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Which Type of Trust Matters?: Interpersonal vs. Institutional vs. Political Trust
황인도 한국은행 2023 經濟分析 Vol.29 No.2
Although an increasing number of studies demonstrate the importance of trust in economic growth, most of them only focus on interpersonal trust. This paper considers various types of trust including interpersonal trust (i.e., trust in most people), institutional trust (e.g., trust in the fair administration of justice, or trust in the protection of property rights), and political trust (e.g., trust in government or political parties), and investigates their impacts on growth. Using novel cross-country survey data, this paper finds that institutional trust is most robustly related to the economic growth in a cross-section of 46 countries. This paper also shows that there is a causal relationship between institutional trust and growth using panel data from those 46 countries. Hence, in contrast with the previous trust literature which focuses on trust in “people” as a “time-invariant cultural feature,” this paper stresses trust in the “social system” as an “institutions-dependent feature.”
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송현근,허인도,박현진,남주형,박가빈,공경혜,황영미,김영석,조대호,이왕재,허대영 대한면역학회 2009 Immune Network Vol.9 No.6
Background: Melanoma is the most fatal form of skin cancer due to its rapid metastasis. Recently, several studies reported that selenium can induce apoptosis in melanoma cells. However, the precise mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of selenium on cell proliferation in murine melanoma and on tumor growth and metastasis in C57BL/6 mice. Methods: Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay in selenium-treated melanoma cells. Cell cycle distribution was analysized by staining DNA with propidum iodide (PI). mRNA and protein expression related to cell cycle arrest was measured by reverse transcription PCR and western blot. Tumor growth and metastasis was measured by in vivo model. Results: Selenium was suppressed the proliferation of melanoma cells in a dose dependent manner. The growth inhibition of melanoma by selenium was associated with an arrest of cell cycle distribution at G0/G1 stage. The mRNA and protein level of CDK2/ CDK4 was suppressed by treatment with selenium in a time-dependent manner. In vivo, tumor growth was not suppressed by selenium; however tumor metastasis was suppressed by selenium in mouse model. Conclusion: These results suggest that selenium might be a potent agent to inhibit proliferative activity of melanoma cells.
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중앙은행 디지털화폐(CBDC) 발행이 통화정책 파급경로에 미치는 영향: DSGE 모형을 통한 분석
조성훈,황인도 한국은행 2022 經濟分析 Vol.28 No.4
This study introduces a central bank digital currency (CBDC) – both interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing – into a standard New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model à la Smets and Wouters (2007), and analyzes the effects of a CBDC on the transmission channel of monetary policy. In contrast to New Monetarist approaches, a DSGE-based model enables us to examine the qualitative and quantitative implications of monetary policy in the short run, as well as in the long run. The CBDC, defined as an imperfect substitute for cash and demand deposits, affects the optimal decision of households and private banks through the interest rate channel, as well as the credit channel. In line with the existing literature, a non-interest-bearing CBDC may partially replace demand deposits and lead to an increase in bank financing costs and loan interest rates. This, in turn, induces asymmetric effects on the deposit and loan rates and may reduce the loan amount, thus investment. These asymmetric – and thereby real – effects are found to be larger the more competitive the bank industry is. Our calibration analysis using Korean data, however, reveals that the quantitative effects on the investment and output are found to be very small, even in the case of monopoly in the bank industry both in the long run and in the short run. Meanwhile, the analysis shows that the effects of the policy rate on the economy after the introduction of a non-interest-bearing CBDC will not be much different from before its introduction. Finally, assuming that an interest-bearing CBDC is introduced, we find that the CBDC interest rate can function as an additional policy instrument independent of the main policy rate. Moreover, the interest payment on a CBDC may raise the deposit rate more than the loan rate, possibly lowering the real lending rate. Henceforth, it may actually encourage investment, leading to higher output. Nevertheless, we find that the quantitative effects are still quite small relative to the findings documented in the literature. 본 연구는 일반적인 형태의 뉴케인지언 DSGE 모형에 중앙은행 디지털화폐(central bank digital currency: CBDC)를 도입한 표준 모형을 제시하고, 이를 기반으로 CBDC 도입이 통화정책의 파급경로와 경제의 장단기 균형에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 모형 구축에 있어 기존의 연구가 주로 이론적 접근법을 취한 데 반해 본 연구는 정책효과 분석에 널리 활용되고 있는 Smets and Wouters (2007) 형식의 뉴케인지언 모형에 민간은행 부문과 CBDC를 명시적으로 도입한 표준 모형을 제시하였다. 본 모형에서 CBDC는 현금과 요구불예금을 대체할 수 있는 불완전 대체재로 정의된다. 모형의 특징은 CBDC가 도입되었을 때 은행의 여수신 금리 설정 행태가 은행산업의 경쟁도에 따라 상이할 가능성을 고려하였다는 점과 가계의 최적 소비·화폐·저축성예금 선택이 어떻게 변화할지에 초점을 두고 설계하였다는 점이다. 아울러 대다수의 중앙은행들이 추진 중인 이자지급이 없는 CBDC 도입 자체의 효과도 함께 분석한 점도 차별점이다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 기존 문헌은 CBDC가 도입될 경우 은행의 저비용 대출재원인 요구불예금을 일부 대체하여 은행의 자금조달비용 및 대출금리 상승으로 이어질 수 있다고 보고하고 있다. 이와 관련하여 우리나라 데이터를 모형에 적용하여 이자지급이 없는 CBDC 도입의 영향을 분석한 결과에 따르면, 기존 문헌의 예측대로 대출금리가 상승하지만 소폭 상승하는데 그침에 따라 투자와 생산에 미치는 영향은 정량적으로 크지 않을 것으로 분석되었다. 여기서 대출금리 상승과 생산의 위축 정도는 은행산업이 완전경쟁에 가까울수록 크며 독점에 가까울수록 작게 나타남을 확인하였다. 한편 CBDC가 도입되더라도 기준금리 조정이 경제에 미치는 효과는 도입 이전과 큰 차이가 없을 것으로 분석되었다. 끝으로 CBDC에 이자를 지급하는 경우를 가정한 분석에서는 CBDC 금리의 조정은 기준금리와는 다르게 예대금리에 비대칭적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 독립적인 추가 정책수단으로 기능할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.
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