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( Sung Sik Ko ) 대한운동사협회 2022 대한운동사협회 운동사대회자료집 Vol.2022 No.-
[INTRODUCTION] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the individualized aerobic exercise training program on the body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, and resting heart rate of male and female university students. [METHOD] A total of 28 subjects, 17 male and 11 female, participated in this study. Subjects performed an individualized exercise program suitable for their physical fitness level in the exercise intensity range of 50-85% VO2max for 40-60 minutes per day, 3-5 times per week for 12 weeks. As for the exercise intensity, the exercise intensity and time were gradually increased at 2-week intervals according to the individual's physical fitness level. Body composition, maximum oxygen intake, and resting heart rate were measured before and after the exercise program. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and statistical significance was determined as α=.05. [RESULT] The weight of males was higher than that of females, and both males and females decreased significantly in the same manner. Fat mass was significantly higher in women than in men, and both men and women significantly decreased in the same pattern. Lean body mass was significantly higher in men than in women, and both men and women tended to slightly increase, but there was no significant change. Body fat percentage was significantly higher in women than in men, and both men and women significantly decreased in the same pattern. The maximum oxygen intake was significantly higher in men than in women, and the increase was higher in women than in men. The resting heart rate was significantly higher in women than in men, and decreased significantly in the same pattern in both men and women. [CONCLUSION] These results suggest that the individualized aerobic exercise program positively improved body composition for both men and women, and the resting heart rate showed the same pattern. However, it is summarized that the maximum oxygen uptake was improved in both men and women, but it was more effective in women.
( Sang Yoon Ko ),( Hyung Eun Lee ),( Se Jin Park ),( Se Jin Jeon ),( Bo Seong Kim ),( Qing Tao Gao ),( Dae Sik Jang ),( Jong Hoon Ryu ) 한국응용약물학회 2015 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.23 No.2
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with progressive memory loss and neuronal cell death. Although numerous previous studies have been focused on disease progression or reverse pathological symptoms, therapeutic strategies for AD are limited. Alternatively, the identification of traditional herbal medicines or their active compounds has received much attention. The aims of the present study were to characterize the ameliorating effects of spinosin, a C-glucosylflavone isolated from Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa, on memory impairment or the pathological changes induced through amyloid-b1-42 oligomer (AbO) in mice. Memory impairment was induced by intracerebroventricular injection of AbO (50 μM) and spinosin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) was administered for 7 days. In the behavioral tasks, the subchronic administration of spinosin (20 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly ameliorated AbO-induced cognitive impairment in the passive avoidance task or the Y-maze task. To identify the effects of spinosin on the pathological changes induced through AbO, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses were performed. Spinosin treatment also reduced the number of activated microglia and astrocytes observed after AbO injection. In addition, spinosin rescued the AbO-induced decrease in choline acetyltransferase expression levels. These results suggest that spinosin ameliorated memory impairment induced through AbO, and these effects were regulated, in part, through neuroprotective activity via the anti-inflammatory effects of spinosin. Therefore, spinosin might be a useful agent against the amyloid b protein-induced cognitive dysfunction observed in AD patients.
Ko, Je-Won,Shin, Na-Rae,Park, Sung-Hyeuk,Lee, In-Chul,Ryu, Jung-Min,Kim, Ha-Jung,Cho, Young-Kwon,Kim, Jong-Choon,Shin, In-Sik Elsevier 2017 Food and Chemical Toxicology Vol. No.
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Cigarette smoke (CS) is generally accepted as a major contributor to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which is characterized by chronic inflammation, fibrotic response, and airway obstruction. In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of silibinin, an active constitute of silymarin on CS and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure-induced fibrotic response. Mice were exposed to CS for 1 h per day (8 cigarettes per day) for 4 weeks. On day 12 and 26, mice were treated with LPS intranasally. Silibinin (10 or 20 mg/kg) was administered orally 1 h before CS exposure. Silibinin markedly decreased the inflammatory cell count in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and reduced levels of proinflammatory mediators. Silibinin suppressed CS + LPS-induced collagen deposition in lung tissue, as evidenced via immunohistochemistry and Masson's trichrome stain. Additionally, silibinin effectively inhibited CS + LPS-mediated expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and Smad 2/3 phosphorylation. Taken together, our data indicate that silibinin effectively inhibits the fibrotic response induced by CS + LPS exposure, possibly via suppression of TGF-β1/Smad 2/3 signaling, which results in reduced collagen deposition. These findings suggest that silibinin has therapeutic potential for the treatment of COPD.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Protective effect of silibinin on airway fibrotic responses was investigated. </LI> <LI> Silibinin inhibited inflammatory responses. </LI> <LI> Silibinin inhibited collagen deposition, which was closely related to downregulation of TGF-β1/Smad 2/3 signaling. </LI> </UL> </P>
Earnings Management and CEO Turnover in Korean Credit Unions
Sang-Choon Park(박상춘),Wan Suk Ko(고완석),Yong-Sik Hong(홍용식) 한국국제회계학회 2018 국제회계연구 Vol.0 No.79
본 연구는 신용협동조합(신협)이 대손충당금설정액의 재량적 조정에 의하여 이익조정을 행하고 있는가를 실증적으로 검증하였다. 본 연구는 신협의 특유한 측면을 살펴 검증하였다. 먼저, 신용협동조합의 설립기반인 조합원의 특별한 관계, 즉 공동유대(지역․단체․직장)와 관련하여, 본 연구는 공동유대 유형에 따라 이익조정이 달라지는지 살펴보았다. 다음, 신용협동조합의 최고경영진 및 그 임기 횟수는 매 4년마다 조합원 직접선거에 의해 결정되므로, 이러한 선거가 이익조정 유인에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 검증하였다. 본 연구의 연구방법으로 금융회사의 이익조정관련 선행연구에서 많이 쓰이는 개별발생액접근법을 이용하였는데, 경영자의 재량성이 큰 기말대손충당금설정액(대손상각비)을 종속변수로, 비재량적이익을 주요 설명변수로 두고, 대손충당금을 조정하여 이익조정하는지 여부를 검증하였다. 분석을 위한 표본은 2015년 말 정상 영업 중인 지역조합 및 단체조합을 대상으로 2006년부터 2015년까지 10년 동안 7,445개 신협-연도 자료를 이용하였다. 실증분석 결과, 신용협동조합의 경영자들은 재량성이 큰 대손상각비를 이용하여 이익조정을 행하고 있음이 발견되었는데, 이사장은 초임기간(4년) 중 다음 선거를 의식하여 연임 기간(4년)에 비해, 그리고 초임기간 중 마지막 연도는 초임 또는 연임기간의 다른 연도에 비해, 이익조정을 더 크게 하는 것으로 검증되었다. 그리고 지역조합이 단체조합보다 이익조정을 더 활발하게 행하는 것으로 나타났다. 위와 같은 신협 경영자의 이익조정의 증거를 바탕으로, 본 연구는 다음의 시사점을 제공하고 있다. 금융당국은 경영자의 이익조정 재량권을 축소하기 위해 자산건전성 분류기준 및 회수예상가액 산정기준을 보다 명확하고 객관화하여 개선하여야 한다. 아울러 조합의 규모나 공동유대 특성 등을 고려한 차등 감독도 시행할 필요가 있다. This study empirically tests whether and how CEOs of credit unions manage their reported earnings through management of allowance for bad debts (ABD) by examining distinct features of credit unions. With regard to the common ties of their members on which the unions are established, it tests whether credit unions’ earnings management differs by type of establishment ties. Then, because the CEOs of unions and their number of terms of office are determined by the direct election by their members, the study examines how earnings management is affected by the existence of the election. The study uses a specific accruals approach widely used in the literature on earnings management of financial companies. It uses bad debt expense (BDE), a major discretionary item, as the dependent variable and non-discretionary earnings as a primary explanatory variable to test the hypotheses. The sample comprises 7,445 Korean credit union firm-years spanning 2006 to 2015. The empirical results revealed that credit unions manage their reported earnings by using BDE, especially more in the first office term of their CEOs than in the consecutive term, and in the last year of the first term, and that earnings were more actively managed in regional unions than in association ones. This study provides policy implications. Financial supervisory authorities should improve the objectivity and clarity of asset soundness criteria, and provide better and objective estimation methods for expected loan recovery so as to minimize CEOs’ discretion in earnings management. They should also provide differential supervision for credit unions depending on their types of common ties and size.