한중 번역에서의 인칭대명사 주어 처리 양상 대조 ― 소설 《프라자호텔》을 중심으로

임소정 ( Lim Sojeong ),이아형 ( Lee Ahyoung ) 한국중국어문학회 2024 中國文學 Vol.118 No.-

한국어와 중국어는 대표적인 고맥락 언어로 분류된다. 고맥락 언어는 비언어적 신호 및 발화 맥락에 대한 의존성이 높기 때문에 문장 성분을 일일이 명시적으로 드러내기보다는 편의상 함축하고 생략하는 특징을 보인다. 그러나 동일한 고맥락 언어라고 하여 한국어와 중국어의 문장 성분의 생략 양상이 동일하게 나타난다고 보기는 어려울 것이다. 이러한 관점에 착안하여 본 연구는 한국어(출발어)의 인칭대명사 주어가 중국어(도착어)로 번역되는 양상을 언어학적 관점에서 비교 대조하였으며, 한국어에서 ‘명시된 주어’와 ‘생략된 주어’가 각각 중국어에서는 어떻게 처리되는지를 ‘A명시→B명시’, ‘A명시→B생략’, ‘A생략→B명시’, ‘A생략→B생략’의 네 가지 유형으로 분류하여 면밀하게 분석하였다. 본 연구의 분석 대상인 한국 소설 《프라자호텔》은 인칭대명사 주어의 사용 양상과 관련하여 영어, 프랑스어, 일본어 등 다양한 외국어로의 A-B 번역 양상 연구가 이미 진행된 바 있기에, 본 연구를 통해 세계 언어 속에서의 중국어의 좌표를 확인해 볼 수 있었다는 점에서도 의의가 있다고 판단된다. Korean and Chinese, as prototypical high-context languages, rely heavily on nonverbal cues and shared situational knowledge. While both utilize implication and omission, their strategies for processing sentence components, particularly person subject pronouns, diverge significantly. This study delves into the translation of Korean person pronouns into Chinese, offering a comprehensive analysis of how “overtly expressed subjects” and “implicitly omitted subjects” in Korean are rendered in Chinese. It examines how Chinese translations handle pronoun use in Korean texts, classified into four categories: overt → overt, overt → omitted, omitted → overt, and omitted → omitted. Focusing on the translation of the Korean novel Plaza Hotel, this research contributes to a broader understanding of Chinese’s position within the global linguistic landscape by building upon existing A-B translation studies exploring languages like English, French and Japanese.

현대중국어 ‘X+이상(以上)/이하(以下)’의 사용현황 분석 및 제언 ― 기준값 포함 문제를 중심으로

임소정 ( Lim Sojeong ) 중국어문연구회 2018 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.88

When describing a quantity and the rank or stage of an entity, if the value is not defined in a specific number but instead in an estimated range, a speaker typically uses conditional expression by suggesting a starting point and an ending point. The words ‘yishang/yixia’ in modern Chinese is a classic example of conditional expression defining the range. Ironically, however, native chinese speakers often have different understanding or fairly limited knowledge of its usage. In China, several scholars raised such problems as ‘yishang’ and ‘yixia’. This article starts with the question of whether or not modern Chinese ‘X+yishang/yixia’ includes reference point X, and how Chinese textbooks on the market and Chinese textbooks published in Korea are defined and explained for modern Chinese ‘X+yishang/yixia’. The primary goal is to identify problems. In addition to this, the second goal is to search for appropriate countermeasures by analyzing the specific use patterns and patterns through the corpus survey for more proper use and understanding of ‘X+yishang/yixia’ structure. In view of this, the paper thereby proves into how ‘X+yishang/yixia’ is currently defined and explained in dictionaries and educational materials, analyzes its actual usage through corpus linguistics method, and further suggests the most appropriate understanding and usage of ‘X+yishang/yixia’.

현대 중국어 목적/결과 관계 복문에 사용되는 ‘호(好)’의 통사·의미적 특징

임소정 ( Lim Sojeong ) 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2018 中國學論叢 Vol.0 No.61

This paper examines the syntactic and semantic characteristics of Mandarin Chinese ‘Hao’ as conjunctive adverb, which is used in complex sentence. The syntactic characteristics of the conjunctive adverb ‘Hao’ are as follows: First, the conjunctive adverb ‘Hao’ has no constraint on person-type of subject, matching of the antecedent clause and following clause. Second, as a result of examining, the frequency of ‘Rang’ which is combined with conjunctive adverb ‘Hao’ is overwhelming, followed by ‘Qu’, ‘You’, ‘Jiao’, ‘Neng’. Regarding the semantic characteristics of conjunctive adverb ‘Hao’, we first looked at the semantic relationship between the antecedent clause and following clause in the ‘Hao’ sentence. The ‘Hao’ complex sentence can be divided into two types of meaning: ‘precondition-result’ and ‘action-purpose’. The ‘precondition-result’ type means that the result indicated by the following clause occurs by preceding event. And the ‘action-purpose’ type means that the action pointed by the predicate intends an event represented by the following clause. In the following section, we discussed what causes this semantic type difference. Focusing on the fact that conjunctive adverb ‘Hao’ has a speaker/agent-oriented nature, it examines whether or not the Modality is influenced by the personality of the person-type of subject and the realization of the whole sentence.

한국어 보조용언 `놓다`와 `두다`에 대응되는 중국어 결과상 표현형식

임소정 ( Lim Sojeong ) 서강대학교 언어정보연구소 2017 언어와 정보 사회 Vol.30 No.-

This research aims to investigate the patterns when Korean `noh-ta(놓다)` and `tuda(두다)` are mapped with Chinese. To do this, we grouped the two auxiliary verbs with main verbs to discover their aspectual meaning and further analyse its semantic singularities. When matching `noh-ta/tuda` to Chinese, our top consideration is the context or the meaning of `noh-ta/tuda`, which can be divided into the `maintenance of a result status` and the `completion of an action` and `preparation for the future`. One needs to consider which of these three functions `noh-ta/tuda` is focusing on within the sentence. For instance, if the focus is on the `maintenance of a result status`, then its Chinese translation will use `V在`, `V 上`, `V着`, etc. If the focus is on the `completion of an action`, then it tends to correspond to the resultative complement `好`. Lastly, if the focus is on the `preparation for the future`, then more often than not the meaning is indirectly shown by the full context rather than a certain corresponding term. In addition, the ways that `noh-ta` and `tuda` are mapped to Chinese will vary depending on their grammaticalization stage.

시나리오 접근법을 통한 중국어 요청 화행의 유형 및 특징 분석 -관습적 간접 화행을 중심으로-

임소정 ( Sojeong Lim ) 한국외국어대학교 중국연구소 2015 中國硏究 Vol.64 No.-

This research has taken notice of the speech act, in that it is not always used as the imperative form, but also used for various sentence forms such as the descriptive and interrogative, as well as being a proper pattern of modality marker. Therefore, this paper has tried to explain the non-consistency phenomenon (the so-called indirect speech act), which has existed in the speech act of Chinese between the pattern (type of sentence) and its meaning through the request scenario model of Panther & Thornburg (1998). There is not only a predicted, non-conventionalized indirect speech, which depends entirely on the context and speech act environment, among the requests of indirect speech act. There is the common speech act medium, used from the cross-linguistic perspective, and the universal mechanism for the speech act being implemented. Of course, there are slight differences in each language in that such a medium is actualized in a material way. Therefore, this paper has revealed the pattern and characteristics of each pattern of request speech act in Mandarin Chinese through the review of usage pattern of requested speech act. As a result of the analysis, there are some cases of request speech act implemented as a single medium of speech act, which is a part of the manner element being relevant to Chinese request speech act of request scenario of "Before-Core-Result-After", and there are several cases in which each of the manner elements is relevant to more than two parts of a scenario that have been actualized in a single speech act, as complex mediums of speech act which implements the request speech act.

Facile preparation of carbon-supported PtNi hollow nanoparticles with high electrochemical performance

Bae, Sung Jong,Yoo, Sung Jong,Lim, Yuntaek,Kim, Sojeong,Lim, Yirang,Choi, Junghun,Nahm, Kee Suk,Hwang, Seung Jun,Lim, Tae-Hoon,Kim, Soo-Kil,Kim, Pil The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.22 No.18

<P>To design Pt-based materials with a hollow structure <I>via</I> a galvanic reaction would be one of the effective ways to prepare electro- catalysts with high activity. The galvanic reaction between Pt ions and metal template is usually conducted under limited conditions, which makes the preparation of Pt hollow nanoparticles laborious. Here, we introduce a one-step and one-pot synthetic approach for the preparation of carbon-supported PtNi alloy hollow nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution. Prepared PtNi alloys were characterized by a nonporous shell consisting of a Pt-enriched surface layer and an inner alloy layer of Pt and Ni. Due to its unique structural advantages, this material showed excellent electrocatalytic performance for oxygen reduction (3.3- and 7.8-fold enhanced mass and specific activities compared to those of a commercial carbon-supported Pt nanoparticle). A possible mechanism for the formation of PtNi hollow structure is suggested.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Carbon-supported PtNi alloy hollow nanoparticles with excellent electrocatalytic performance for oxygen reduction were prepared by a one-step and one-pot synthetic method. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c2jm16827h'> </P>

Adverse Reactions Following the First Dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine and BNT162b2 Vaccine for Healthcare Workers in South Korea

Bae Seongman,Lee Yun Woo,Lim So Yun,Lee Ji-Hyang,Lim Joon Seo,Lee Sojeong,Park Soyeon,Kim Sun-Kyung,Lim Young-Ju,Kim Eun Ok,Jung Jiwon,Kwon Hyouk-Soo,Kim Tae-Bum,Kim Sung-Han 대한의학회 2021 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.36 No.17

Background: We performed a prospective survey on the adverse reactions following the first dose of two types of vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare workers (HCWs) in South Korea. Methods: HCWs at a tertiary referral hospital in Seoul, South Korea, received a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) or an mRNA-based vaccine (BNT162b2) between March 5 and March 26, 2021. The HCWs were asked to report adverse reactions through a mobile self-report questionnaire for three days after vaccination. Results: A total of 7,625 HCWs received the first dose of ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 vaccine during the study period. Of them, 5,866 (76.9%) HCWs (ChAdOx1, n = 5,589 [95.3%]; BNT162b2, n = 277 [4.7%]) participated at least once in the survey, of whom 77% were female and 86% were younger than 50 years. The overall adverse reaction rate was 93% in the ChAdOx1 group and 80% in the BNT162b2 group (P < 0.001). Both local and systemic reactions were more commonly reported in the ChAdOx1 group, and the difference was larger in systemic reactions such as fever and fatigue. In the ChAdOx1 group, the incidence of adverse reactions was significantly higher in females and those in the younger age groups, while the BNT162b2 group showed such difference according to age. Conclusion: In our prospective survey, vaccine-associated adverse reactions were more commonly reported in the ChAdOx1 group than in the BNT162b2 group. Females and younger age groups experienced vaccine-associated adverse reactions more frequently.

Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses and Seroconversion in COVID-19 Patients Using Twelve Commercial Immunoassays

Yun Sojeong,Ryu Ji Hyeong,Jang Joo Hee,Bae Hyunjoo,Yoo Seung-Hyo,Choi Ae-Ran,Jo Sung Jin,Lim Jihyang,Lee Jehoon,Ryu Hyejin,Cho Sung-Yeon,Lee Dong-Gun,Lee Jongmin,Kim Seok Chan,Park Yeon-Joon,Lee Hyeyo 대한진단검사의학회 2021 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.41 No.6

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody assays have high clinical utility in managing the pandemic. We compared antibody responses and seroconversion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients using different immunoassays. Methods: We evaluated 12 commercial immunoassays, including three automated chemiluminescent immunoassays (Abbott, Roche, and Siemens), three enzyme immunoassays (Bio-Rad, Euroimmun, and Vircell), five lateral flow immunoassays (Boditech Med, SD biosensor, PCL, Sugentech, and Rapigen), and one surrogate neutralizing antibody assay (GenScript) in sequential samples from 49 COVID-19 patients and 10 seroconversion panels. Results: The positive percent agreement (PPA) of assays for a COVID-19 diagnosis ranged from 84.0% to 98.5% for all samples (>14 days after symptom onset), with IgM or IgA assays showing higher PPAs. Seroconversion responses varied across the assay type and disease severity. Assays targeting the spike or receptor-binding domain protein showed a tendency for early seroconversion detection and higher index values in patients with severe disease. Index values from SARS-CoV-2 binding antibody assays (three automated assays, one LFIA, and three EIAs) showed moderate to strong correlations with the neutralizing antibody percentage (r=0.517–0.874), and stronger correlations in patients with severe disease and in assays targeting spike protein. Agreement among the 12 assays was good (74.3%–96.4%) for detecting IgG or total antibodies. Conclusions: Positivity rates and seroconversion of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies vary depending on the assay kits, disease severity, and antigen target. This study contributes to a better understanding of antibody response in symptomatic COVID-19 patients using currently available assays.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of HD203, a biosimilar of etanercept, with marketed etanercept (Enbrel®): a double-blind, single-dose, crossover study in healthy volunteers.

Yi, SoJeong,Kim, Sung Eun,Park, Min-Kyu,Yoon, Seo Hyun,Cho, Joo-Youn,Lim, Kyoung Soo,Shin, Sang-Goo,Jang, In-Jin,Yu, Kyung-Sang Adis International 2012 BioDrugs Vol.26 No.3

<P>HD203 is a biosimilar of etanercept, a fusion protein of the ligand-binding portion of the human tumor necrosis factor receptor II linked to the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin G1. Since HD203 is under clinical development, this study was conducted to compare the pharmacokinetics of HD203 with Enbrel®, the first marketed etanercept.</P>

Effects of <i>Angelicae tenuissima radix, Angelicae dahuricae radix</i> and <i>Scutellariae radix</i> Extracts on Cytochrome <i>P450</i> Activities in Healthy Volunteers

Yi, SoJeong,Cho, Joo-Youn,Lim, Kyoung Soo,Kim, Kyu-pyo,Kim, JaeWoo,Kim, Bo-Hyung,Hong, Jang-hee,Jang, In-Jin,Shin, Sang-Goo,Yu, Kyung-Sang Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2009 Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology Vol.105 No.4

<P>Abstract: </P><P>Three kinds of herbal medicines, commonly used in Korea, <I>Angelicae tenuissima radix</I>, <I>Angelicae dahuricae radix</I> and <I>Scutellariae radix</I> were studied to evaluate their effect on cytochrome <I>P450</I> (CYP) activities in healthy volunteers. A total of 24 healthy male volunteers were assigned to one of three parallel herbal treatment groups, each consisting of eight volunteers. A cocktail of probe drugs for CYP enzymes was orally administered before and after multiple administrations of herbal medicines, three times a day for 13 days. Probe drugs used to measure CYP activities were caffeine (CYP1A2), losartan (CYP2C9), omeprazole (CYP2C19), dextromethorphan (CYP2D6), chlorzoxazone (CYP2E1) and midazolam (CYP3A4). The probe drugs and their metabolites were quantified in plasma or urine using HPLC or LC-MS/MS. Changes in each CYP activity was evaluated by metabolic ratio of the probe drug (concentration ratio of metabolite to parent form at reference time point) following the herbal medication period, compared to the baseline values. <I>A. dahuricae radix</I> significantly decreased CYP1A2 activity to 10% of baseline activity (95% CI: 0.05–0.21). <I>S. radix</I> also showed significant changes in CYP2C9 and CYP2E1 activities. Compared to baseline values, the metabolic activities of losartan were decreased to 71% (0.54–0.94). In addition, <I>S. radix</I> showed a 1.42-fold (1.03–1.97) increase in chlorzoxazone metabolic activity. However, CYP activities were not meaningfully influenced by <I>A. tenuissima radix</I>. Changes in certain CYP activities were observed after the administration of <I>S. radix</I> and <I>A. dahuricae radix</I> in healthy volunteers. Therefore, herbal medicines containing <I>S. radix</I> or <I>A. dahuricae radix</I> are candidates for further evaluation of clinically significant CYP-mediated herb-drug interactions in human beings.</P>