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Nakazato, Hiroshi 한국유전학회 1983 Genes & Genomics Vol.5 No.2
The human body produces many peptides which control the cellular functions e.g., hormones, enzymes, immunomodulators and so forth. Potential development of these peptides as drugs has been hampered by the difficulty of obtaining them in an amount sufficient to support the basic research to confirm the physiological function of such peptides, to guarantee constant and steady supply of the peptides pure enough for the human use at reasonably low cost. The genetic engineering, which allows one to produce foreign peptides in appropriate cells in large quantities changed the situation dramatically. It is most clearly illustrated in the case of interferons (IFNs). The IFN is a family of proteins which are produced by cells in minute amounts in response to viral challenge or other stimuli. It was found as a factor which "interferes" with virus infections in 1957, and has been implicated as a potential antitumor agent for these years. In 1978, it costed $30,000 to buy enough IFN to treat a single patient. And the IFN was only 0.1-1.0% of the protein in the preparations. Even if a preparation had an effect, people were not sure whether that effect was due to the IFN or to the "impurities". In 1983, preparations of IFN are almost 100% pure, and a single course of treatment costs about $300. Another example is insulin. Until now, the world's insulin needs have been derived almost exclusively from pork and beef glands, which were collected as by-product from the meat industry. This means that the supply changes with the demand for meat and is not responsive to the ever-increasing demand of the world's diabetics. During 1982, human insulin of recombinant DNA origin was approved by the appropriate drug regulatory agencies in the United Kingdom, Netherlands, West Germany and United States, guaranteeing a reliable, expandable and constant supply of human insulin for diabetics around the world. In 1977, the successful production of human somatostatin by E. coli, which had been transformed by a plasmid containing a synthetic somatostatin gene was reported by Itakura et al., After that report, many cases of successful production of biologically active peptides e.g., human insulin, growth hormone, interferons, etc. by foreign cells have been reported. We have constructed genes for porcine α-neo-endorphin (10 amino acids) and human IFN-γ (146 amino acids) by chemically synhesizing oligodeoxyribonucleotide fragments and ligating them enzymatically. In the case of hIFN-γ the gene comprised of about 900 nucleotide residues. The genes inserted into the expression plasmids were transformed into E.coli and S. cerevisiae and successfully expressed. In the case of α-neo-endorphin, we purified 3.9㎎ of the peptide from 10 ℓof the bacterial culture. To obtain this much material from hypothalami, 300,000 pigs would have been required. In this paper, new aspects of fast developing techniques, particularly on synthesizing a gene, vector and host, will be discussed.
Effects of polyphenols on skeletal muscle cells and underlying molecular mechanisms
( Koichi Nakazato ),( Aratatsutaki ),( Seok Ki Min ) 한국운동영양학회 2012 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.16 No.3
Polyphenols are chemical compounds characterized by multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups. The aim of this review is to summarize the effects of polyphenols on skeletal muscle tissues with regard to the following three points: (1) up-regulation of oxidative properties via activation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), (2) prevention of necrosis of muscle tissue by suppression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and necrosis factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity, and (3) enhancement of muscular function by proliferator gamma co-activator (PGC) -1α and AMPK. Although most of the studies are limited to cell cultures and experimental animal trials, and further studies are needed in human subjects, there is every indication that polyphenols are a beneficial supplementation for athletes.
Parking Lot Allocation Based on Matching Theory using Prediction-based Optimal Vehicle Routing
T. Nakazato,T. Namerikawa 제어로봇시스템학회 2019 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2019 No.10
The purpose of this paper is to relax traffic congestion caused by the decrease in vehicle speed in case of a driver searching for a parking lot in traffic network, by using Smart Parking System. Smart Parking System is a system that allocates parking lot considering both the driver’s preference and the parking lot manager’s preference in advance. At that time, driver should know the optimal route and its time from currrent location to each parking lot. In this paper, Smart Parking System consider the road condition in traffic network and present the driver time by the optimal route from the driver’s current location to each parking lot. Then, the parking lot allocation is determined by using matching theory considering both the driver’s preference including information of optimal route and its time and the parking lot manager’s preference. Finally, the effectiveness is confirmed by numerical simulations and results of parking lot allocation using optimal vehicle routing.
Invited Review : Clinical and Basic Studies of Muscle Strain Injury
( Koichi Nakazato ),( Kih Yok Lee ),( Karina Kouzaki ),( Kenji Hiranuma ),( Seok Ki Min ),( Eisuke Ochi ),( Hong Sun Song ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2013 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.25 No.1
In this review, we gleaned clinical and basic studies of muscle strain injury. In clinical situation, thigh muscles, especially hamstrings, are frequently suffered. Sudden eccentric contraction (EC), imbalance of muscle strength, preexisting strain injuries are significant risk factors. Magnetic resonance and ultrasonography imaging provides useful information for diagnosis and care. Atrophy and scar formation can be raised as characteristics in chronic change. Despite of these information, definition and classification for strain injury is still under development. In basic aspect, EC-induced muscle damage is frequently used as a muscle strain injury model. With in vivo EC model, we showed that (1) cellular myogenic events are associated with torque recovery after EC-induced muscle injury, (2) muscle protein degradation is induced by severe ECs. To reproduce unique events in muscle strain injury, such as muscle atrophy, fibrosis and recurrence, is a key to simulate muscle strain injury in animal and human models.
Development of an In-pipe micro mobile robot using peristalsis motion
Yuichi NAKAZATO,Yukihiro SONOBE,Shigeki TOYAMA 대한기계학회 2010 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.24 No.1
Currently, many researchers from various fields are engaged in developing machines that move in a tubular cylinder. Many such machines are being developed for industrial purposes, such as for the examination of ruptures at the joints of gas and water pipes and those caused by cracks. Studies specifically focused on applications to the medical field, such as the realization of machines that can travel through the intestines and blood vessels, have also been reported. In this study, we propose a microscopic moving mechanism that can move in 2-3 mm-diameter blood vessels by peristalsis motion with repeated expansion and contraction using hydraulic pressure, particularly using a physiological saline solution as an acting fluid. Peristalsis motion, observed in earthworms and nematodes, induces shape variation and a shift in the center of gravity, causing extensional waves to propagate and thus achieving movement without damage to the vulnerable inner walls of blood vessels. When this moving mechanism is combined with catheters, we can realize an active catheter that can reach a diseased site by itself. In this study, we created a microrobot with pistonlike hydraulic pressure sources outside both its ends. The microrobot can move back and forth as follows. When the piston pumps, the acting fluid is repeatedly injected into and ejected from the driving body, while the microrobot changes the length and width of its rubber body. The development of our microrobot and the results of its evaluation are reported in this paper.
Method for solving origami tessellation hole problem using triangle twist folding
Yamamoto Yohei,Nakazato Riku,Mitani Jun 한국CDE학회 2022 Journal of computational design and engineering Vol.9 No.1
Origami tessellations are geometric pieces folded from a single sheet of paper with flatly overlapped facets. Most existing origami tessellations are constructed by first marking a grid of crease lines on the paper and then arranging repeating patterns along the grid. However, this design method is limited because it cannot design origami tessellations with patterns that cannot be represented on a grid, such as a regular pentagon. This paper proposes a new construction method for origami tessellations that solves this problem and enriches these varieties. In the proposed method, a boundary of an origami tessellation is determined first, and then patterns called triangle twist fold patterns are placed inside the boundary. A similar approach is known as a hole problem, although in this paper, the problem is redefined and discussed in a form suitable for origami tessellations. As a result, a grid-independent construction method was proposed, and new origami tessellations were obtained by using software that implements the method.