의문형 종결어미 ‘-지’의 의미 · 화용적 기능의 분화

김정인(Kim Jeong-in) 어문연구학회 2018 어문연구 Vol.97 No.-

일반적인 의문문은 명제에 대한 화자가 가지는 의문성을 표현하지만 종결어미 ‘-지’가 사용되는 의문문은 오히려 명제에 대한 화자의 확실성을 확인할 수 있다. 본고는 이에 주목하여 의문형 종결어미 ‘-지’의 특징을 살펴보았다. 첫째, 종결어미 ‘-지’는 반말체인 해체에 속하므로 청자와 화자의 관계가 동등하거나 화자의 위계가 청자보다 높을 때 실현된다. 둘째, 종결어미 ‘-지’는 구어에서만 사용되는 구어체이다. 셋째, 의문형 종결어미 ‘-지’ 를 통해 화자는 명제에 대한 확실성을 표지한다. 넷째, 종결어미 ‘-지’가 판정 의문문에서 실현될 때 화자의 회상노력의 태도를 비치거나 청자의 동의를 요구하는 양상을 보인다. 나아가 청자가 명제에 대해 동의하지 않는다 하더라도 의문형 종결어미 ‘-지’를 통해 실현 된 당연한 명제를 청자가 부정해야 하는 부담을 제공한다. 이는 곧 화자가 위계적 담화상황을 이용하여 청자에게 제한적인 응답의 의무를 부과하는 것이며 의문형 종결어미 ‘-지’의 화용적 기능이 분화된 것으로 이해할 수 있다. While general interrogative sentences express speakers’ uncertainty about propositions, the interrogative sentences with final ending ‘-ji’ rather express speakers’certainty about propositions. First, final ending ‘-ji’ is used in Panmal style. Panmal style is used when one of the speaker’s position is higher than the other or when their position is the same. Second, final ending ‘-ji’ is only used in colloquial situations. Third, final ending ‘-ji’ marks the speaker’s certainty about the proposition based on the meaning [already known]. Fourth, speakers ask for listeners’ agreement or help about the proposition or express their remembrance effort. In ‘yes-no question’ speakers asks for an agreement from listeners with final ending ‘-ji’. Especially, the usage of final ending ‘-ji’ in yes-no question’ works as confirmation of the obvious proposition. Since the speaker regards the proposition as a fact without any doubts, the listener is required to agree on the speaker’s suggestion. The important matter is that the listener’s position is lower than the speaker’s or the same. This position of the speaker and the listener makes the listener hard to reply with the disagreement. The final ending ‘-ji’ in interrogative sentence works as extremely closed questions and the listeners is asked to agreed on the already decided proposition proposed by the speaker. Even if the listener does not agree on what is suggested or asked by the speaker, the listener is given a burden to deny the fact that the speaker suggested with no doubts. This can be understood as the speakers’ strategy to achieve their goals in the discourse by increasing the burden to listeners.

일제 강점기 계룡 지역과 민족종교운동

김정인(Kim, Jeong-in) 충남대학교 충청문화연구소 2013 충청문화연구 Vol.11 No.-

Shindo-an, which was located on the mountain range of Gye"ryong-san during the Japanese occupation period, displayed both the Jeong"gam-rok belief"s and Dong"hak philosophy"s mythical[religious] elements(Sangje-gyo) and rebellious elements(Cheong"rim-gyo) at the same time, and ultimately became a national holy place. Because the Joseon peninsula was in a colonized state, open political discussions were discontinued. This religious community, at least in its appearance, was only based upon religious agendas and operations. Yet neither the Joseon Governor General office nor the general Joseon public considered Shindo-an as a mere unpolitical religious community. Several religious orders were coming to share instructions from the Jeong"gam-rok mythology, and more and more new religions were worshipping Dan"gun. This was an unfavorable situation for the Joseon Governor General office, and in the eyes of the general population their hope and aspiration for liberation was becoming yet another religious faith. Considering this historical nature of Shindo-an, it would not be fair to just label it as a mere community or platform prepared for yet another newcomer religion misguided by the Jeong"gam-rok myth, as it is usually considered today.

점토광물 함유량을 고려한 땅밀림 산사태 지역의 전기비저항 자료의 해석

김정인 ( Jeong-in Kim ),김지수 ( Ji-soo Kim ),이선중 ( Sun-joong Lee ),조경서 ( Kyoung-seo Cho ),김종우 ( Jong-woo Kim ) 대한지질공학회 2021 지질공학 Vol.31 No.2

산사태 연구에서 풍화대 안에 분포하는 점토광물의 함유량은 매우 중요한 요소이다. 산사태 발생과 관련된 지하 구조를 파악하고 미끌림 면을 확인하기 위해 일반적으로 지구물리탐사를 수행하는데 특히 전기비저항 단면이 많이 사용된다. 이 연구에서는 풍화대에 분포하는 카올리나이트와 몬모릴로나이트와 같은 점토광물에 의한 전기전도도의 증가효과(전기비저항의 감소효과)를 해석하기 위해 병렬모델 아치의 방정식을 이용하였다. 점토의 전기전도도는 광물의 종류 및 그 비표면적과 양이온 교환능력에 따라 달라진다. 간극수의 전기비저항이 증가함에 따라 매질의 전체 비저항과 지층인자는 작아지는데 카올리나이트에 비해 몬모릴로나이트가 훨씬 작게 나타난다. 또한 공극률이 커지고, 고결인자가 작아질수록 지층인자가 감소하는 것으로 나타난다. 점토광물에 대한 병렬모델 아치의 방정식을 현장자료에 적용하기 위해 2014년 땅밀림 산사태가 일어난 충남 태안 신진도리에서 수집되어 처리ㆍ해석된 전기비저항자료를 사용하였다. 기존의 실험식에서 카올리나이트의 함유량에 따라 결정되는 계수들을 활용하여 풍화대의 전기비저항 값들을 계산하고 이들을 전기비저항 수치모델링에 포함시켰다. 점토 함유량을 변화시켜 만든 여러 개의 이론자료들 중에서 현장자료와 가장 근접하는 모델자료를 선택하여 이에 입력된 점토 함유량 10%를 이 지역의 풍화대에 대한 점토 함유량으로 추정하였다. 땅밀림 연구에서 처음 시도된 전기비저항 자료를 이용한 점토 함유량의 추정기법은 차후 점토함유량 외에 전기비저항에 영향을 미치는 다른 인자(공극률, 포화도, 간극수의 전기비저항)들에 대한 자료를 확보하고 이들을 수치모델링에 먼저 포함시켜 수행할 때 더욱 그 신뢰성은 더욱 높아질 것으로 기대된다. Clay mineral content of weathered zone is a key parameter for landslide studies. Electrical resistivity tomography is usually performed to delineate the geometry of complex landslides and to identify the sliding surface. In clay-bearing weathered zone, parallel resistivity Archie equation is employed to investigate the effect of conductivity added (resistivity reduced) by clay minerals of kaolinite and montmorillonite, which is dependent on their specific surface area and cation exchange capacities (CEC). A decrease of overall resistivity and apparent formation factor is observed with increasing pore-water resistivity, significantly in montmorillonite. Formation factor is found decreased with increasing porosity and decreasing cementation factor. Parallel Archie equation was applied to the electrical resistivity data from the test area (Sinjindo-ri, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea) which experienced land creeping in the year of 2014. A panel test with varying clay-mineral contents provides the best fit section when the theoretical section constructed with the assumed contents approaches the field section, from which the clay-mineral content of the weathered zone is estimated to be approximately 10%. Resistivity interpretation schemes including the clay mineral contents for land creeping studies explored in this paper can be challenged more when porosity, saturation, and pore-water resistivity are provided and they are included in the numerical resistivity modeling.

제강슬래그에서 인의 침출 거동에 대한 pH의 영향

김정인,김선중,Kim, Jeong-In,Kim, Sun-Joong 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2016 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.25 No.6

본 연구는 제강슬래그로부터 인성분을 추출하여 농업용 비료의 자원으로서 사용하기 위한 침출공정을 연구하였다. 일반적으로 제강 슬래그에 함유되어 있는 인성분은 $C_2S-C_3P$상에 고용되어 있고, 이 고용체는 슬래그 내의 free-CaO 다음으로, 다른 상들보다 수용해성이 크다. 본 실험에서는 다원계 슬래그를 이용하여, 다양한 원소들의 용해거동에 미치는 pH의 영향을 알아보았다. 낮은 pH에서 제강슬래그로부터 수용액 중 Ca, Si, P, Fe의 농도는 증가되었다. pH가 3인 경우, 수용액 중 P 이온의 농도는 시간에 따라 감소하였고, P이온과 Fe이온과의 침전 반응을 감소 원인으로 고찰하였다. In this study, leaching process to extract phosphorus from the steelmaking slag was investigated for using the fertilizer resources of agriculture. In general, the phosphorus of steelmaking slag is formed as $C_2S-C_3P$ solid solution, and also, this solid solution is soluble in water more than the other phase in slag, and less than free CaO phase. In the present experiment, the influence of pH on the leaching behavior of various elements from the steelmaking slag was investigated by using multi-component steelmaking slag. When the pH was decreased, the concentration of Ca, Si, P and Fe in solution from the steelmaking slag was increased. Furthermore, at a pH of 3, the concentration of P ion in solution was decreased as leaching time increased. It is considered that the decrement of P was caused from the precipitation reaction between P ion and Fe ion in solution.

식민사관 비판론의 등장과 내재적 발전론의 형성

김정인(Kim Jeong-in) 한국사학회 2017 史學硏究 Vol.0 No.125

본고에서는 해방과 함께 제기된 반식민사학의 흐름 속에서 식민사관 비판론과 내재적 발전론의 ‘내적’ 기원을 찾는 동시에 1960년대에 양자간의 연관성이 어떻게 형성되었는지를 살펴보았다. 이는 곧 내재적 발전론 ‘이후’보다는 ‘이전’과 형성기를 좀 더 면밀하게 살피는 작업에 해당한다. 내재적 발전론의 기원을 해방 정국의 역사학에까지 거슬러 올라가 살핀다는 점, 1960년대 식민사관 비판론과 내재적 발전론 간의 관계를 다룬다는 점에서 본고의 의의를 찾을 수 있을 것이다. 또한, 식민사관 비판론이 일본인의 식민주의 사관만을 비판한 것이 아니라, 문헌고증사학으로 대표되는 아류와 유산으로서의 식민사학을 극복하고자 제기되었다는 점과 식민사관 비판론과 내재적 발전론을 잇는 매개 고리가 반식민사학인 일제시기 민족주의사학과 마르크스주의사학이었다는 사실을 밝혔다. Examined in this article is the ‘Origin’ of two trends: Critical analyses of the occupied Joseon people which were launched against ‘Colonial Historiography,’ and the “Internal Development theory” launched later by Korean historians. The beginning points of these two trends may seem (at first glance) to have been different from each other, but both trends actually took place at the time of liberation from Japanese occupation, and amidst the surge of Anti-Colonial historiography studies. And these two trends sure interacted with each other in the 1960s, so such interaction is examined in this article as well. This is not an analysis of what came after the emergence of the Internal Development theory, but rather of what came ‘before’ it, as the origin itself should be construed within the context of situations (as well as academic efforts in the area of history) that unfolded right after the liberation. And in order to do that right, we should also be well aware of how a series of critical analyses of ‘Colonial Historiography,’ and the eventual advent of “Internal Development theory,” sort of fueled each other for years, to reach their full potential. Meanwhile, also stressed in this article is that critical analyses of Colonial historiography did not only criticise the colonial historical perspective shown by the Japanese, but were launched to overcome colonial historical studies done by Korean scholars, which were performed in the name of pursuing “empirical studies (dealing ‘facts’ that could be confirmed by written records).” And most importantly, suggested in this article is that it was the Nationalistic historiography and Marxist historiography, which were both against Colonial historiography, that bridged critical analyses of colonial historiography and the Internal Development theory.

나이브 베이즈 기반 소셜 미디어 상의 신조어 감성 판별 기법

김정인(Jeong In Kim),박상진(Sang Jin Park),김형주(Hyoung Ju Kim),최준호(Jun Ho Choi),김한일(Han Il Kim),김판구(Pan Koo Kim) 한국스마트미디어학회 2020 스마트미디어저널 Vol.9 No.1

인터넷의 발달과 스마트폰의 보급으로 인하여 그에 따른 소셜 미디어 문화가 형성됨에 따라 PC통신부터 지금까지 소셜 미디어 신조어가 그 문화로 자리 잡아가고 있다. 소셜 미디어의 등장과 사람들의 가교역할을 해주는 스마트폰의 보급화로 신조어가 생기고 빈번하게 사용되고 있는 추세이다. 신조어의 사용은 다양한 문자 제한 메신저의 문제점을 해결하고 짧은 문장을 사용하여 데이터를 줄이는 등 많은 장점을 가지고 있다. 그러나 신조어에는 사전적인 의미가 없으므로 데이터 마이닝 기술이나 빅데이터와 같은 연구에서 사용되는 알고리즘의 성능 저하와 연구에 제약사항이 발생한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 웹 크롤링을 통해 텍스트 데이터를 추출하고, 텍스트 마이닝과 오피니언 마이닝을 통해 의미부여 및 단어들에 대한 감정적 분류를 통한 문장의 오피니언 파악을 진행하고자 한다. 실험은 다음과 같이 3단계로 진행하였다. 첫째, 소셜 미디어에서 새로운 단어를 수집하여 수집된 단어는 긍정적이고 부정적인 학습을 받게 하였다. 둘째, 표준 문서를 사용하여 감정적 가치를 도출하고 검증하기 위해 TF-IDF를 사용하여 데이터의 감정적 가치를 측정하기 위해 명사 빈도수를 측정한다. 신조어와 마찬가지로 분류된 감정적 가치가 적용되어 감정이 표준 언어 문서로 분류되는지 확인하였다. 마지막으로, 새로 합성된 단어와 표준 감정적 가치의 조합을 사용하여 장비 기술의 비교분석을 수행하였다. From PC communication to the development of the internet, a new term has been coined on the social media, and the social media culture has been formed due to the spread of smart phones, and the newly coined word is becoming a culture. With the advent of social networking sites and smart phones serving as a bridge, the number of data has increased in real time. The use of new words can have many advantages, including the use of short sentences to solve the problems of various letter-limited messengers and reduce data. However, new words do not have a dictionary meaning and there are limitations and degradation of algorithms such as data mining. Therefore, in this paper, the opinion of the document is confirmed by collecting data through web crawling and extracting new words contained within the text data and establishing an emotional classification. The progress of the experiment is divided into three categories. First, a word collected by collecting a new word on the social media is subjected to learned of affirmative and negative. Next, to derive and verify emotional values using standard documents, TF-IDF is used to score noun sensibilities to enter the emotional values of the data. As with the new words, the classified emotional values are applied to verify that the emotions are classified in standard language documents. Finally, a combination of the newly coined words and standard emotional values is used to perform a comparative analysis of the technology of the instrument.

아프리카 자원 확보를 통한 한국 경제의 경쟁력

김정인(Kim Jeong In),최종석(Choi Jong Seok),정래광(Jung Rae Kwang) 한국아프리카학회 2010 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.31 No.-

As the age of resources war has come, all the nations around the world have already turn towards Africa as a promising market along with other well-knownnations which are rich in natural resources such as Brazil and Russia in order to secure the sound supply of resources. Although Korea also realizes the importance of exploiting and securing the resources and is attempting to enter into the African market, it is extremely difficult due to distinctive regional characteristics. In view of those unique circumstances in Africa position, this study investigates the world powers' strategies for securing resources and analyzes how we could hold the dominant position in securing African resources. The Strategies that each powerful nation uses to secure resources differ in the means and the agent. Above all, we should seek ways of keeping a favorable relations with the leaders and local nobables in 53 nations. Besides, the government should encourage companies to expand their business by providing substantial support as well as enableing information sharing by establishing DB of corporate successes in an effort to minimize the risk of market foray. Sharing imfomation through D/B Construction will also help to minimize the risk. In the long term, through the combination of environment and IT in the domestic energy industry, the complex diplomacy including resources, hospitals, schools and education and constant charity work of civilian groups will enable us to secure resources in Africa

역사 교과서 논쟁과 뉴라이트의 역사인식

金正仁(Kim, Jeong-In) 역사교육연구회 2015 역사교육 Vol.133 No.-

In Korea, a political faction called “the New Right” surfaced in 2004. The term ‘New’ refers to Neo-Liberalism. This new spin on a conservative political agenda managed to ally the new conservatives with the ‘Old’ conservatives through an Anti-North(Anti-Communist) stance, and that kind of alliance elevated the New Right to a new formidable political voice. Their framing of the Leftists as pro-North, which the New Right prominently suggested when its supporters started a sort of history war with the progressives, was also directly from such nature of the New-Old alliance. The historical perspective of this sort, featured heavily by the New Right, has two faces: the belief that the market will regulate itself, as dictated by Neo-Liberalism, and a stark anti-North sentiment. With this new philosophical combination used as an ideological weapon in the so-called history war, the conflicts between the conservatives and the progressives have been growing sharper and harsher ever since. It is time to pull the New Right historical perspective from the political and media arena, and bring it into academic debates. Any more conflicts outside the academic realm would only aggravate conflicts throughout the society. The New Right historical perspective displays aspects similar to the one that ruled the social science circle’s contemporary historical studies (the “Modernization View”) since the liberation in 1945 and through the 1980s. For an energetic and productive debate in the future, a new and alternative historical perspective to counteract the New Right’s perspective should be developed and searched for rather quickly.

1919년 3월 1일 만세시위, 연대의 힘

金正仁(Kim Jeong-in) 역사교육연구회 2018 歷史敎育 Vol.147 No.-

In 1919, on the first day of March, people poured out to the streets and shouted “Manse!”, which was a call for the liberation of Korea from Japanese occupation. Those shout-outs were staged in total of seven cities in Korea: Seoul, Pyeong’yang, Jinnampo, Annam [of Pyeong’an Nam-do province], Seoncheon, Euiju [of Pyeong’an Buk-do province] and Weonsan [of Hamgyeong Nam-do province]. Interestingly enough, with the exception of Seoul, all of them were located in the northern part of the peninsula. Of course, the shout-outs were not contained in those areas. In the following two weeks these Manse shout-outs spreaded, and in mid-March they began to occur in the middle and southern parts of the country as well. They eventually became sort of a daily event for the Korean people. It is an important question nonetheless that demands an adequate answer regardless of how many years have passed since that fateful day. The pursuit of such answer will hopefully lead us to find a unique quality that the March 1st Movement manifested in abundance, which would be the power of solidarity. Religious solidarity between the Cheondo-gyo sect and the Christians, and the solidarity between religion and the students, all enabled the first wave of shout-outs calling for the liberation of Korea, and led people of an occupied state to the streets and alleys demanding freedom.

아프리카의 기후변화 대응역량 구축을 위한 CDM 활용 가능성

임효숙(Yim Hyo-Sook),김정인(Kim Jeong-In),김재진(Kim Jae-Jin) 한국아프리카학회 2009 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.29 No.-

In the processing of Kyoto protocol, Africa is facing several issues such as low income, lack of information for negotiation, political instability, and few professional persons in the negotiation process. However, many African people are working in the agricultural sector and has experiencing natural disaster and need to change life style to preserve the nature. Therefore, Africa is more venerable to climate change. In order to respond to these situations, Africa need green growth approaches for the protection of environment and at the same time increase economic growth. Among the options, CDM(Clean Development Mechanism) project and REDD projects show effective strategies. Future prospect of CDM is promising until 2008-2011 based on the regions. However, Africa had 30 numbers out of total 1569 number as of April 2009. In order to induce foreign investment from abroad, we canthinking about several options. Firstly, ODA (Official Development Aid) is one of emerging issues for the financial support, especially forestry area. In the after Kyoto protocol, credit from ODA should be discussed in the international negotiation. Secondly, technical transfer in africa should be more cost effective and economically effective. Namely, forestry management, water resource conservation, renewable energy areas will be based on these ides. Thirdly, education is very important factor to respond to climate change. Lastly, beneficiary pays principles (BPP) could be applied in Africa for the protection of forestry since forestry resources are good source of sinking asa public good, for the GHGs. Therefore, the other developed countries need to pay direct subsidy for them for the sake of safe Earth.