Flaviviruses Induce Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines from Murine Dendritic Cells through MyD88-dependent Pathway

Aleyas, Abi G.,George, Junu A.,Han, Young-Woo,Kim, Hye-Kyung,Kim, Seon-Ju,Yoon, Hyun-A,Eo, Seong-Kug The Korean Association of Immunobiologists 2007 Immune Network Vol.7 No.2

Background: The genus Flavivirus consists of many emerging arboviruses, including Dengue virus (DV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV). Effective preventive vaccines remain elusive for these diseases. Mice are being increasingly used as the animal model for vaccine studies. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of these viruses are not clearly understood. Here, we investigated the interaction of DV and JEV with murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC). Methods: ELISA and FACS analysis were employed to investigate cytokine production and phenotypic changes of DCs obtained from bone marrow following flavivirus infection. Results: We observed that these viruses altered the cytokine profile and phenotypic markers. Although both viruses belong to the same family, JEV-infected bmDC produced anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) along with pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas DV infection induced production of large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$) and no IL-10 from murine bmDCs. Both flaviviruses also up-regulated the expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD40, CD80 and CD86. JEV infection led to down-regulation of MHC II expression on infected bmDCs. We also found that cytokine production induced by JEV and DV is MyD88-dependent. This dependence was complete for DV, as cytokine production was completely abolished in the absence of MyD88. With regard to JEV, the absence of MyD88 led to a partial reduction in cytokine levels. Conclusion: Here, we demonstrate that MyD88 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of flaviviruses. Our study provides insight into the pathogenesis of JEV and DV in the murine model.

Multifront Assault on Antigen Presentation by Japanese Encephalitis Virus Subverts CD8⁺ T Cell Responses

Aleyas, A.G.,Han, Y.W.,George, J.A.,Kim, B.,Kim, K.,Lee, C.-K.,Eo, S.K. American Association of Immunologists 2010 JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY Vol.185 No.3

Prevention and Control of Antimicrobial Resistance and Zoonoses : Toll-Like receptor-dependent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from dendritic cells infected with flaviviruses

( Abi G. Aleyas ),( Junu A. George ),( Young Woo Han ),( Sun Joo Kim ),( Hye Keong Kim ),( Hyun A Yoon ),( Seong Kug Eo ) 대한인수공통전염병학회 2007 창립총회 및 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2007 No.1

Flaviviruses induce pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines from murine dendritic cells through MyD88-dependent pathway

Abi G. Aleyas,Junu A. George,한영우,김혜경,김선주,윤현아,어성국 대한면역학회 2007 Immune Network Vol.7 No.2

Epitope발현 DNA vaccine과 recombinant vaccinia virus를 이용한 heterologous prime-boost vaccination에 의하여 유도되는 CD8+ T 세포 매개성 면역

박성옥,윤현아,Abi George Aleyas,이존화,채준석,어성국 대한면역학회 2005 Immune Network Vol.5 No.2

Background: DNA vaccination represents an anticipated approach for the control of numerous infectious diseases. Used alone, however, DNA vaccine is weak immunogen inferior to viral vectors. In recent, heterologous prime-boost vaccination leads DNA vaccines to practical reality. Methods: We assessed prime-boost immunization strategies with a DNA vaccine (minigene, gB498-505 DNA) and recombinant vaccinia virus (vvgB498- 505) expressing epitope gB498-505 (SSIEFARL) of CD8 T cells specific for glycoprotein B (gB) of herpes simplex virus (HSV). Animals were immunized primarily with gB498-505 epitope-expressing DNA vaccine/recombinant vaccinia virus and boosted with alternative vaccine type expressing entire Ag. Results: In prime-boost protocols using vvgBw (recombinant vaccinia virus expressing entire Ag) and vvgB498-505, CD8 T cell-mediated immunity was induced maximally at both acute and memory stages if primed with vvgBw and boosted with vvgB498-505 as evaluated by CTL activity, intracellular IFN-staining, and MHC class I tetramer staining. Similarly gB498-505 DNA prime-gBw DNA (DNA vaccine expressing entire Ag) boost immunization elicited the strongest CD8 T cell responses in protocols based on DNA vaccine. However, the level of CD8 T cell-mediated immunity induced with prime-boost vaccination using DNA vaccine expressing epitope or entire Ag was inferior to those based on vvgBw and vvgB498-505. Of particular interest CD8 T cell-mediated immunity was optimally induced when vvgB498-505 was used to prime and gB DNA was used as alternative boost. Especially CD8 T cell responses induced by such protocol was longer lasted than other protocols. Conclusion: These facts direct to search for the effective strategy to induce optimal CD8 T cell-mediated immunity against cancer and viral infection.

실험적으로 항원에 의하여 일차 자극된 CD4+ T 세포의 이차 면역 반응의 분석

박성옥,한영우,Abi G. Aleyas,Junu A. George,윤현아,어성국 대한면역학회 2006 Immune Network Vol.6 No.3

Background: Memory T lymphocytes of the immune system provide long-term protection in response to bacterial or viral infections/immunization. Ag concentration has also been postulated to be important in determining whether T cell differentiation favors effector versus memory cell development. In the present study we hypothesized that na ve Ag-specific CD4 T cells briefly stimulated with different Ag doses at the primary exposure could affect establishment of memory cell pool after secondary immunization. Methods: To assess this hypothesis, the response kinetics of DO11.10 TCR CD4 T cells primed with different Ag doses in vitro was measured after adoptive transfer to naive BALB/c mice. Results: Maximum expansion was shown in cells primarily stimulated with high doses of ovalbumin peptide (OVA323-339), whereas cells in vitro stimulated with low dose were expanded slightly after in vivo secondary exposure. However, the cells primed with low OVA323-339 peptide dose showed least contraction and established higher number of memory cells than other treated groups. When the cell division was analyzed after adoptive transfer, the high dose Ag-stimulated donor cells have undergone seven rounds of cell division at 3 days post-adoptive transfer. However, there was very few division in naive and low dose of peptide-treated group. Conclusion: These results suggest that primary stimulation with a low dose of Ag leads to better memory CD4 T cell generation after secondary immunization. Therefore, these facts imply that optimally primed CD4 T cells is necessary to support effective memory pool following administration of booster dose in prime-boost vaccination. (Immune Network 2006;6(2):93-101)

Genetic co‐transfer of CCR7 ligands enhances immunity and prolongs survival against virulent challenge of pseudorabies virus

Han, Young Woo,Aleyas, Abi G,George, Junu A,Kim, Seon Ju,Kim, Hye Kyung,Yoo, Dong Jin,Kang, Seong Ho,Eo, Seong Kug Nature Publishing Group 2009 Immunology and Cell Biology Vol.87 No.1

<P>The CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and cognate CCR7 ligands, CCL19 and CCL21, help establish microenvironments in lymphoid tissue that can facilitate encounters between naive T cells and mature dendritic cells (DCs). This study was conducted to determine if CCR7 ligands can augment the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine that expresses glycoprotein B (gB) of the pseudorabies virus (PrV). The genetic co‐transfer of CCR7 ligands along with a PrV DNA vaccine increased the levels of serum PrV‐specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G by 2‐ to 2.5‐fold. In addition, the level of PrV‐specific IgG2a isotype was significantly enhanced by co‐injection of CCR7 ligand DNA, which indicates that CCR7 ligand biases the humoral immunity toward the Th1‐type pattern. The co‐injection of CCR7 ligand DNA consistently enhanced the level of Th1‐type cytokines (IL‐2 and IFN‐γ) produced by stimulated immune cells when compared with a group that was vaccinated with the PrV DNA vaccine. Also, the genetic co‐transfer of CCR7 ligand DNAs with PrV DNA vaccine provided prolonged survival against a virulent challenge by PrV. Moreover, the co‐administration of CCR7 ligand DNA increased the number of mature DCs into the secondary lymphoid tissues, which appeared to enhance the proliferation of PrV‐immune CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that CCR7 ligands are an attractive adjuvant for a PrV DNA vaccine that can offer protective immunity against the PrV.</P>

Polarization of protective immunity induced by replication-incompetent adenovirus expressing glycoproteins of pseudorabies virus

한영우,Abi G. Aleyas,Junu A. George,Seon Ju Kim,Hye Kyung Kim,Hyun A Yoon,강성호,Koanhoi Kim,Seong Kug Eo,유동진 생화학분자생물학회 2008 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.40 No.6

Replication-incompetent adenoviruses expressing three major glycoproteins (gB, gC, and gD) of pseudorabies virus (PrV) were constructed and used to examine the ability of these glycoproteins to induce protective immunity against a lethal challenge. Among three constructs, recombinant adenovirus expressing gB (rAd-gB) was found to induce the most potent immunity biased to Th1-type, as determined by the IgG isotype ratio and the profile of the Th1/Th2 cytokine production. Conversely, the gC-expressing adenovirus (rAd-gC) revealed Th2-type immunity and the gD-expressing adenovirus (rAd-gD) induced lower levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 production than other constructs, except IL-2 production. Mucosal delivery of rAd-gB induced mucosal IgA and serum IgG responses and biased toward Th2-type immune responses. However, these effects were not observed in response to systemic delivery of rAd-gB. In addition, rAd-gB appeared to induce effective protective immunity against a virulent viral infection, regardless of whether it was administered via the muscular or systemic route. These results suggest that administration of replication-incompetent adenoviruses can induce different types of immunity depending on the expressed antigen and that recombinant adenoviruses expressing gB induced the most potent Th1-biased humoral and cellular immunity and provided effective protection against PrV infection. Replication-incompetent adenoviruses expressing three major glycoproteins (gB, gC, and gD) of pseudorabies virus (PrV) were constructed and used to examine the ability of these glycoproteins to induce protective immunity against a lethal challenge. Among three constructs, recombinant adenovirus expressing gB (rAd-gB) was found to induce the most potent immunity biased to Th1-type, as determined by the IgG isotype ratio and the profile of the Th1/Th2 cytokine production. Conversely, the gC-expressing adenovirus (rAd-gC) revealed Th2-type immunity and the gD-expressing adenovirus (rAd-gD) induced lower levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 production than other constructs, except IL-2 production. Mucosal delivery of rAd-gB induced mucosal IgA and serum IgG responses and biased toward Th2-type immune responses. However, these effects were not observed in response to systemic delivery of rAd-gB. In addition, rAd-gB appeared to induce effective protective immunity against a virulent viral infection, regardless of whether it was administered via the muscular or systemic route. These results suggest that administration of replication-incompetent adenoviruses can induce different types of immunity depending on the expressed antigen and that recombinant adenoviruses expressing gB induced the most potent Th1-biased humoral and cellular immunity and provided effective protection against PrV infection.

Correlation between the nature of immunity induced by different immunogens and the establishment of latent infection by wild-type pseudorabies virus

A Yoon, Hyun,Aleyas, Abi G.,George, Junu A.,Park, Seong Ok,Han, Young Woo,Hyun, Bang Hun,Lee, John Hwa,Song, Hee Jong,Cho, Jeong Gon,Eo, Seong Kug British Veterinary Association [etc] 2007 Research in veterinary science Vol.83 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>To assess the correlation between the nature of immunity induced by different types of immunogens and the establishment of latent infection by wild-type pseudorabies virus (PrV), we used a murine model immunized with different immunogens, the PrV modified live vaccine (MLV), inactivated vaccine (IAV), and commercial oil-adjuvant subunit vaccine (OSV), via either intranasal (i.n.) or intramuscular (i.m.) route. Both MLV and IAV induced a different nature of immunity biased to Th1- and Th2-type, respectively, as judged by the ratio of PrV-specific IgG isotypes (IgG2a/IgG1) and the profile of cytokine IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ production. In contrast, the OSV induced a lower isotype IgG2a to IgG1 ratio and higher level of IL-2 production. The MLV (inducing Th1-type) provided more effective protection against a virulent wild-type PrV challenge than IAV and OSV (inducing Th2- and mixed type, respectively). In addition, the MLV impeded the establishment of a latent infection with wild-type PrV, and the decrease in the PrV latency load by immunization with the MLV appeared to be mediated by the immune T-cells. These results demonstrate the substantial role of the immune responses driven by preceding vaccination in modulating the establishment of PrV latency caused by the post-infection of a field virus.</P>

Molecular Survey of Latent Pseudorabies Virus Infection in Nervous Tissues of Slaughtered Pigs by Nested and Real-time PCR

Yoon Hyun A,Eo Seong Kug,Aleyas Abi George,Park Seong Ok,Lee John Hwa,Chae Joon Seok,Cho Jeong Gon,Song Hee Jong The Microbiological Society of Korea 2005 The journal of microbiology Vol.43 No.5

In this study, the prevalence and quantity of a latent pseudorabies virus (PrV) infection in the nervous tissues of randomly selected pigs was determined via nested and real-time PCR. The nervous tissues, including the trigeminal ganglion (TG), olfactory bulb (OB), and brain stem (BS), were collected from the heads of 40 randomly selected pigs. The majority of the nervous tissues from the selected pigs evidenced a positively amplified band on nested PCR. In particular, nested PCR targeted to the PrV glycoprotein B (gB) gene yielded positive results in all of the BS samples. Nested PCR for either the gE or gG gene produced positive bands in a less number of nervous tissues ($57.5\%$ and $42.5\%$, respectively). Real-time PCR revealed that the examined tissues harbored large copy numbers of latent PrV DNA, ranging between $10^{0.1}\;and\;10^{7.2}(1-1.58{\times}10^7)$ copies per $1{\mu}g$ of genomic DNA. Real-time PCR targeted to the PrV gE gene exhibited an accumulated fluorescence of reporter dye at levels above threshold, thereby indicating a higher prevalence than was observed on the nested PCR ($100\%$ for BS, $92\%$ for OB, and $85\%$ for TG). These results indicate that a large number of farm-grown pigs are latently infected with a field PrV strain with a variety of copy numbers. This result is similar to what was found in association with the human herpes virus.