대학생의 흡연 유형 및 흡연과 심리사회적 요인의 관계에 관한 연구

김상훈,조용래,표경식,Kim, Sang-Hoon,Cho, Yong-Rae,Pyo, Kyung-Sik 한국정신신체의학회 1996 정신신체의학 Vol.4 No.2

For the purpose of examining the relationship between smoking, perceived stress and vulnerability factors, and furthermore suggesting interventions to reduce excessive smoking and prevent nicotine dependency effectively, the questionnaires of perceived stress(stressful experiences), ways of stress coping(passive and active copings), smoking motives, social influence, age, amounts of smoking, and nicotine dependency were administered to smokers among medical students in Chosun university(n=186). 1) As a result of classifying smokers by the types of smoking, the most was a type of smokers to reduce negative emotions and the next in order were addictive smokers, smoker for stimulation, smoker for pleasure, etc. 2) The effects of motive, age, and active coping style were significant, but the effects of perceived stress, passive coping style, and social influence were not significant in average amount of daily smoking. 3) The effects of motive, social influence, and age were significant, but the effects of perceived stress, passive and active coping styles were not significant in the degree of nicotine dependency. To summarize, it is concluded that there were a lot of people who smoke to solve negative emotions, but the direct effects of perceived stress and passive coping style on both average amounts of daily smoking and the degree of nicotine dependency were not significant. On the other hand, motive, age, active coping style, and social influence were proved to be more important variables than the others in explaining college students' smoking.

두부외상 후 장애평가 환자들의 임상적 특징 -뇌영상검사 이상유무에 따른 비교-

하강수,김상훈,김학렬,박상학,표경식,조용래,Ha, Kang-Su,Kim, Sang-Hoon,Kim, Hack-Ryul,Park, Sang-Hag,Pyo, Kyung-Sik,Cho, Yong-Rae 한국정신신체의학회 2001 정신신체의학 Vol.9 No.1

연구목적 : 두부외상 후 장애평가를 받기 위해 정신과에 입원했던 환자들의 뇌 영상검사 이상유무에 따른 인구 통계학적 특성, 정신의학적 증상, 두부외상형태, 임상 심리학적 특성 등을 비교하고자 하였다. 방법 : 1994년 1 월부터 1998년 12월까지 두부외상 후 장애 평가 목적으로 조선대학교병원 정선과에 입원한 환자 중 뇌 영상검사를 실시한 59명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 병록기록지와 장애 평가서를 근거로 하여 뇌 영상검사 이상소견이 있는 27명의 환자군과 이상소견이 없는 32명의 환자군 사이의 임상적 특정을 비교 분석하였다. 결과 : 뇌 영상검사에 이상소견이 있는 환자군(병변군)은 이상소견이 없는 환자군에 비해 나이가 더 많았으며, 학력은 더 낮았다. 정신의학적 증상측면에서, 병변군은 수상 후 정신증 발생빈도가 유의하게 높았으며 식욕 감퇴, 허무사고, 기억력 감퇴소견이 더 많았다. 그러나 환청의 빈도는 오히려 더 적었다. 두부외상형태에서 병변군은 수상시 뇌출혈, 뇌수술빈도가 유의하게 더 높게 나타났다. 임상심리학적 검사에서 병변군은 BGT상 이상소견이 유의하게 더 많았고, 지능검사에서는 공통성문제와 토막짜기에서 더 낮은 점수를 받았으며, MMPI 검사에서는 F척도, 건강염려증척도, 우울증척도 히스테리척도, 반사회성척도, 정신쇠약증척도, 정신분열증척도등에서 유의하게 더 낮았다. 결론 : 수상시 뇌출혈이 있고 뇌수술을 받았던 환자에서 뇌 영상검사 이상소견의 빈도가 많았고, 인지증상과 정서증상을 더 많이 호소하였다. 뇌 영상검사 이상소견이 있는 환자군은 추상적 개념형성과 지각적 조직화능력이 떨어지고, MMPI 하위척도들에서 전반적으로 더 낮은 점수를 받았다. Objectives : This study was undertaken to identify the clinical and psychological characteristics in patients of mental disability assessment following traumatic brain injury who had the finding with or without abnormal brain imaging study. Methods : A consecutive series of 59 patients were assessed in hospital from January 1994 to December 1998. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on normal or abnormal brain imaging and the two groups were compared in demographic characteristics, psychiatric symptoms, type of head injury, clinical psychological findings. There were 27 patients with abnormal findings and 32 with normal findings in brain imaging study. Results : Abnormal finding group in brain imaging study had significantly higher incidence of psychosis, decreased memory, decreased appetite, increased nihilistic idea, and intracranial hemorrhage. Also, abnormal finding group showed significantly lower level of performance on the block design subtest of K-WAIS and had significantly lower scores on F, hypochodriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, psychasthenia and schizophrenia subscale of the MMPI. Conclusion : The findings suggest that the patients undergone brain surgery due to intracranial hemorrage at that time of brain injury may have higher frequency of abnormal findings in brain imaging study, complain more cognitive and affective symptoms, and have lower the abstract concept formation and perceptual organization abilities.

호흡음주측정에서 Alco-Sensor Ⅳ와 Lion Alcolmeter SD-400P의 비교

윤보현(Bo-Hyun Yoon),정명섭(Myung-Sub Jung),표경식(Kyung-Sik Pyo),임채식(Chae-Sig Lim),이병회(Byung-Hoi Lee),박용현(Yong-Hyun Park) 한국중독정신의학회 1999 중독정신의학 Vol.3 No.1

Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate the interreliabilities and reproducibilities of two breathanalyzers which commonly used in clinical settings, research fields, and legal purposes including roadside testing. Methods:Thirty-four healthy male volunteers were examined through 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes after 20 minutes’ intake of one of the two doses of alcohol (0.5 and 0.75 g/kg of body weight) on separate occasions. Two kinds of breathanalyzers [Alco- Sensor Ⅳ (Intoximeters, Inc., USA;Alco-Sensor) and Lion Alcolmeter SD-400P (Lion Laboratories plc, UK;SD-400P)] were used to measure the breath alcohol concentrations (BrAC). Duplicate breath samples at each time point were used to determine the repeatabilities of the breathanalyzers. Results:Mean values of two breathanalyzers at each time point were not statistically different. Although there were not significant, the values obtained from SD-400P were tended to slightly higher than those of Alco-Sensor. Inter-reliabilities of Alco-Sensor and SD-400P at 0.5 and 0.75 g/kg of body weight were very high[r=0.972 (p〈.001);r= 0.938 (p〈.001), respectively]. Test-retest reliabilities of Alco-Sensor and SD- 400P were also very high[r=0.976 (p〈.001); r=0.984 (p〈.001), respectively]. Conclusion:The two breathanalyzers can be used as highly reliable instruments in all kinds of fields including roadside testing. Although further studies concerning the accuracy and precision of the breath-alcohol measurements in Koreans should be done, it suggests that these instruments may be easily and safely used as evidential breath testing.

정신과 외래 신환자들의 치료적 중단

김학렬(Hack-Ryul Kim),이무형(Mu-Hyung Lee),박상학(Sang-Hag Park),김상훈(Sang-Hoon Kim),표경식(Kyung-Sik Pyo),조용래(Yong-Rae Cho) 대한사회정신의학회 2001 사회정신의학 Vol.6 No.2

목적: 정신과 외래 신환자들의 순응도에 영향을 미치는 사회인구학적 및 임상적 특성을 조사하고자 한다. 방 법: 정신과 외래 방문 신환자 580명을 대상으로 진료기록부를 조사하여 계속치료군과 거역중단군으로 분류한 후 양군간의 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있는 사회인구학적 및 임상적 요인을 찾아낸다. 결 과: 1) 사회인구학적요인에서는 성별, 2) 임상적 요인에서는 진단, 치료형태, 계절이 양군간에 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 결 론: 정신과 외래 신환자 진료시 순응도를 높이기 위하여 환자의 성별, 진단, 치료형태, 계절에 관심과 주의를 요한다. Objectives:This study aimed to investigate socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of psychiatric new outpatients to improve compliance. Methods:After grouping of follow-up and drop-out patients through chart review with 580 new outpatients visiting department of psychiatry of Chosun university hospital from Jan 1 to Dec 31, 1999, statistically significant difference in the both group was investigated about socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Results:There were significant difference in factors of sex, diagnosis, objective of visiting and season between the both group. Conclusion:Psychiatrists should pay attention and interest to sex, diagnosis, objective of visiting and season during examination of new outpatients to improve compliance.

응급실 내원 자살기도자들의 사회인구학적 특성

최동철(Dong Cheol Choi),김학렬(Hark Ryul Kim),김춘호(Chun Ho Kim),박상호(Sang Hag Park),김상훈(Sang Hoon Kim),조용래(Yong Rae Cho),표경식(Kyung Sik Pyo) 한국정신병리진단분류학회 2000 精神病理學 Vol.9 No.1

N/A N/A

도시지역 초등학생에서 주의력결핍 과잉운동장애의 유병율

표경식,박상학,김상훈,조용래,김학렬,문경래 조선대학교 2001 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.26 No.2

Background and Objectives : To study the prevalence of ADHD in urban elementary school children using the Korean version of the disruptive behavior disorders parent rating scale. Materials and methods : 6,372 students from seven urban elementary schools were targeted using the parent rating scale. Results : (1)The total ADHD prevalence was 6.1%. It can be broken down as follows: 4.1% was the Inattentive type, 1.0% was the Hyperactive-impulsive type and 1.1% was the Combined type. 8.3% occurred in male students and 3.9% occurred in female students. The prevalence in boys was significantly higher. (2) The prevalence of Conduct Disorder(CD) was 0.3%: 0.2% for male students and 0.3% for female students. There was no significant difference between girls and boys. (3) The prevalence of Oppositional Defiant Disorder(ODD) was 4.4%: 5.0% for boys and 3.9% for girls. The value for boys was significantly higher. (4) A statistically significant difference between grades was found with ADHD, but no significant difference between grades was found with CD and ODD. (5) In the results of the comorbidity research, ADHD accompanied by CD was 2.3%. ADHD accompanied by ODD was 25.5%. ADHD accompanied by both CD and ODD was 4.1%. (6) Mild forms of ADHD, CD and ODD were found four times more often than that observed in typical cases. Conclusion : Prevalence of ADHD in urban elementary schools is high and CD or ODD is accompanied more frequently. In the future, the school mental health project should be focused mainly on ADHD. From the beginning of urban elementary schools, ADHD should be screened for. Intervention is required depending on whether or not there are accompanying diseases.

한국에서 한 일간지 신문기사 검색을 통한 IMF 전과 후의 자살 양상 비교

박상학,김경환,김학렬,김상훈,표경식,조용래 조선대학교 부설 의학연구소 2000 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.25 No.1

Objectives : Under an IMF bailout program, our country's financial situation forced people to change many things suddenly. Therefore, this study was attempted to search the aspects of changes of suicide attempts in order to find out how the financial crisis affects people's suicide attempts, the extreme repertoire for psychological change Method : November 21, 1997, the day issued the application of IMF bailout program, is the basic date for comparing the changes, on a certain newspaper(Dong-A daily newspaper). The condition was divided into two, namely before and after the basic date, and the characteristics of suicide were compared between two conditions. Results : The news of suicide increased more after than before the application of IMF situation. (before:105, after:158) Specially, for 30-50 years old, active age in community, the rate of suicide attempts reached twice than that of the others. After the IMF situation, the prominent reason of suicide was the financial crisis. For the type of suicide, the family suicide was remarkably increased after the IMF situation. Conclusion : The frequency of the news of suicide was higher after than before IMF bailout program. The major reason of suicide was the financial crisis. Considering that the social and economic crisis affects people's view of death, psychosocial interventions are necessary for their mental health.

정신과 문제로 병사용 진단서를 발급받은 환자들의 임상적 특징

장혁진,김학렬,박상학,김상훈,조용래,표경식 조선대학교 2001 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.26 No.2

Background and Objectives : Most Korean young men should take a military physical examination. This study attempted to search the social, economical and psychological features of Korean youths who have psychiatric problems in taking the military physical examination. So this study was intended to help decide whether the youths enter the military service or not. Materials and Methods : This study analyzed diagnostic features that were grouped by 7 categories (antisocial and borderline personality disorder group, the other personality disorders group, psychosis group, organic mental disorder group, neurosis group, pervasive developmental disorders group, the other groups). The study was conducted from 1994 to May 1999 at Chosun University hospital with about 143 patients who were issued the psychiatric certificate for military affairs. Results : According to the results of the psychiatric examination, the antisocial and borderline personality disorder group had increased more year by year than the other groups. Classified by the residential distribution, the residents of agricultural areas belonged to the psychosis group more than others. Classified by the job distribution, the antisocial and borderline personality disorder group had more gangsters than the other groups. Also the pervasive developmental disorders group included those Who were without an occupation. Classified by visiting companion, those who were included in the antisocial and borderline personality disorder group and pervasive developmental disorders group used to come alone as compared with the other groups. In the case of those who have experienced psychiatric treatment in the past and who have been treated psychiatrically after being given the psychiatric certificate, the psychosis group comprised more than 50% statistically. In the case of the existence of a tattoo and self-injured scars, the antisocial and borderline personality disorder group has more than the others statistically. According to psychological examination, by measure of validity scale of MMPI, the antisocial and borderline personality disorder group appeared as the inverted V shape that L, K value was low and F value was high. And the antisocial and borderline personality disorder group measured by the Pd, Pa measure. Pd, Pa measure value got higher points than the organic mental disorder group statistically. Conclusion : The number of the antisocial and borderline personality disorder patients’ visits increased at the psychiatric hospital year by year and there were many gangsters or persons without regular occupation in that kind of patients’group. And there were many visitors who came by themselves to the hospital. Also they tended to have a tattoo or self-injured scars. And most of patients didn’t do commuting psychiatric care after receiving the psychiatric certificate. In the aspect of the psychological examination, they were likely to exaggerate their symptoms or disguise having psychiatric trouble intentionally.

성취관련 자기 불일치와 평가위험 스트레스가 수행불안에 미치는 효과

표경식,조용래,이무석,김학렬,박상학,김상훈 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.6

목적: . 취약성 -스트레스 모델에 입각하여 과제수행중의 불안수준(정서적. 인지적 및 행동적 측정치)이 성취관련 자기 불일치(=심리적 취약성 변인)와 평가위협 스트레스(=스트레스 유발인)의 상호작용에 의해 영향을 받는 지를 알아보고자 하였다 이를 토대로, 수행불안의 발생기전을 밝히며. 더 나아가서는 수행 불안을 효과적으로 감소시키고 적절하게 예방하기 위한 심리학적 대책을 제안하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 자기 불일치 고 집단과 저 집단에 속하는 대학생을 각각 40명씩 선발하여 각 집단별로 절반씩 평가위협조건과 중성적인 조건에 무선 할당한 후 지적 능력 과제(언어추리검사와 바꿔쓰기검사)를 실시하였다. 결 과 : 평가위협 조건에서 자기 불일치 고 집단이 저 집단에 비해 과제 수행동안의 상태불안수준이 유의하게 높았을 뿐만 아니라.자기 불일치 고 집단의 경우 중성적인 조건에 비해 평가위협 조건에서 상태 불안수준이 더 높았으며, 이러한 차이는 통계적으로 유의한 경향성을 보였다. 그 반면에,중성적 조건에서 두 집단간 차이와. 자기 불일치 저 집단에서 스트레스 수준간의 차이는 모두 유의하지 않았다. 또한 자기 불일치 고 집단이 저 집단에 비해 스트레스 수준에 상관없이 과제를 수행하는 동안 인지적 방해를 더 많이 받았다. 자기 불일치 고 집단이 저 집단에 비해 스트레스 수준에 상관없이 바꿔쓰기검사에서 더 낮은 수행을 보이는 경향이 있었으나. 언어추리검사에서는 어떤 효과도 유의하지 않았다. 결 론: 수행불안은 성취관련 자기 불일치와 평가위협 스트레스에 의해 영향을 받으며, 이 두 가지 변인의 상호 작용에 의하여 발생할 것이라는 가설은 수행불안의 정서적 측정치에서 비교적 강하게 지지되었다. 뿐만 아니라. 이러한 가설은 수행불안의 인지적 및 행동적 측정치에서도 역시 부분적으로 지지되었다. 이러한 결과들로 보아 수행불안의 발생과정을 이해하고 이런 불안을 효과적으로 예방하거나 감소시키기 위해서는 성취관련 자기 불일치 변인과 평가위협 스트레스를 함께 고려하는 것이 중요하다고 결론 내릴 수 있다. 0bjectives The purpose of this study to examine if the levels of anxiety(emotional, cognitive, and behavioral measures) during performance are influenced by interaction of both achievement related self discrepancy( = psychological vulnerability variable) and evaluative threat stress(=stressor) based on vulnerability-stress model in order to identify the mechanism of development of performance anxiety and futhermore to suggest psychological intervention strategies to reduce and prevent it effectively. Method : High and lows self discrepancy subjects consisted of students from the upper(n=40) and lower 15%(n=40) on achievement related self discrepancy scale, respectively. They were randomly assigned to either evaluative threat condition or neutral condition, and then all subjects took intellective task(verbal reasoning test and digit symbol test). Results : The results were as fo11ows : 1) High self discrepancy subjects under evaluative threat reported significantly higher level of state anxiety during performance than low self discrepancy subjects under any condition and also experienced higher degreee of state anxiety with marginal significance than high self discrepancy subjects under neutral condition, whereas there were no significant effects on the anxiety level of group variable under neutral condition or of stress variable in low self discrepancy subjects. 2) High self discrepancy subjects reported more cognitive interference during performance than low self discrepancy subjects regardless of the level of stress. 3) High self discrepancy subjects performed marginally significantly more poorly in digit symbol test than low self discrepancy subjects regardless of the level of stress, whereas there were no significant effects on verbal reasoning test. Conclusion : The hypothesis that performance anxiety could be affected by achievement related self discrepancy and stress, and specially by interaction between self discrepancy and stress was relatively strongly supported by the results on emotional measure of performance anxiety. In addition, this hypothesis received partial support by the results on cognitive and behavioral measures. We might conclude that it is important to consider achievement-related self discrepancy and evaluative threat stress together to understand the mechanism of development of performance anxity and to reduce or prevent this anxiety effectively.

일부 초등학생의 스트레스와 건강문제에 관한 연구

박미양,표경식,류소연 조선대학교 부설 의학연구소 2002 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.27 No.2

Backgrounds and Objectives: This study was performed to identify factors that affect stress and health problem and to examine the relationship between stress and health problem in some primary school children. Methods: Four hundred forty five students from four schools in Gwangju were selected and surveyed using a questionnaire pertaining to their general characteristics, stress and health problem from October 5th through 20th, 2001. The data were analysed using t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. Results: 1. Mean of stress was 81.93 (range: 40~176), and children had the most stress when their parents urged them to study frequently. Of 6 domains of stress, parent and academic achievement were the highest domain of stress. 2. Mean of health problem was 47.18 (range: 30 ~ 112), and lots of children complained of various health problems such as headache, nervousness, anxiety and insomnia, etc. 3. School year, grades, health perception, concern for health, economic status of their family, parent's educational level, family atmosphere and living with parents were statistically significant associated factors with children's stress. 4. Gender, school year, grades, religion, health perception, concern for health, economic status of children's family, parent's educational level, family atmosphere and living with parents were statistically significant associated factors with children's health problem. 5. Pearson's correlation coefficient of stress and health was 0.570, which showed statistically significant positive correlation between them. 6. As a result of the multiple regression analysis, it showed that stress significantly affected health problem. In addition to stress, gender and health perception was associated with health problem. Conclusion: Children's stress has a significant influence on their health and the more stress they feel, the more health problems. Families, communities and societies including schools should be interested in children's stress and develop a program to prevent health problems due to their stress.