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Missing teeth after maxillofacial trauma: a case report and management protocol
Ramaraj P.N.,Mahabaleshwara C.H.,Rohit Singh,Abhijith George,Vijayalakshmi G. 대한구강악안면외과학회 2020 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.46 No.6
Management of maxillofacial trauma includes primary care, in which diagnosis and management of dentoalveolar injury play a vital role. Due to the impact sustained during a maxillofacial injury (whether direct or indirect), dentoalveolar injuries can occur, leading to fracture and displacement of teeth and associated alveolar bone into the surrounding soft tissues and associated structures, such as the maxillary sinus, nasal cavity, upper respiratory tract, tracheobronchial tree, or gastrointestinal tract. Undiagnosed displaced teeth may cause complications such as airway obstruction. This paper reports a case of displaced teeth in the nasal cavity and gastrointestinal tract and highlights the management protocol for displaced teeth secondary to maxillofacial trauma.
Ryu, Jeong,Ramaraj, B.,Yoon, Kuk Ro John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 2009 Surface and interface analysis Vol.41 No.4
<P>Herein, we report the fabrication of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) polymeric conjugates of shortened multi-walled carbon nanotubes (sMWCNT). The synthesis method involves the attachment of initiator on the surface of nanotubes followed by surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of GMA from the initiator-bound sMWCNT surface. This is achieved by the procedure consisting of three important steps: introduction of amino groups onto the sMWCNT and attachment of polymerization initiator, 2-bromo-2-methylpropinonyl bromide, and polymerization of GMA. The structure and properties of the resultant polymeric conjugates were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SEM. The FT-IR analysis of polymeric conjugates shows infrared (IR) peaks characteristic of GMA. AFM, TEM and SEM images clearly show the formation of poly(glycidyl methacrylate)(PGMA) polymer on sMWCNT surface. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</P>
Hui Wang,Ramaraj Sathasivam,기장서 한국조류학회I 2017 ALGAE Vol.32 No.2
Although green algae of the genus Closterium are considered ideal models for testing toxicity in aquatic ecosystems,little data about the effects of toxicity on these algal species is currently available. Here, Closterium ehrenbergii was usedto assess the acute toxicity of copper (Cu). The median effective concentration (EC50) of copper sulfate based on a dose responsecurve was 0.202 mg L-1, and reductions in photosynthetic efficiency (Fv / Fm ratio) of cells were observed in culturesexposed to Cu for 6 h, with efficiency significantly reduced after 48 h (p < 0.01). In addition, production of reactive oxygenspecies significantly increased over time (p < 0.01), leading to damage to intracellular organelles. Our results indicate thatCu induces oxidative stress in cellular metabolic processes and causes severe physiological damage within C. ehrenbergiicells, and even cell death; moreover, they clearly suggest that C. ehrenbergii represents a potentially powerful test modelfor use in aquatic toxicity assessments.
Basavaraj, E.,Ramaraj, B.,Lee, Joong‐,Hee,Siddaramaiah, Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2013 Polymer engineering and science Vol.53 No.8
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>With an objective to investigate the influence of molybdenum disulphide (MoS<SUB>2</SUB>) on physico–mechanical and tribological properties of polyamide 66 (PA 66), was compounded with MoS<SUB>2</SUB> in the presence of carbon black (CB). The compounded material was injection molded to make test specimens to evaluate physico–mechanical, thermal, and tribological (wear, friction, and laser etching) characteristics. It was found that tensile strength, percentage elongation at break, and tensile modulus of PA 66/CB/MoS<SUB>2</SUB> composite increased linearly with increase in MoS<SUB>2</SUB> content. The impact strength of the PA 66 matrix increased from 37.2 to 43.2 J/m with an increase in MoS<SUB>2</SUB> content. The wear behavior of PA 66/CB/MoS<SUB>2</SUB> composites have been investigated under dry sliding conditions at different normal loads, sliding distances, and sliding velocities at room temperature. It was found that the introduction of MoS<SUB>2</SUB> in the presence of CB has certainly reduced the friction, wear behavior of PA 66 with improvement in laser etching resistance. MoS<SUB>2</SUB> could increase the adhesion between the transfer film and the counterface surface. The ability of the synergistic fillers in helping the formation of thin, uniform, and continuous transfer film would contribute to enhance the wear resistance of PA 66 composites. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers</P>
Yoon, Kuk Ro,Ramaraj, B.,Lee, Seungho,Yu, Jong‐,Sung,Choi, Insung S. Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2009 Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A Vol.a88 No.3
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>A sugar‐containing polymer was grown on gold surface by surface‐initiated atom‐transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) of methacrylate monomer, 3‐<I>O</I>‐methacryloyl‐1,2:5,6‐di‐<I>O</I>‐isopropylidene‐α‐<SMALL>D</SMALL>‐glucofuranoside (MAIpGIc), using 1,4,8,11‐tetraaza‐1,4,8,11‐tetramethylcyclotetradecane (Me<SUB>4</SUB>Cyclam) as ligand, 2‐bromopropionyl moiety attached on the gold surface as initiator, and Copper(I) bromide as catalyst, respectively, in tetrahydrofuran (THF) medium. The resultant sugar film was characterized by polarized infrared external reflectance spectroscopy (PIERS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), ellipsometry, and contact angle goniometry. The IR peaks characteristics of poly(3‐<I>O</I>‐methacryloyl‐α,β‐<SMALL>D</SMALL>‐glucopyranoside) (PMAGlc), broad OH stretch at ∼3400 cm<SUP>−1</SUP>, and CO ester stretch at ∼1748 cm<SUP>−1</SUP> observed in PIERS spectra demonstrate the formation of PMAGlc on the gold surface. The AFM and SEM images show the polymer growth away from the gold surface without visible domain boundaries, and it further confirms the formation of sugar coating. The method described in the article would be beneficial in many areas, such as pathogen detection and biosensors, considering the biological importance of carbohydrate polymers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009</P>
Wang, Hui,Sathasivam, Ramaraj,Ki, Jang-Seu The Korean Society of Phycology 2017 ALGAE Vol.32 No.2
Although green algae of the genus Closterium are considered ideal models for testing toxicity in aquatic ecosystems, little data about the effects of toxicity on these algal species is currently available. Here, Closterium ehrenbergii was used to assess the acute toxicity of copper (Cu). The median effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) of copper sulfate based on a dose response curve was $0.202mg\;L^{-1}$, and reductions in photosynthetic efficiency ($F_v/F_m$ ratio) of cells were observed in cultures exposed to Cu for 6 h, with efficiency significantly reduced after 48 h (p < 0.01). In addition, production of reactive oxygen species significantly increased over time (p < 0.01), leading to damage to intracellular organelles. Our results indicate that Cu induces oxidative stress in cellular metabolic processes and causes severe physiological damage within C. ehrenbergii cells, and even cell death; moreover, they clearly suggest that C. ehrenbergii represents a potentially powerful test model for use in aquatic toxicity assessments.