xuan, Han,Xia, Hong-Chen,Zhu, Lei,Oh, Won-Chun The Korean Ceramic Society 2014 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.51 No.6

Magnetic-graphene nanosheets have been synthesized via a simple effective chemical precipitation method followed by heat treatment. The composite nanosheets are super paramagnetic at room temperature and can be separated by an external magnetic field. The prepared magnetic-graphene nanosheets were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and BET surface area analysis. The results demonstrated the successful attachment of iron oxide nanoparticles to graphene nanosheets. It was found that the attached nanoparticles were mainly $Fe_3O_4$. The magnetic-graphene nanosheets showed near complete methyl orange removal within 10 mintues and would be practically usable for methyl orange separation from water.