Exposure to environmental chemicals among Korean adults-updates from the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014)

Choi, Wookhee,Kim, Suejin,Baek, Yong-Wook,Choi, Kyungho,Lee, Keejae,Kim, Sungkyoon,Yu, Seung Do,Choi, Kyunghee Elsevier 2017 International journal of hygiene and environmental Vol.220 No.2

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>National biomonitoring program can offer solid scientific evidence on exposure profiles of environmental chemicals at a national level, and provide a snapshot of changing exposure level over time. Therefore, several countries have maintained such programs for developing environmental health policies. The Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) was designed to understand the level of human exposure to environmental chemicals by time and location, and to identify possible sources of such exposure. The 2nd stage of KoNEHS, which was conducted between 2012 and 2014, examined a total of 6478 adult subjects over 19 years of age, and measured 21 environmental chemicals of major policy concern. Compared to the findings from the first stage monitoring (2009–2011), slightly higher levels of blood lead were observed, while those of mercury remained similar. Blood metal concentrations, however, were higher than those reported from national biomonitoring programs of United States, Germany and Canada. The urinary concentrations of phthalates metabolites were lower, but those of t,t-muconic acid and BPA were higher than those reported in the first stage survey. The urinary cotinine level decreased perhaps reflecting general declining patterns of first- and second-hand smoking. The results of the second stage survey were made available for public use since April 2016.</P> <P>Some policy efforts appear to be at least in part effective on mitigating chemical exposure among people, e.g., urinary phthalate metabolites and cotinine, while further confirmations are warranted. In-depth assessments will be conducted to identify vulnerable groups and important exposure pathways.</P>

고객의 경험관리(CEM)는 기꺼이 더 지불하게 하는가?

최욱희(Wookhee Choi),전재균(Jaekyoon Jun) 대한경영학회 2016 대한경영학회 학술발표대회 발표논문집 Vol.2016 No.1

최근 소비자들은 더 지불하더라도 가치 있는 상품과 서비스를 선택하려는 가치개념을 보이고 있다. 이러한 시장 환경 속에서 호텔 기업은 기존의 고객확보와 유지에 효과적이었던 고객관계관리(CRM)에서 그 다음단계로 호텔 수익에 기여하는 가치 있는 고객으로 만들 수 있을 것인가에 집중해야 한다. 본 연구는호텔산업에서 총체적인 고객의 경험관리가 만족에 긍정적 영향을 미치는지와 더 나아가 프리미엄을 만족한 고객이라면 기꺼이 더 지불하게 될 것인가 즉 가치 있는 고객으로 발전하게 될 것인가를 검증해 보고자 하였다. 고객경험관리(CEM)는 문헌고찰을 통해 호텔 고객의 경험관리를 위한 경험품질의 구성개념으로 마음의 평안(Peace of mind), 상품경험(Product experience), 진실의 순간(Moment of truth)이라는 3가지 요인으로 검증하였다. 본 연구는 6개월 이내 국내 특급호텔 이용경험이 있는 고객을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 최총 225부의 표본을 최종적으로 사용하였다. 분석방법은 SPSS 18.0와 AMOS 18.0을 이용하여 빈도분석, 신뢰성분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 구조방정식 모델 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 고객경험관리의 3가지 차원 중 ‘마음의 평안(POM)’은 만족에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, ‘상품경험(PRO)’은 만족에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, ‘진실의 순간’은 만족에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 고객의 경험관리를 통해 만족한 고객은 프리미엄 지불의사에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결과를 종합해보면, 호텔의 고객들은 긍정적 고객행동으로서 가치 있는 경험을 하고 만족하였을 때 기꺼이 더 지불할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 즉 호텔을 이용하는 고객들은 거창하거나 복잡한 것을 기대하는 것이 아니라 심리적 안정감과 각 접점에서 만나는 진실의 순간의 경험이 잘 관리되어진다면 만족하게 되고, 이후 기꺼이 더 지불할 수 있는 즉 기업의 수익성에 기여하는 고객으로 발전할 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있다.

호텔 고객의 관계감정과 브랜드감정이 고객만족 및 프리미엄 지불의 사에 미치는 영향: 멤버쉽 유형의 탐색적 차이검증

최욱희(Choi, Wookhee),김영중(Kim, Youngjoong) 대한관광경영학회 2018 觀光硏究 Vol.33 No.5

본 연구는 호텔을 이용하는 고객의 감정과 행동의 관계를 규명하기 위해 고객이 종사원들 과의 관계에서 지각하게 되는 관계감정과 호텔을 이용하면서 그 브랜드에 대해 지각하게 되는 브랜드감정이 고객만족과 더 지불할 의사 즉 프리미엄 지불의사에 미치는 영향을 알아보 고자 하였다. 또한 이러한 긍정적 고객감정이 고객만족과 프리미엄지불의사에 미치는 영향 에서 호텔에 지속적으로 이용한다고 판단되는 회원과 그런 관계가 형성되어 있지 않은 비회 원간의 차이를 실증적으로 검증해보고자 하였다. 가설검증을 위해 국내 특급호텔을 이용한 경험이 있는 고객을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 자료를 수집하였으며, 최종 296명의 표본을 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 20.0과 Amos 20.0 프로그램을 사용하였으며, 측정 항목의 타당성과 신뢰성을 검증하기 위해 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도 분석 및 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였고 가설검증을 위해 구조방정식모형 검증을 실시하였다. 추가적으로 고객이 인지하는 관계감정과 브랜드감정이 고객만족 및 프리미엄 지불의사에 미치는 영향관계에서 멤버쉽 유형의 탐색적 차이를 검증하기 위해 조절효과 검증을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 고객감정 으로 관계감정과 브랜드감정이 고객만족과 프리미엄 지불의사에 모두 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 멤버쉽 유형에 따른 차이 검증의 결과, 호텔의 멤버가 비멤버보다 관계감정과 브랜드감정으로 인한 만족도가 크며 더 지불하더라도 멤버십 호텔을더 애용하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 바탕으로 호텔 고객의 감정과 그에 따른 고객 행동결과의 중요한 시사점을 제시하였다 This study examines the hotel customers affects in the middle of their various experiences and their behavior changes. In other words, there is a purpose to analyze the impact on customer satisfaction and willingness to pay more as a behavior result from relation affect with a hotel employee and favorable affect to the hotel brand. To verify the hypothesis, A survey was conducted for customers who have experienced the domestic deluxe hotel and ultimately 296 samples were analyzed. The collected data was used for the empirical analysis by utilizing the statistical package programs SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0. The exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to verify the validity and reliability of examining items, to verify the hypothesis, structural equation model was conducted. The results show that relation affect and brand affect (as the customer affect) significantly influence on customer satisfaction and willingness to pay more. This means that hotel customer loyalty increases through the positive relationship with the hotel employee and customers choose the particular hotel even though they would pay more. It also means when they have positive experiences during their stay, they will have favors from the hotel brand and their loyalty increases and they will highly evaluate the value of the hotel, they will choose the hotel brand even though they have to pay more. The findings will provide information for hotel customers’ affects and behavior with practical implications.

Associations between urinary phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A levels, and serum thyroid hormones among the Korean adult population - Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2012–2014

Park, Choonghee,Choi, Wookhee,Hwang, Moonyoung,Lee, Youngmee,Kim, Suejin,Yu, Seungdo,Lee, Inae,Paek, Domyung,Choi, Kyungho Elsevier BV 2017 Science of the Total Environment Vol.584 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Background</B></P> <P>Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) have been used extensively in many consumer products, resulting in widespread exposure in the general population. Studies have suggested associations between exposure to phthalates and BPA, and serum thyroid hormone levels, but confirmation on larger human populations is warranted.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>Data obtained from nationally representative Korean adults (n=6003) recruited for the second round of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS), 2012–2014, were employed. Three di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites, along with benzyl-butyl phthalate (BBzP) and di-butyl phthalate (DBP) metabolites, and BPA were measured in subjects' urine. Thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured in serum. The associations between urinary phthalates or BPA and thyroid hormone levels were determined.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>Urinary phthalate metabolites were generally associated with lowered total T4 or T3, or increased TSH levels in serum. Interquartile range (IQR) increases of mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) were associated with a 3.7% increase of TSH, and a 1.7% decrease of total T4 levels, respectively. When grouped by sex, urinary MEHHP levels were inversely associated with T4 only among males. Among females, mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-<I>n</I>-butyl phthalate (MnBP) levels were inversely associated with TSH and T3, respectively. In addition, negative association between BPA and TSH was observed.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>Several phthalates and BPA exposures were associated with altered circulatory thyroid hormone levels among general Korean adult population. Considering the importance of thyroid hormones, public health implications of such alteration warrant further studies.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Phthalates and bisphenol A were associated with thyroid hormones in Korean adults. </LI> <LI> DEHP metabolites were positively associated with TSH but negatively with total T4. </LI> <LI> Negative associations were found between BPA and TSH, and MnBP and total T3. </LI> <LI> Consequences of thyroid disruption warrant further investigations. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

에어 스트레스(Air Stress)의 개념화와 측정

이은경 ( Eunkyoung Lee ),최욱희 ( Wookhee Choi ) 관광경영학회 2020 관광경영연구 Vol.98 No.-

Despite the fact that consumers frequently face stressful situations on board during air travel, there are very few in-depth studies regarding the stress experienced on board and its responses. Therefore, this study established the concept of air stress experienced on board, developed a measurement tool to effectively measure air stress, and investigated its validity. The results of the research can be summarized as follows. In the first phase, in-depth interview was carried out based on phenomenological method to establish the concept of air stress and structure air stress into multidimensional factors. Through qualitative validation, it was confirmed that air stress consisted of 2 factors, namely, air stressors and air stress responses. And air stressors was composed of three factors: personal factor, social environment, and physical environment, and air stress responses was composed of two factors: emotional response and behavioral response. In the second phase, a quantitative research was conducted to filter the developed measurement items and to verify its reliability and validity. Based on these results, the study provided valuable theoretical and managerial implications and directions for future research.

문화관광축제의 진정성이 몰입과 만족도에 미치는 영향: 몰입의 매개효과 중심으로

마추(Ma, Chao),최욱희(Choi, Wookhee),김남현(Kim, Namhyun) 한국관광레저학회 2020 관광레저연구 Vol.32 No.6

흡연상태에 관한 자가보고 설문의 타당도 평가: 제1기(2009-2011) 국민환경보건기초조사 자료 분석

최욱희,박경화,김현정,류정민,유승도,최경희,김수진,Choi, Wookhee,Park, Kyung Hwa,Kim, Hyun Jeong,Ryu, Jungmin,Yu, Seung Do,Choi, Kyunghee,Kim, Suejin 한국환경보건학회 2014 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.40 No.6

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of self-reported cigarette smoking status and investigate factors associated with the accuracy self-reported and measured urinary cotinine in Korean adults. Methods: We used data from the $1^{st}$ Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2009-2011) among adults aged ${\geq}19$ years (N=6,246). The survey examined self-reported smoking status, and urinary cotinine was regarded as the biomarker of exposure to tobacco smoke. Urinary cotinine was analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 20.0, which uses the sample weight and calculates variance estimates to adjust for the unequal probability of selection into the survey. Results: We calculated a cut-off point (53.3 ug/L) by using a ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve. The smoking prevalence was 24.6% based on self-reported data and 28.2% based on urinary cotinine concentrations. When we assessed the agreement between self-reported and urinary cotinine, we found an average agreement of 97.7% among self-reported smokers and 94.5% among self-reported non-smokers. Among self-reported smokers, factors affected the discrepancy were age, household economic status and average number of cigarettes smoked per day. On the other hand, gender, former smoking experience, and exposure to SHS (second hand smoke) were associated with discrepancies among self-reported non-smokers. Conclusion: These results suggest that self-reported data on smoking status provide a valid estimate of actual smoking status. In future research, we will conduct a continuous monitoring study for reliability verification of the data to reduce potential interpretation errors.

Determinants of residential indoor and transportation activity times in Korea

Yang, Wonho,Lee, Kiyoung,Yoon, Chungsik,Yu, Seungdo,Park, Kyunghwa,Choi, Wookhee Nature America, Inc. 2011 Journal of exposure science & environmental epidem Vol.21 No.3

Information on time spent in microenvironments has a critical role for personal exposure to environmental pollutants. Unlike several large-scale studies in Western countries, no comprehensive research on time-activity patterns for exposure assessment has been conducted in Korea. We investigated determinants of residential indoor and transportation times of individuals over 10-years old in the Korean population. The population-based study collected time-activity patterns of 31,634 Koreans for two consecutive days. The residential indoor and transportation times were collected for a weekday and a weekend day. The impact of sociodemographic factors on time-activity was assessed using multiple linear regression models. The residential indoor times were 14.23 h for the weekday and 16.13 h for the weekend and shorter than those in Western countries. The transportation times were 1.75 h for the weekday and 1.68 h for the weekend day. The most significant factors in residential indoor time were employment status, age, monthly income, and gender for the weekday and employment status and gender for the weekend day. The factors in transportation were gender, employment status, and monthly income for the weekday and gender, employment status, age, and marriage status for the weekend day. Determinants of the time-activity pattern need to be taken into account in exposure assessment, epidemiological analyses, and exposure simulations, as well as in the development of preventive strategies. As Korean population activity patterns are substantially different from those in Western countries such as USA, Germany, and UK, this information could be critical for exposure assessment in Korea and other Asian countries.

Information Management System of the 2<SUP>nd</SUP> Korean National Environmental Health Survey

Hee-Ung Chung,Hyun Jeong Kim,Kyung Hwa Park,Wookhee Choi,Nayoung Lee,Young Min Kwon,Hye-Li Jeon,Seung Do Yu 환경독성보건학회 2013 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2013 No.10

사회 · 인구학적 요인과 시간활동양상에 따른 톨루엔 개인노출의 영향요인 분석

정순원(Soon-Won Jung),이석용(Seok-Yong Lee),김현정(Hyun jeong Kim),최욱희(Wookhee Choi),김수진(Suejin Kim),유승도(Seungdo Yu),양원호(Wonho Yang) 한국환경보건학회 2017 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.43 No.2

Objectives: Exposure to hazardous air pollutants could be affected by sociodemographic factors such as age, gender and more. Information on time spent in microenvironments has a critical role in exposure assessment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the exposure pathways which influence personal exposure through timeactivity patterns and sociodemographic factors. Methods: A total of 379 subjects were collected from the second term of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey. A questionnaire survey in relation to sociodemographic factors and a time-activity diary were carried out for personal exposure to toluene. Focusing on personal exposure to toluene, factors affecting personal exposure were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results: Participants spent their time in an indoor house for 16.8±4.0 hr, workplace or school 2.3±3.5 hr, and other indoor 2.1±2.2 hr. Sociodemographic factors were significantly different among each personal exposure and microenvironment. Time of staying at an office turned out to be a main factor from point of exposure in exposure pathway using multiple regression analysis. As a result, this means that exposure may be different according to the time of staying in each microenvironment. Conclusions: Personal exposure to air pollutants might be decided by time-activity pattern indicating when, where, and which activities people pursue, as well as individual sociodemographic factors.