균일성과 분산성이 향산된 BaTiO₃ 나노입자의 수열합성

조호연,박병남,Cho, Hoyeon,Park, Byoungnam 한국결정성장학회 2020 韓國結晶成長學會誌 Vol.30 No.3

본 연구는 BaTiO₃ 나노입자의 용액 공정의 분산성을 확보하기 위해 합성 시간과 온도 증가를 통한 입자들의 핵생성 속도 및 확산 속도를 동시에 증가시켜 수열합성을 진행하였다. 상대적으로 연구가 부족했던 20 nm 이하 균일한 크기의 BaTiO₃ 나노입자를 oleic acid 리간드를 매개로 180℃, 30시간의 조건에서 추가 공정 없이 합성하였다. 수열합성을 저온에서 짧은 시간 동안 진행하였을 시 입자의 응집과 크기의 불균일함을 확인하였으며, 고온에서 장시간 진행하였을 시 입자가 잘 분산되고 크기가 균일한 것을 확인하였다. 이는 고온에서 TiO₂ 입자의 핵 생성 속도와 Ba²⁺ 이온의 확산 거리 증가에 기인한다. 비극성 용매인 mesitylene에서 향상된 분산도를 보여준 BaTiO₃ 나노입자의 크기와 결정도 및 흡광도는 투과전자 현미경과 X-ray diffraction 및 자외/가시선 분광광도계를 통해 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과로 수열합성을 통한 BaTiO₃ 나노입자의 크기의 균일성과 분산성을 개선하고 다양한 전자소자에 응용 가능할 것이라 예상한다. In this study, we report a hydrothermal synthesis in which BaTiO₃ nanoparticles (NPs) with enhanced size uniformity and dispersibility are synthesized by increased time and temperature, increasing nucleation and diffusion rates. The formation process of an uniform size of 20 nm BaTiO₃ NPs, which has not been extensively researched, was optimized through hydrothermal synthesis at 180℃. Simultaneous increase in the nucleation rate of TiO₂ and diffusion length of Ba²⁺ ions, resulting from a higher temperature, allowed for the synthesis of BaTiO₃ NPs (20 nm) with significantly enhanced size-uniformity. The size and crystallinity of BaTiO₃ NPs which exhibit excellent dispersibility in hexane solvent were investigated using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results presented herein provide insights into improving the size uniformity and dispersibility of BaTiO₃ NPs by hydrothermal synthesis for applications to variety of electronic devices.

핵의학 투고 논문 분류 및 방향성 고찰

조호연,우영란,서강록,홍건철,Ho-Yeon, Cho,Yeong-Ran, Woo,Kang-Rok, Seo,Gun-Chul, Hong 대한핵의학기술학회 2022 핵의학 기술 Vol.26 No.2

Purpose Since 1985, the Korean society of nuclear medicine technology (KSNMT) has been engaged in academic activities related to nuclear medicine imaging. From 2017 to 2021, the papers published in the journal were classified by the specific fields to examine the trends in the research and the direction of nuclear medicine in comparison with the papers submitted to the Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine (KSNM) during the same period. Materials and Methods From 2017 to 2021, papers submitted to KSNMT and KSNM were classified and databaseization using the Excel program by submission type, examination equipment, and examination field. Through this data, the number of papers published in journals by year, the number of papers submitted by detailed fields, and key words by era were analyzed and compared. Results The papers included by journal was 57 KSNMT and 280 KSNM. The major large classification of equipment, PET, Planar and SPECT was 26.3%, 21.1%, 19.3% in the KSNMT, KSNM was 49.6%, 6.4%, and 9.3%, with 66.7% and 65.3%, respectively. the major medium classification of equipment, industrial safety, urogenital system, nervous system, and quality control accounted for 54.4% of the total papers of the total ratio in the KSNMT, while the medium classification of oncology, endocrine system, urogenital system, therapy, and nervous system accounted for 61.1% of KSNM. In the major small classification of image acquisition, improvement effect, and exposure management accounted for 70.2% in KSNMT, while the items of image acquisition, report, and improvement effect accounted for 60.7% in KSNM. The major keywords except for equipment-related keywords such as PET/CT, PET/MR, and SPECT were SUV, Planar Image, and Respiration Gating Method in KSNMT and Ga68, Thyroid, and Lymphoma in the KSNM. Conclusion When checking the last 5 years of submissions, we can see that KSNMT is mainly concerned with image acquisition using existing radiotracers, while KSNM has focused on new radiotracers such as ⁶⁸Ga, ¹⁷⁷Lu, etc., and new medical technologies of theranostic. It has been confirmed that more PET-related papers than other examination equipment will account for a greater number of papers, and it is believed that future submissions will also account for a higher proportion of PET-related papers than other equipment.

소련 초기의 기록관리제도와 그 변화

조호연,Cho, Ho-Yeon 한국기록학회 2004 기록학연구 Vol.0 No.10

This paper aims to research the historical development of the archival systems in the Soviet Union from 1917 to the 1920's. The Russian revolution was the turning point not only for the political and social changes but for the archival administration in Russia, as it provided the new Soviet regime with the chances to reorganize the archival institutions under Bolshevik rule. However, we must not forget the fact that the Russian Archival Workers' Union had taken part in the organization of the archival systems together with the Bolshevik revolutionaries. The Soviet government intended to transform the decentralized and poorly organized archival systems in the prerevolutionary years into the centralized and bureaucratized ones. In this meaning, the decree signed be V. I. Lenin on 1 June 1918 was estimated as the real basis for the Soviet archival centralization. Lenin's archival decree of 1918 encompassed the entire national documentary legacy, which was gradually extended to all types and categories of manuscripts and archival records by successive legislation. The concept of state proprietorship of all documentary records was designated "Single State Archival Fond"(Edinyi Gosudarstvennyi arkhivnyi fond), which was renamed as "Archival Fond of the Russian Federation" after the collapse of the USSR. The independent state administrative agency, that is, "Main Administration of Archival Affairs"(Glavnoe upravlenie arkhivnym delom) was charged with the management of the entire "Single State Archival Fond". While the Soviet Union reorganized its archival systems in the twenties, the archival institutions became under the severe control of the government. For example, M. N. Pokrovskii, the well-known Marxist historian and the political leader, headed the organizational work of archives in the Soviet Union, which resulted in the exclusion of the prerevolutionary specialists from the archival field in the Soviet Union. However, the discussions over the concept of "the Archival Fond" by B. I. Anfilov helped to develop the archival theories in the USSR in the twenties. In conclusion, the Soviet Union, having emphasized the centralization of the archives, developed its archival systems from the early period, which were the basis of the systematic archival institutions in Russia.

페테르부르그 역사학파의 성립과 발전

조호연 ( Ho Yeon Cho ) 한국외국어대학교 러시아연구소 2002 슬라브연구 Vol.18 No.2

대학의 본질과 인문학의 발전방향

조호연 ( Ho Yeon Cho ) 경남대학교 인문과학연구소 2014 人文論叢 Vol.35 No.-

이 논문은 대학의 역사를 개략적으로 살펴본 후, 인문학의 발전방향을 고찰한 글이다. 교육제도로서의 대학은 서양 중세에 동업조합으로 성립된 이후 지속적으로 증가되어 오다가, 19세기 초에 건립된 독일의 베를린 대학에서 연구와 교수의 일치라는 특징이 등장하였고, 19세기 후반에 이르러 대중사회가 도래하자 멀티버시티라는 다원적인 성격을 지니게 되었다. 그렇지만 대학의 역사를 각 시기별로 보더라도 대학의 중요한 본질은 자유였으며, 이 점은 오늘날에도 여전히 대학의 존재이유를 구성하고 있다고 말할 수 있다. 우리나라에서는 1990년대 중반부터 한편으로는 대학의 여러 학문 중에서도 특히 자유라는 가치를 핵심으로 하고 있는 인문학의 위기현상이 빈번히 논의되어 왔으며, 다른 한편으로는 인문학 열풍이 불기도 하였다. 인문학 위기의 근원에 대한 진단은 다양하게 제시되었으나, 그에 대한 해결책은 크게 보아 논리학적 전통에 따른 것들과 수사학적 전통에 따른 것들로 대별할 수 있다. 논리학적 전통에 따른 해결책은 주로 연구내용에 초점을 두고 있으며, 수사학적 전통에 따른 해결책은 대체로 교육내용에 주안점을 두고 있다. 그동안 이런 해결책을 실행하려는 노력도 이루어지고 있으나, 역시 현재의 위기론의 핵심은 인문학 전공자들의 사회진출 문제에 있다고 할 수 있다. 대학은 원래 성립되었을 때 교양(liberal arts)으로서의 학문적 전통을 중시했듯이, 오늘날에도 인문학은 각 대학의 교양과정과 전공과정에서 더욱 강조될 필요가 있다. 아울러 인문학과 관련된 주체들은 인문학 전공자들의 사회진출 역량을 키우기 위해 많은 노력을 기울여야 하리라고 판단된다. This essay examines the short history of universities and the essence of this high educational institution in order to propose the development direction of humanities. Throughout all the histories, the universities continued to maintain and respect the freedom from all kinds of authorities. The tradition of respect for the liberal arts has been well preserved in the humanities, which form the core in the subjects of the contemporary universities. Nowadays, the universities in Korea are faced with the restructuring, through which many universities were forced to close down or to reduce the number of their students. Even under the current situation, the humanities must not be abandoned in the universities, because they make the division between the universities and the trade schools. The restructuring of universities is bound together by the so called humanities crisis while the humanities boom took place in societies. After the humanities crisis began to be discussed, some proposed the solutions based on the tradition of logics, while others suggested the solutions following the tradition of rhetoric. In principle, it must not be denied that the suggested solutions have their own validities. Moreover, it is considered that a high level of lecture concerning the humanities should be provided, which enables students to prepare well for the entry into society.

러일전쟁의 원인과 베조브라조프 일파

조호연 ( Ho-yeon Cho ) 경남대학교 인문과학연구소 2017 人文論叢 Vol.44 No.-

러일전쟁의 발발 원인에 대한 상당수의 국내외 연구에서는 소위 베조브라조프 일파의 역할과 관련된 소위 ‘속죄양’ 이론이 비중 있게 언급되고 있다. 그에 따르자면, 러시아 궁정과 긴밀한 관련을 갖고 있던 일군의 모험주의자들이 압록강 유역에서 삼림 이권을 확보하고자 시도함으로써 일본이 전쟁을 개시하는 중요한 원인을 제공했다는 것이다. 이 논문은 베조브라조프 일파의 모험주의적인 활동이 러일전쟁의 발발과 어떤 연관성을 지니고 있는지 살펴보는 데 그 목적을 가지고 있다. 필자의 연구에 따르자면, 베조브라조프 일파에게 러일전쟁의 원인을 돌리는 데는 여러 가지 측면에서 한계가 있다. 이 점은 베조브라조프 일파가 성립되었을 때로부터 약화될 때까지의 과정을 면밀히 살펴봄으로써 확인할 수 있다. 이 일파가 등장한 시기는 1898년 초였는데 이때는 이미 러시아가 뤼순항을 강제 점령한 이후였다. 또 베조브라조프 일파에 대해 비판적인 입장을 견지하던 비테의 정치적 영향력 약화는 시기적으로 일치하지 않는다. 오랜 기간 러시아의 재무장관으로 있던 비테의 실각은 니콜라이 2세 본인의 권력의지와 연관되었다고 보는 편이 타당하다. 또한 베조브라조프 일파가 벌인 사업은 1903년 6월부터 재정적인 위기에 봉착하게 되는데, 차르 정부는 그들에게 별다른 재정 지원도 해주지 않았다. 러일전쟁 발발의 책임은 당시에 동아시아 지역에 관심을 두고 있던 열강들이 공유한다고 할 수 있는데, 그 중 러시아 측으로서는 일본의 전쟁의지를 정확하게 평가하지 못하고 전쟁발발 가능성을 과소평가함으로써 일본이 좀 더 쉽게 전쟁개시를 결단하는 중요동기를 제공했다고 볼 수 있을 것이다. A number of researchers concerned with the origins of the Russo-Japanese War have remarked on the so-called ‘scapegoat theory’, which emphasized on the roles of the clique around A. M. Bezobrazov at the outbreak of the war between Russia and Japan in the beginning of the 20-th century. The theory explained that the adventurers, including Bezobrazov, tried to seek the commercial interests around the Yalu River and stimulated the Japanese to attack on Russia. This article is to examine the relationships between the origins of the Russo-Japanese War and Bezobrazov’s clique. I traced the organization and activities of the group in detail. In result, it is thought that the influences of Bezobrazov’s clique on the Russo-Japanese war must not be overemphasized. The best days of the clique and the downfall of S. lu. Witte who was regarded as the main opponent against the clique, did not coincide. Moreover, the tsar’s government did not provide any aid to the clique, which encountered the financial crisis in June, 1903. It was not the adventurous activities of Bezobrazov’s clique but the groundless optimism of the Russian government that resulted to the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War.

19세기말 20세기초 제정 러시아의 젬스트보 확대논쟁의 의미

조호연(Ho Yun Cho) 한국서양사연구회 1995 서양사연구 Vol.18 No.-

N/A

봉건제를 둘러싼 소련 시대의 시대구분 논쟁

조호연(Hoyeon Cho) 한국슬라브유라시아학회 2021 슬라브학보 Vol.36 No.2

The purpose of this thesis is to examine how the issues related to the periodization surrounding the feudal system in Russian history were arranged before and after the Russian Revolution. The Russian Revolution, like other historical subjects, raised a fundamental task in the field of periodization. The periodization theories of the Tsarist Russia period before the revolution were denied, and a new period periodization theory had to be established according to Marxism. However, even by M. N. Pokrovskii, who had the most weight in the history of the Soviet Union in the early days of the Soviet Union, a satisfactory periodization theory was not presented. Rather, through the debate that developed in the late 1920s and early 1930s, Pokrovskii"s historiography was criticized for being anti-Marxism and anti-scholarship. In the Soviet Union, with the establishment of Stalin"s historiography in the 1930"s, a new periodization theory surrounding feudalism could be organized. In this process, Stalin"s books and articles played a significant role. As a professional scholar, B. D. Grekov"s works coexisted with Stalinist history and made an important contribution to resolving the controversy surrounding feudalism. His research established the position that the period of feudalism started from Kiev Rus, and that feudalism did not go through slavery in Russian history. Grekov"s position was highly praised for not only using the results of archaeological excavations and various historical sources, but also for using a comparative historical method. The periodization debates that developed from the end of 1940’s to the beginning of 1950’s developed over the basic nature of feudalism. K. B. Bazilevich tried to define the feudal period in terms of socioeconomic history, and his critics, N. M. Druzhnin and I. Smirnov, in terms of the political superstructure, whereas V. Pashto and L. Cherepnin synthesized socioeconomic history and political historical factors. In my opinion, Soviet historians were able to reach a certain level of agreement in terms of timing and nature on the issue of feudal periodization. However, issues such as the basic laws of feudalism and the origins of capitalism were still unsolved and caused a lot of controversy, and in the subsequent period, Soviet historians argued a lot about various issues related to the periodization.

1-UI Pulse Generator를 이용한 4:1 Time-Multiplexing

조호연(Hoyeon Cho),정덕균(Deog-Kyoon Jeong) 대한전자공학회 2022 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2022 No.6

북한 역사학과 소련 역사학의 관련성 ―봉건제 개념과 국가성립 문제를 중심으로―

조호연 ( Hoyeon Cho ) 한림과학원 2021 개념과 소통 Vol.- No.27

1980년대 후반부터 우리나라에서 북한 역사학의 성과들이 합법적으로 출판될 수 있게 된 이후, 북한 역사학을 소개하는 많은 연구들이 발표되었다. 그렇지만 북한 역사학이 성립된 배경으로서 소련 역사학에 대한 본격적인 분석은 이루어지지 못한 형편이다. 이 글에서는 봉건제 개념과 국가성립 문제를 중심으로 하여 소련 역사학에서 논의된 내용이 북한 역사학에서도 비슷한 방식으로 반영되었음을 살펴보았다. 봉건제라는 개념 자체는 소련에서 1917년의 볼셰비키 혁명 이후인 1930년대에 그레코프에 의하여 정립된 바 있다. 국가성립의 문제도 소련에서 노르만 학설에 대한 비판으로서, 키예프 루시 이전의 동슬라브 족에게서 사회경제적으로 국가성립의 전제가 갖추어졌음이 확인된 바 있다. 북한에서도 삼국시대가 노예제 사회냐 봉건제 사회냐의 논란을 거쳐 1960년대에 봉건제라고 획정되었으며, 그 이전 시기인 고조선 사회에 대해서도 그 발전 정도가 규명된 바 있다. 그렇지만 1960년대 이후에 북한의 역사학과 소련의 역사학은 정치적 이유와 학문적인 이유로 갈등관계에 접어든다. 정치적인 이유란 김일성의 권력이 공고해짐에 따라 소련에 대한 의존도가 낮아진 것을 의미한다. 학문적인 이유란 역사발전 단계에서 북한은 자국 역사에서 노예제 시기와 봉건제 시기를 공히 인정한 반면, 소련에서는 키예프 루시 시대로부터 봉건제로 본 것을 의미한다. 이런 차이가 있기는 하지만, 북한 역사학의 논의구조는 소련 역사학의 문제 의식과 유사한 구도로 전개되었다고 말할 수 있다. The concept of feudalism, as discussed in Soviet history, should be understood in the context of the social problems of the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. N. P. Pavlov-Silvanskii, in particular, tried to explain Russian history since the 13th century with the concept of feudalism. Then after the Russian Revolution, the issue of feudalism began to be discussed within a Marxist-Leninist framework. In the early years of the Soviet Union, however, even M. N. Pokrovskii, a very eminent historian, could not clearly define the feudal system, but from the mid-1930s onwards, the Soviet Union, through the studies of D. N. Grekov, defined the society of Kievan Rus’ as a feudal system. Moreover, the so-called Norman theory, which has long been controversial, was firmly rejected by Soviet historians. In the historiography of North Korea, the first scholar who proposed a theory of feudalism was Nam-un Baek, who was attempting to overcome colonial historical studies which underestimated the significance of Korean history. Since Nam-un Baek became active as a scholar and politician in North Korea, his feudal theory was widely recognized in the early days of the North Korean regime. However, just as the Soviet historians experienced confusion over feudalism, the same happened in North Korea. There were heated discussions about feudalism, in particular over whether the Three Kingdoms era should be characterized as a slave society or a feudal society. Regarding the establishment of the earliest state, by the early 1960s there was a consensus among North Korean historians to define Gojoseon as a slave society with a high level of development. During the 1950s there were practical exchanges between the historians of North Korea and the Soviet Union. North Korean historians carefully examined the Marxist-Leninist historical studies of Stalin's Soviet Union; and Soviet scholars like Mikhail Pak, who led the Soviet study of Korean history at the time, paid close attention to Korean discussions of feudalism and the founding of a state in North Korea. When North Korea and the Soviet Union fell out in the early 1960’s the fundamental reason was, of course, political, but this quickly resulted in academic dissension. North Korean criticism of Mikhail Pak's thesis written by Kim Seok-hyung in 1961 ultimately resulted in a breakdown of friendly academic exchanges between the two countries. Thus, we can see that although the historians of North Korea and the Soviet Union were in conflict in the early 1960s, the development of North Korean historiography after liberation, which was primarily concerned with feudalism and the founding of a state, resembled that of Soviet historiography following the Russian Revolution of 1917.