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The DM and the Ossi Consumer: Price Indexes during Transition
( Irwin L Collier ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2012 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.27 No.2
Family budget data for East and West Germany over the past decade are analyzed in the light of the convergence of relative price structures and the elimination of quantity constraints in the East during the process of eastern economic reconstruction. Exact cost-of-living indexes for generalized Cobb-Douglas preferences are calculated for the missing (index) link between the end of the old German Democratic Republic and the beginning of German economic unification. Exact deflators are provided for the period 1989 through 1998 for low to high income family budgets.
Chemical processing of water-soluble species and formation of secondary organic aerosol in fogs
Kim, Hwajin,Collier, Sonya,Ge, Xinlei,Xu, Jianzhong,Sun, Yele,Jiang, Wenqing,Wang, Youliang,Herckes, Pierre,Zhang, Qi Elsevier 2019 Atmospheric environment Vol.200 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A field study on fog chemistry and aqueous-phase processing of aerosol particles was conducted in Fresno, California's San Joaquin Valley (SJV) during wintertime. Fog droplets were collected while interstitial submicron aerosol was characterized in real time using a High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-AMS). The fog samples were later analyzed using HR-AMS, ion chromatography (IC), and total organic carbon analyzer (TOC). Compared to interstitial aerosol, dissolved solutes in fog waters were composed of higher fractions of ammonium, nitrate, sulfate, methanesulfonic acid, and oxygenated organic compounds, likely due to aqueous formation of secondary species as well as enhanced gas-to-particle partitioning of water-soluble gases under humid conditions. The low-volatility dissolved organic matter in fog water (F-OA) was moderately oxidized with an average oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio of 0.42. The chemical composition of F-OA appeared to be overall similar to that of oxygenated organic component in interstitial aerosol (OOA) and the HR-AMS mass spectra of F-OA and OOA are highly similar (r<SUP>2</SUP> > 0.95). However, there are also significant chemical differences as F-OA appeared to contain a larger fraction of carboxylic functional groups than OOA, indicating enhanced organic acid formation through aqueous-phase reactions. In addition, F-OA was composed of substantially more nitrogen-containing compounds, with an average N/C ratio ∼4 times that of OOA. Most strikingly was that the F-OA spectra showed substantial enhancements of the C<SUB>x</SUB>H<SUB>y</SUB>N<SUB>2</SUB> <SUP>+</SUP> (x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0) ions, which were likely contributed by imidazole- and/or pyrazine-based compounds formed from the aqueous reactions of aldehydes with amino compounds. The results of this study demonstrated that aqueous reactions in atmospheric droplets can significantly modify aerosol composition and contribute to the formation of oxygenated and nitrogen-containing organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol particles. This finding is important for understanding aerosol's effects on human health, air quality, and climate.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> HR-AMS study of fog processing of PM1 in San Joaquin Valley of CA during winter. </LI> <LI> Fog waters are enriched of secondary inorganic and organic aerosol species. </LI> <LI> Organic residuals in fog waters (FOM) is moderately oxidized (average O/C = 0.42). </LI> <LI> FOM has more abundant carboxylic acid and organic nitrogen compounds than OOA. </LI> <LI> This is evidence for forming imidazole- or pyrazine-based compounds in fog waters. </LI> </UL> </P>
Seasonal prevalence of mosquitoes collected from light traps in the Republic of Korea, 2005
김흥철,정승태,Brett W. COLLIER,Terry A. KLEIN 한국곤충학회 2009 Entomological Research Vol.39 No.1
Adult mosquito surveillance was conducted during 2005 at 22 US military installations and two training sites located in six provinces in the Republic of Korea. Adult mosquitoes were collected in New Jersey light traps from 1 May to 15 October to determine threshold levels to initiate pesticide applications based on trap indices. A total of 27 363 adult mosquitoes (22 368 [81.7%] females and 4995[18.3%] males) comprising 15 species (including five members of the Anopheles sinensis group) belonging to seven genera were collected. The most common species collected were members of the Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann group (50.2%), followed by Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (30.6%), Aedes vexans nipponii (Theobald) (11.8%), and Culex pipiens Coquillett (6.3%) females. Trap indices varied widely for species over their range, due in part to geographical distribution and degree of association with urban or rural communities.
김흥철,정승태,Brett W. COLLIER,이희춘,Terry A. KLEIN 한국곤충학회 2007 Entomological Research Vol.37 No.3
Adult mosquito surveillance was conducted during 2004 at 29 US military installations and training sites located in six provinces in the Republic of Korea. Adult mosquitoes were collected in New Jersey light traps and Magnet traps from 1 May through 15 October to determine threshold levels to initiate pesticideapplications and to identify malaria infection rates at selected army installations and training sites. A total of 89 206 adults (78 454 [87.9%] females and 10 752 [12.1%] males) comprising 20 species (including five members of the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group) and belonging to seven genera were collected. The most common species collected were members of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (49.4%) and Anopheles sinensisWiedemann complex (39.1%), followed by Culex pipiens Coquillett (6.1%) and Aedes vexans nipponii (Theobald) (4.2%). Trap indices varied widely for species over their range, due in part to geographical distribution and degree of association with urban communities.
김흥철,Terry A. KLEIN,이원자,Brett W. COLLIER,정승태,William J. SAMES,이인용,이영재,이동규 한국곤충학회 2007 Entomological Research Vol.37 No.1
In 2005, adult and larval mosquito surveillance was conducted at selected sites in Korea to associate larval habitats with species distribution of mosquitoes of the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group (An. sinensis, An. lesteri, An. pullus, An. belenrae and An. kleini) and other mosquito species. Anopheles specimens belonging to the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group were identified to species level by molecular confirmation using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-2 within nuclear ribosomal (r)DNA. A total of 6644 mosquitoes from resting and light trap collections (4451; 67.0%) and larval collections (2193; 33.0%) comprising 32 species and nine genera (Culex [11], Anopheles [8], Ochlerotatus [5], Aedes [3], Armigeres [1], Coquillettidia [1], Mansonia [1], Tripteroides [1] and Lutzia [1]) were collected. Larval habitats were characterized into 14 categories. Of a total of 4534 Anopheles spp. collected (3766 resting and light trap collections and 768 larval collections), Anopheles sinensis (3194; 70.4%) was the most frequently captured, followed by An. kleini (813; 17.9%), An. pullus (299; 6.6%) and An. belenrae (129; 2.8%). Fourspecies of Anopheles (An. lesteri, An. sineroides, An. koreicus and An. lindesayi) were infrequently collected (<3.0%) at all sites surveyed by all methods of collection. Anopheles kleini, An. pullus and An. belenrae were collected in greater proportions in malaria high-risk areas north of Seoul, and were infrequently collected in other parts of Korea, where An. sinensis was the predominant Anopheles spp. captured. A total of 2110 culicine mosquitoes (685 adult collections and 1425 larval collections) comprising 24 species and eight genera were collected.