입원 치매환자에서 동반된 신체질환

조항석(Hang Suk Cho),오병훈(Byoung Hoon Oh),양성희(Seong Hee Yang),이혜리(Hye Ree Lee),유계준(Gye Joon Yoo) 대한노인정신의학회 1998 노인정신의학 Vol.2 No.2

Ojectives : Patients with dementia are accompanied with poor autonomy and multiple disability. Therefore moer cost and medical service are required than non-dementia patients. In order to insure comprehensive, systematic care for dementia patients, knowledge of the associated disease of different types of dementia is warranted. This study evaluate the characteristics of associated disease in inpatients with dementia, to be used as basic reference for effective treatment. Methods : The study popultion consist of 92 patients with dementia admitted between January 1, 1996 and September 30, 1997 to geriatric department, Yosei University Kwangju Severance Psychiatric Hospital. Diagnoses were based on DSM-IV and NINCDS. Severity of dementia was evaluated by GDS (Global Deterioration Scale). Associated diseases was recorded in separated checklist. χ-test, Fisher's exact test, ANOVA, T-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal-Wallis test were used to determine statistical differences among the dementia subgroup. Results : The mean age was 71.8±9.2 with 31 male (33.7%) subjects and 61 female subject (66.3%). The types of dementia among the 92 demented patients were as follows : 50 (54%) with Alzheimer's disease, 30 (33%) with vascular dementia, 12 (13%) with unclassified dementia. Mean GDS score was 5.4±1.1. The mean duration of admission was 66.9±88.9 days. Types of discharge were normal discharge 33 (35.9%), discharge against doctors' advice 28 (30.4%), transfer 23 (25.0%). The average number of diagnoses was 4.9±2.4. (4.5±2.4 in Alzheimer's disease, 6.1±2.4 in vascular dementia, 5.3±2.1 in unclassified dementia in respectively (p<0.05). The most common associated disease were gastrointestinal disorders (24.8%), cardiovascular disorders (11.8%), urinary tract infection (6.8%), musculoskeletal disorder (6.6%), diabetes mellitus (4.5%). Associated diseases that their frequency showed significant differences in different types of dementia were hypertension, diabetes mellitus, urinary incontinence, oral cavity disease, anemia (p<0.01). Conclusions : Associated disease are different in different type of dementia. Patients with vascular dementia had more associated disease and received more drugs for associated disease than Alzheimer's disease. Our data emphasize comprehensive and systematic treatment plan according to type of dementia.

정지용의 「鄕愁」에 쓰인 몇 가지 詩語의 의미에 대하여

조항범(Cho Hang-Bum) 한국시학회 2007 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.20

Hyangsoo, a poem by Jeong Ji-yong, includes what is called abstruse poetic words: ‘Seori kkamagwi’, ‘Seokgeun’, ‘Haeseolpi’ etc. for example. This study focuses on identifying the etymology and meaning of the three poetic words through examples from literatures and Chung-cheong dialect. ‘Seori kkamagwi’ has been interpreted as ‘a crow flying frosted over’, ‘a shabby crow frosted over’, ‘crows in groups’ etc. Among these, the interpretation of ‘crows in groups’ is reliable, because ‘Seori’ means ‘heaps or groups’. In addition, the contrary concepts of ‘Oe kkamagwi’ and ‘Seori kkamakwi’ from the poet of Jeong Ji-yong supports the interpretation of ‘crows in groups’. ‘Seokgeun’ has been explained as a typographic error of ‘Seonggin’, a connected transcription of ‘Seokkeun’, an archaic word ‘Seotkuin’ etc. These explanations are unconvincing, but ‘Seokgeun’ is highly likely to be a modifier form of ‘Seokgeu-’, a dialect form of ‘Seonggi-’. ‘Seokgeu’ traces back to the Middle Korean ‘Seokgui-’. ‘Seokgeun’ is transformed into ‘Seonggeun’ while the publishing company compiles the poets of Jeong Ji-yong. ‘Seonggeun’ is a modifier form of ‘Seonggeul’, another dialect form of ‘Seonggi-’. ‘Haeseolpi’ has been commented on in too wide a variety of interpretations. The interpretations of ‘the way sunlight fades as the sun sets’ or ‘at sunset’ are dominating among those. However, they are not exact. ‘Haeseolpi’ is the adverbialized form of the adjective base ‘Haeseolpi-’as it is. Consequently, ‘Haeseolpi’ carries the etymological meaning of ‘in the manner of sunlight fading’. In addition to the adverbial meaning of ‘at the time when the sun sets’, it also carries the substantive meaning of ‘the time when the sun sets’.

청년헤겔학파연구

조항구(Cho Hang-Gu) 새한철학회 2002 哲學論叢 Vol.2 No.28

외국어 교육 향상을 위한 제언

조항덕(Cho Hang-Deok) 한국외국어교육학회 2007 Foreign languages education Vol.14 No.4

  Even though we have learned a foreign language after many years of studying, it"s rare to see people speak the language fluently that they have learned. There must be some reason why this happens repeatedly to many people. In this paper we analyse the process of speaking or understanding a certain language from the point of linguistic theory, in order to compare the learning of foreign languages with the acquisition of mother tongues. From the results of this comparison, we suggest that the learning of foreign languages must be performed not by the aid of the mother tongue but directly by way of the languages in question. If the learning of foreign languages is done with the aid of the mother tongue, the students can"t reach the conceptual level where comprehension is operated, and it doesn"t help students develop communicative competence. In case that we attach importance to communicative competence, we must find occasions which let students use the expressions that they have learned. It also means that we must have suitable circumstances for the development of communicative competence.

부동산신탁 수탁고 변동요인에 대한 동태적 관계분석

조항신(Cho, Hang Shin),전해정(Chun, Hae Jung) 한국주거환경학회 2020 주거환경(한국주거환경학회논문집) Vol.18 No.1

The purpose of the study is to analyze the effect of economic variables on the fluctuation of real estate trust deposit. In this study, VAR model was used as an analytic model. The time range was from the 1<SUP>st</SUP> quarter of 2001 to the 4<SUP>th</SUP> quarter of 2018. The spatial range was South Korea. The dependent variable was real estate trust deposit, and the independent variables were ‘Housing Purchase Price Index’, ‘CD interest rate’, ‘The Floor Area of the Construction Permit Structure’, ‘CPI’. The real estate trust deposit showed a positive (+) response to the impact of the CPI and negative (-) response to the changes in CD interest rate. In addition the real estate trust deposit showed a positive (+) response to the Housing transaction price index of the whole country. The real estate trust deposit showed a positive (+) response to the impact of ‘The Floor Area of the Construction Permit Structure’ as well. The fluctuation of the deposit accounted for the impact of the deposit itself and the impact of housing transaction price index of the whole country and CD interest rate, which is viewed from the 2<SUP>nd</SUP> quarter in different time. This study will help to expect the real estate trust’s market volatility, which has a significance as the first study of the empirical analysis of the effect of the economic variables to the variation of the real estate trust deposit.

‘거지’ 관련 어휘의 語源과 意味

조항범(Cho, Hang-bum) 우리말글학회 2014 우리말 글 Vol.61 No.-

본고는 중세국어 이래 20세기 초 문헌까지 등장하는 ‘거지’ 관련 어휘를 대상으로, 그 어원과 역사적 변화 과정을 종합적으로 기술하는 데 그 목적이 있다. ‘거지’ 관련 어휘는 형태론적 관점에서 ‘거지’ 계, ‘비렁이’ 계, ‘거렁이’ 계, ‘동냥아치’ 계의 네 부류로 나뉜다. ‘거지’ 계에는 ‘거지, 거러지’ 등이, ‘비렁이’ 계에는 ‘비렁이(>비렝이), 비렁방이(>비렁뱅이), 배랑방이(>배랑뱅이), 뱌랑뱅이’ 등이, ‘거렁이’ 계에는 ‘거렁이(>거렝이), 거렁방이(>거렁뱅이), 걸뱅이’ 등이, ‘동냥아치’ 계에는 ‘동녕아치, 동냥아치, 동냥치, 양아치, 동녕군’ 등이 포함된다. ‘거지’는 ‘거지’ 관련 어휘 가운데 가장 역사가 깊다. 이는 12세기 초의 ‘*것?’으로 소급하고, 이는 ‘걸(乞)’과 ‘*?’ 사이에 사이시옷이 개재된 어형으로 추정된다. ‘*것?’에 접미사 ‘-이’가 결합된 어형이 15세기의 ‘것??’이며, 이것이 ‘?와?>?워?>*거??>*거어?>거어지’를 거쳐 ‘거지’로 변한다. ‘비렁이’와 ‘비렁방이’는 18세기 문헌에 처음 보이며, 이들은 각기 ‘비렁’에 접미사 ‘-이’와 ‘-방이’가 결합된 어형이다. 지금은 ‘비렁방이’의 ‘ㅣ’ 모음 역행 동화 형태인 ‘비렁뱅이’가 표준어로 쓰인다. ‘거렁이’와 ‘거렁방이’는 19세기 말 문헌에 처음 보인다. 이들은 각기 ‘거렁’에 접미사 ‘-이’와 ‘-방이’가 결합된 형태이다. ‘걸뱅이’는 ‘걸(乞)’에 접미사 ‘-방이’가 결합된 ‘걸방이’의 ‘ㅣ’ 모음 역행 동화 형태이다. ‘거렁이’계 단어들은 모두 방언으로 제약되어 있다. ‘동녕아치’는 19세기 문헌에 처음 보이며, 이는 ‘동녕(動鈴)’에 접미사 ‘-아치’가 결합된 어형이다. 지금 ‘동냥아치’로 남아 있다. ‘동냥아치’는 ‘동냥치’와 ‘양아치’로 변형되어 쓰이기도 한다. 이들은 비교적 최근에 등장한 단어로 추정된다. ‘동녕군’은 19세기 말 문헌에 처음 보이며, ‘동녕’과 ‘군(軍)’으로 분석된다. 현재 방언에 ‘동냥꾼’으로 남아 있다. This paper is to trace and explain the etymology of ‘거지’(beggar)-related words and the process of its form change, which appeared in literature from the Middle Ages to the 20th century. On the basis of word form, there are 4 types of ‘거지’-related words; ‘거지’-similar words, ‘비렁이’-similar words, ‘거렁이’-similar words, and ‘동냥아치’-similar words. For the ‘거지’-similar words, there are ‘거지, 거러지’, and so on. For the ‘비렁이’-similar words, there are ‘비렁이(>비렝이), 비렁방이(>비렁뱅이), 배랑방이(>배랑뱅이), 뱌랑뱅이’, and so on. For the ‘거렁이’-similar words, there are ‘거렁이(>거렝이), 거렁방이(>거렁뱅이), 걸뱅이’, and so on. And for the ‘동냥아치’-similar words, there are ‘동녕아치, 동냥아치, 동냥치, 양아치, 동녕군’, and so on. The ‘거지’ of ‘거지’-similar words has the longest history among other ‘거지’-related words. The word has the etymology of ‘*것?’ in the early 12th century, and it has been assumed that the ‘걸(乞)’(begging) combined with ‘*?’ in way of the medium 사이시옷(ㅅ between letters). The suffix ‘-이’(someone who does - thing) was added in ‘*것?’ and then it became ‘것??’ in the 15th century. The word took the word form process of ‘?와?>?워?>*거??>*거어?>거어지’, and then it has become ‘거지’. ‘비렁이’ and ‘비렁방이’ of ‘비렁이’-similar words first appeared in the 18th century, and each word was formed by adding each suffix ‘-이’ and ‘-방이’ to the root word ‘비렁’. Now the ‘비렁뱅이’ form is used as a standard word because of the vowel ‘ㅣ’ regressive assimilation in ‘비렁방이’. ‘거렁이’ and ‘거렁방이’ of the ‘거렁이’-similar words first appeared in the late 19th century. ‘걸뱅이’ was formed by adding suffix ‘-방이’ to the root word ‘걸(乞)’ and then it became ‘걸뱅이’ because of the vowel ‘ㅣ’ regressive assimilation in ‘걸방이’. Now, all ‘거렁이’-similar words become just local dialects. ‘동녕아치’ of the ‘동냥아치’-similar words first appeared in the late 19th century. ‘동녕아치’ was formed by adding suffix ‘-아치’(someone who works for the - field) to the root word ‘동녕(動鈴)’(shaking a handbell, and it means begging) and then it became ‘동냥아치’. ‘동냥치’ and ‘양아치" are the transformed words, and they are used lately. ‘동녕군’ first appeared in the late 19th century and it was the combination of ‘동녕’ and ‘군(軍)’(troops). Now the word just remains as ‘동냥꾼’ in a local dialect.

뻬로 동화의 이야기 서술 구조에 대한 연구

조항덕(CHO Hang-Deok) 한국프랑스문화학회 2011 프랑스문화연구 Vol.22 No.-

Nous avons pour but de faire une étude sur la structure du récit décrit dans les contes de Charles Perrault, à partir du Maître Chat ou du Chat Botté. Celui-ci nous intéresse surtout par le fait que le chat semble jouer le rôle principal dans ce récit. Le récit commence par le mécontement du troisième fils d'un meunier qui a reçu un chat comme héritage. Mais le chat, en l'écoutant, lui propose de lui apporter une paire de bottes et un sac. C'est pour lui montrer qu'il n'est pas si mal partagé par rapport à ses deux frères. Et le chat organise tous les actes, son maître faisant ce que le chat lui propose. Même il donne le nom Marquis Carabas à son maître. Et à la fin il fait marier son maître avec la fille du roi. Comme il est écrit ci-dessus, c'est le chat qui prend la position centrale dans le déroulement des actes. Mais si l'on lit ce récit avec plus d'attention, on peut constater que ce n'est pas le chat mais le troisième fils du meunier qui prend la position centrale dans le texte. C'est-à-dire que le récit commence par le mécontement de ce fils et qu'il arrive à devenir le gendre du roi à la fin. Son chat n'est qu'un adjuvant grâce à qui il remporte la gloire de sa vie. Le mécontement n'est qu'un vouloir du héros. Le vouloir correspond à une sorte de clé qui déclanche les actes. Le héros ayant possédé un pouvoir transformé en un chat peut remporter une gloire. Cela dit que le chat est considéré comme instrument avec quoi le héros obtient le résultat désiré. On voit ici une transformation des actants durant le développement du récit. Le héros devient le destinataire face à son père qui lui donne le chat. Le chat qui a été l'objet d'un envoi se transforme en un adjuvant dans les actes comme dans l'affrontement face à l'ogre. Et le héros qui a été le destinataire se transforme en un sujet qui possède le chat et fait tuer l'ogre à l'aide du chat. On trouve aussi le déroulement des événements dans l'ordre hiérarchique du point de vue de la modalité factuelle : Vouloir - Savoir - Pouvoir - Faire. Le Vouloir est décrit par le mécontement du héros, le Savoir par sa qualité interne comme être humain, le pouvoir par l'obtention du chat. Et cela amène à rendre le héros gendre du roi à la fin. Ce genre de récit rend le contenu plus intéressant et plus attractif aux yeux des jeunes lecteurs. On peut dire que ce genre de conte a une chance d'attirer l'attention des gens, non seulement des enfants mais aussi des adultes.

학교자율경영제 관점에서 본 자율형 사립고 운영과정에서의 동형화와 디커플링 현상 분석 : A 자율형 사립고 사례

조항로(Cho Hang-Ro),김병찬(Kim Byeong-Chan) 한국교육행정학회 2013 敎育行政學硏究 Vol.31 No.4

서울시 에너지 소비특성 조사

조항문(Hang-Moon Cho),김근숙(Keun-Suk Kim),김윤희,김하나,홍재선 서울연구원 2007 서울연구원 정책과제연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

‘나무’ 이름의 어원에 대하여(1)

조항범 ( Cho Hang-bum ) 국어학회 2016 국어학 Vol.78 No.-

이 논문은 ‘나무’ 이름의 어원을 찾고자 하는 노력의 첫 시도이다. 본고에서 다룬 나무 이름은 ‘가랑나무/떡갈나무’, ‘가문비나무’, ‘가래나무’, ‘가죽나무’이다. ‘가랑나무’에 대해서는 중세국어 ‘가랍나모’로 소급하며, 이것이 ‘가락나모>가랑나모’를 거쳐 나타난 단어임을 밝혔다. 다만 ‘가랍’의 어원은 밝히지 못하였다. ‘가랑나무’가 ‘떡갈나무’와 동일 樹種이라는 사실을 문헌의 기록과 대응된 한자를 토대로 밝혔으며, 중앙어에서 이것이 밀려난 것을 ‘떡갈나무’와의 유의 경쟁의 결과로 파악하였다. ‘떡갈나무’에 대해서는 중세국어 ‘덥갈나모’로 소급하며, 이것이 ‘덕갈나모>□갈나모’를 거쳐 나타난 단어임을 밝혔다. 이 과정에서 떡을 찔 때 까는 잎이어서 붙여진 이름이라는 기존의 민간 어원이 허구임을 밝혔다. ‘가문비나무’의 ‘가문비’에 대해서는 ‘가문비나무’가 ‘黑皮木’에 대응되고, ‘皮’가 ‘비’로도 발음 난다는 점에 근거하여 ‘감-’의 관형 사형 ‘가믄’과 ‘비(皮)’가 결합된 ‘*가믄비’의 변화형으로 파악하였다. ‘가래나무’는 ‘래나모’로 소급하며, ‘래’는 본래 가래나무의 열매를 지시하다가 그 열매가 열리는 나무 자체를 가리키게 된 것임을 밝혔다. 그리고 ‘래’가 한때 이것과 외형이 유사한 외래종 ‘호두’를 지시한 사실도 밝혔다. 다만 ‘래’의 어원은 밝히지 못하였다. ‘가죽나무’에 대해서는 이것이 중세국어 ‘개□나모’로 소급하며, ‘개□나모’는 ‘□나모’에 접두사 ‘개-’가 결합된 어형임을 밝혔다. 그리고 ‘개□나모’가 ‘개듕나모>개듁나모>가듁나모>가쥭나모’를 거쳐 ‘가죽나무’가 된 것임도 밝혔다. ‘가죽나무’와 더불어 표준어인 ‘개죽나무, 가중나무’의 변화 과정도 아울러 살폈다. This is the first trial to study documentary records to trace original names of some ‘나무’(trees). In the thesis, the words for tree names related with ‘가랑나무/떡갈나무’, ‘가문비나무’, ‘가래나무’ and ‘가죽나무’ were studied. The ‘가랑나무’ is supposed to be ‘가랍나모’ in the Middle age Korean and it changed into ‘가락나모>가랑나모.’ The original word for ‘가랍’ was not found. It was found that the ‘가랑나무’ is the same kind of ‘떡갈나무’ in some documentary records by finding its matching Chinese letter. The reason the ‘가랑나무’ disappeared in the language of central areas was that it had given way to the ‘떡갈나 무’ because of the synonymy clash between them. The ‘떡갈나무’ is supposed to be ‘덥갈나모’ in the Middle age Korean and it changed into ‘덕갈나모>□갈나모.’ While examining, the existing folk etymology that the ‘떡갈나무’ was named because the leaves of which were used for making rice power for rice cake(떡) proved to be false. The ‘가문비’ in ‘가문비나무’ refers to ‘黑皮木’(a tree with black-colored bark), and the ‘皮’(it means ‘the bark of a tree,’ and it sounds ‘pee’) can be pronounced ‘비’(the sound ‘bee’). Then the ‘*가 믄비’ is the word combination form of ‘가믄,’ which is the determiner of ‘감-,’ and ‘비(皮)’. For the ‘래나무,’ it was revealed that the ‘래’ in ‘래나무’ referred to the fruit of the tree at first and then it became to represent the tree itself at last. And it was also found that the fruit ‘래’ was used to refer to the foreign fruit ‘호두’(walnut fruit) because of their similar shapes of the fruits. However, the origin word form of ‘래’ was not found. The ‘가죽나무’ is supposed to be ‘개□나모’ in the Middle age Korean and the ‘개□나모’ was formed by combining ‘□나모’ with ‘개-’, a prefix. And ‘개□나모’ changed into ‘개듕나모>개듁나모>가듁나모>가쥭나모’, and into ‘가죽나무’ lastly. In addition to the origin of ‘가죽나무’, the process of form change of ‘개죽나무’ and ‘가중나무’, the standard word forms, are studied.