냉온수기에서 일반세균의 분포 및 분리한 세균의 특성

이은화,고지윤,김종설,Lee, Eun-Hwa,Koh, Ji-Yun,Kim, Jong-Seol 한국미생물학회 2008 미생물학회지 Vol.44 No.3

To evaluate bacteriological water quality, samples were taken from drinking water dispensers placed at S company (S-C) and U highschool (U-H) in Ulsan. The medians of heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) were 53 CFU/ml for the 74 water samples of S-C and 80 CFU/ml for the 36 cold water samples of U-H, and 38% of the S-C and 42% of the U-H samples showed HPC bacterial concentrations higher than 100 CFU/ml. Coliform bacteria were detected from one sample of S-C. To determine the major source of bacterial contamination, water samples were taken daily for $6\sim8$ days from the bottled water containers as well as the faucets of an experimental water dispenser. While the average HPCs in the bottled water containers were 33 CFU/ml for the first and 132 CFU/ml for the 2nd analysis, the HPC concentration in the cold water samples was 1,022 CFU/ml for the 2nd analysis. These results suggest that the majority of bacteria detected in the cold water samples were originated from the biofilms on the surface of water passages within the water dispensers. There was no significant increase in HPC bacterial concentrations within the bottled water container after installation on the water dispenser. We could isolate and tentatively identify 3 genera 6 species of Gram-positive and 7 genera 7 species of Gram-negative bacteria from the plate count agar plates of U-H samples. Among the isolates, 72% were observed as Gram-positive, and Micrococcus spp. was the most abundant with 54% of the total, followed by Sphingomonas paucimobilis with 16%. It appears that most of the HPC bacteria detected in water dispensers originate from indoor airborne bacteria, which may play important roles in the formation of biofilms on the surface of water passages within the water dispensers. 울산 소재 S회사(S-C)와 U고등학교(U-H)에 설치된 냉온수기를 대상으로 S-C에서 냉수 74개, U-H에서 냉수와 온수 각 36개의 시료를 채수하여 미생물 분포를 조사하였다. 일반세균 농도의 중간값은, S-C 시료에서 53 CFU/ml ($0\sim4,135$ CFU/ml)이었으며, U-H의 경우 냉수에서 80 CFU/ml ($0\sim1,480$ CFU/ml), 온수에서 0 CFU/ml ($0\sim240$ CFU/ml)이었다. S-C 시료의 38%, U-H 냉수 시료의 42%에서 일반세균에 대한 먹는 물 수질기준인 100 CFU/ml을 초과하였으며, 대장균군은S-C의 1개 시료에서 검출되었다. 냉온수기에서 검출되는 미생물의 주요오염 경로를 확인하고자, 2회에 걸쳐 먹는 샘물 용기로부터 각각 6일과 8일 동안 매일 시료를 채수하였으며, 2회 채수는 냉온수기의 꼭지에서도 행하였다. 일반세균 농도의 평균값은, 먹는 샘물 용기에서 1회 33 CFU/ml, 2회 132 CFU/ml이었으며, 냉수 꼭지 시료에서 1,022 CFU/ml로, 냉온수기 꼭지에서 검출되는 대부분의 세균은 먹는 샘물이 수조통과 통로관을 거치면서 오염된 것으로 판단된다. 먹는 샘물 용기를 냉온수기에 연결한 후 시간의 경과에 따른 용기 내 일반세균수의 유의성 있는 증가는 없었다. 임의의 100개 일반세균 집 락을 대상으로 순수배양 후표현형에 따른 동정 시험을 하였으며, 그람양성 3속6종,그람음성 7속7종 등, 모두 10속13종의 세균을 잠정적으로 확인하였다. U-H의 4대 냉온수기 꼭지에서, 그람양성은 전체의 72%이었고, 그람양성의 Micrococcus spp.가 전체의 54%를 차지하여 가장 많았다. Micrococus spp.와 그람음성의 Sphingomonas paucimobilis는4대의 냉온수기 모두에서 분리되었다. 냉온수기의 일반세균은 주로 실내 공기중 미생물로부터 유래하며, 이들 미생물이 냉온수기의 수조통 흑은 통로관에서 생물막 형성에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 생각된다.

Degassing 조건이 Ni-Cr 합금의 도재결합력에 미치는 영향

이은화,전영찬,정창모,임장섭,Lee, Eun-Hwa,Jeon, Young-Chan,Jeong, Chang-Mo,Lim, Jang-Seop 대한치과보철학회 2000 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.38 No.4

This study evaluated the effect of degassing on the ceramic bond strength of two Ni-Cr alloys under varying holding time at the upper limit temperature and atmospheric conditions. Metal specimens were divided into 5 groups for each alloy according to degassing conditions prior to porcelain application no degassing, degassing under vacuum without hold, degassing under vacuum with hold for 5 min. and 10 min. respectively at the upper limit temperature and degassing in air. Total number of metal ceramic specimens was eighty and each group had eight specimens. The ceramic bond strength was measured by four-point flexural test using Instron and the fractured surface was examined under SEM. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Degassing in air improved the ceramic bond strength of Ni-Cr alloys. 2. In degassing under vacuum, hold at the upper limit temperature was advantageous to the ceramic bonding of Ni-Cr alloys. 3. After ceramic metal bond test, metal surfaces were partially covered with the thin porcelain layer, and the cohesive failures in porcelain were predominant in groups showing higher ceramic bond strength.

인버터를 활용한 소규모 사업장 에너지 절감에 관한 연구

이은화(Eun-Hwa Lee),이경배(Gyeong-Bae Lee),이상훈(Sang-Hoon Lee),정우진(Woo-Jin Jeong),강복선(Bok-Seon Kang),변두균(Doo-Gyoon Byun) 대한전기학회 2016 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2016 No.7

늙음을 탄식하는 이를 향한 공감과 위로의 소통 방식

이은화(Lee, Eun-Hwa),김윤희(Kim, Yun-Hee) 한국어문학회 2018 語文學 Vol.0 No.140

This study focuses on a feminine verse written by Mrs. Lee Ho of the Jinseong Lee clan that has not yet been studied in the academic world, despite the fact that its specific details were previously revealed through a collection of verses titled ‘Bugae-gasa’. In particular, by synthetically examining ‘Notanga’(semantically the verse of lamentation for aging), which is included in the collection, and its answer verse, ‘Notandabgok’(semantically, an answer song to a lamentation for aging) by Mrs. Choi of the Jeonju Choi clan, this study identified characteristics of the two writings as well as, different aspects and cultural meanings of feminine verses shared within a clan. ‘Notanga’, where the rhetoric of self-lamentation for aging is found, has a prominent feature, that she focused on her sick body and portrayed the symptoms and changes in various manners. Mrs. Choi, who read ‘Notanga’, noted that ‘the style is fascinating’. In particular, the lamentation of women in ‘Notanga’ is portrayed very differently compared to other writings dealing with the aging of women in the masculine viewpoint of the late Joseon period. This study found that in ‘Notanga’, an elderly woman focused on her own body and tried to portray the aspects of suffering and change in a realistic manner. It shows the subjective anguish and expressive power in a woman’s viewpoint, not from an external or other person’s viewpoint. It seems that Mrs. Choi, who wrote ‘Notandapgok’, also expressed her desire to tell of a repressed life by a feminine verse after she read ‘Notanga’. At that time, she was enduring hard life circumstances as the eldest daughter-in-law of, a head family. When Mrs. Choi read ‘Notanga’ and found psychological support, her foundation for expression grew, and she learned to express the difficulty of ‘a woman’s married life’ through the words in a feminine verse. She revealed her desires and true voice by composing ‘Notandapgok’ with a more active mind. Paradoxically, the real aspect of suffering and lamentation portrayed by Mrs. Choi acted as a mechanism of consolation to Mrs. Lee Ho, who lamented aging. In this way, it is necessary to pay attention to the examples of dialogue and communication on a family basis among the ways in which feminine verses were distributed in the Yeongnam area in the late Joseon period. A feminine verse is a communication method based on not only the self-esteem of amember of the prestigious family, but also provides a sense of solidarity withthose around them and their circumstances.

一部 都市低所得層 幼兒園園兒의 營養實態調査

우미경(Mee-Kyung Woo),이은화(Eun-Wha Lee),이보경(Bo-Kyung Lee),이정수(Jung-Soo Lee),이정화(Jung-Wha Lee),이종현(Jong-Hyun Lee),모수미(Su-Mi Mo) 한국식품영양과학회 1985 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.14 No.3

A survey of 113 children, aged 4 to 6 years, of the San Cheon a day care center, located in the upland, over populated, poor area of Seoul City, was conducted from July 28 to September 6, 1982, to investigate the dietary and nutritional status, and prevalence of parasitic inpection. House size was 10.1 Pyung; number of households per house, 3.1; number of family member per household, 4.8; and number of family members living together per room, 3.7; on the average. Only 49% of households possess own houses and the others live in the rented houses. About 40% of mothers were engaged income-producing activities within or outside of the home. Mean values of height, weight, arm circumference, girth of chest, and girth of head ranged from 98.4 to 102.2% of KIST mean. However, 13% of the subjects were assessed as undernutrition for 'weight for height'. Mean value of hemoglobin was 12.9±2.9 g/dl and mean hematocrit value was 35.2±5.5%; 17.9% of the subjects were proven to be anemic according to the criteria of the WHO. The positive prevalence of parasitic inpection was 3.3%, significantly lower than that observed in any other area, probably because of community parasitic control project. Intakes of energy and nutrients except thiamin and ascorbic acid were far below RDAs. Carbohydrates for energy provided 71. 2 to 73.8% of total energy intake; protein accounted 11.3 to 12.2%; fat provided 14.5 to 16.6%. Energy intake was divided among breakfast, lunch, evening meal and snack, on the average, in a percentage of 22.0; 23.4; 24.4; 30.2. There was significant correlation between pattern of food consumption and nutrient intakes. The nutrient intakes and quality of foods were highly correlated to the maternal factors, especially mother's educational level. The study suggested that development of nutrition guides for mother and children would be needed to improve nutritional status of those young children.

대학 교수자의 수업전문성 향상을 목적으로 하는 e-티칭 포트폴리오의 구성요소 탐색

이은화(Eun-Hwa LEE) 한국수산해양교육학회 2008 水産海洋敎育硏究 Vol.20 No.2

가계재무관리의 부부간 역할분담에 관한 연구

이은화(Lee Eun-Hwa),양세정(Yang Se-Jeong) 가정과삶의질학회 2008 가정과삶의질연구 Vol.26 No.6

공학계열 대학생의 좋은 수업에 대한 인식 유형 분석

이은화(Eun Hwa Lee),이혜주(Hye Ju Lee) 인문사회과학기술융합학회 2019 예술인문사회융합멀티미디어논문지 Vol.9 No.5

본 연구는 공학계열 대학생의 좋은 수업에 대한 인식 유형을 알기 위해 Q방법으로 분석하고자 하였다. 공학계열 대학생 35명을 P표본 대상으로 선정하였고, 최종 33개의 진술문을 Q표본으로 선택하여 9점 척도 상에 강제 분포하도록 하였다. 수집된 자료는 점수화 하여 PC용 QUANL program으로 분석하였으며, 분석 결과, 3개의 유형이 발견되었다. 제1유형은 사고확장형으로 기본적인 내용을 바탕으로 사고를 확장하기 위한 조작, 문제 해결 방식으로 구성된 수업이 좋은 수업이라고 생각하는 유형이다. 제2유형은 현장적용형으로 이론적인 수업 내용을 바로 실험이나 실습, 조작, 응용 가능한 수업이 좋은 수업이라고 생각하는 유형이다. 제3유형은 개별맞춤형으로 수업에 참여하는 학생의 수준과 흥미를 충분히 고려한 수업이 좋은 수업이라고 생각하는 유형이다. 따라서 연구 결과를 통해 공학계열 대학생의 좋은 수업에 대한 인식 유형을 이해하여 맞춤형 수업 설계가 이루어져야 할 것으로 판단된다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the types of recognition about good classes of the engineering students by Q - method. The subjects of the study were selected as 35 engineering students and selected 33 final Q samples for forced distribution on the 9 point scale. Data analysis was analyzed with QUANL program for PC. Three types of analysis were found. The first type is an extension type of thinking, and it is a type that thinks that the class composed of the manipulation and problem solving method based on the basic contents in the class is a good class. The second type is applied to the field, and the contents of the class is a type in which it is thought that the class that can be experimented, practiced, manipulated, and applied is good. The third type is a individually customized in which the student considers the level and interest of the learner as a good lecture. Therefore, it is concluded that the customized curriculum and instructional design should be done in the engineering class considering the recognition type difference of the good class of the students.

비고츠키 평가 패러다임의 적용을 통한 교원능력개발평가 개선방안 연구

이은화(Lee, Un Wha),이은정(Lee, Eun Jung) 한국교육행정학회 2016 敎育行政學硏究 Vol.34 No.5

본 연구는 비고츠키 평가 패러다임이라는 새로운 패러다임을 적용한 교원능력개발평가의 개선방안에 대해 연구하고자 하였다. 교원능력개발평가에 대한 인식은 연구자가 근무하고 있는 중학교 교사들을 대상으로 관찰과 심층면담, 문서분석을 수행하였다. 연구 결과는 교원평가에 대해 필요성을 못 느끼며, 자존감을 떨어뜨리는 평가의 본질에서 벗어난 평가로, 평가로 인해 반목과 갈등과 불신을 일으키고 평가를 강요하는 깜깜이 평가로, 평가가 끝나도 후유증이 남는 것으로 인식되고 있었다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 부정적인 인식을 개선하고자 비고츠키의 평가관에 입각하여 발달과 협력을 통한 질적 평가방식의 적용, 집단적 상호작용을 통한과정평가 적용, 지속적 관찰과 면담을 통한 장점 찾기 평가로의 전환을 제시하였다. 이제는교원평가의 방식을 새로운 평가 패러다임에 따라 적용하고 실천하는 것이 필요하며, 교원평가에 참여하는 모든 교육주체들의 부정적인 인식이 줄어들고 긍정적인 면이 부각될 수 있도록 노력하는 자세가 무엇보다도 중요하다. This study intends to pursue the improvement plans of teacher evaluations by applying a new paradigm based on Vygotsky's assesment. As for teacher evaluations; observations, in-depth interviews and document analysis were carried out on targeted teachers at the researcher's middle school. Moreover, the current evaluation has deviated from its original intent. Many teachers expressed lower self esteem, and felt it created an environment where enmity and distrust were prevalent. As a result the assessment has been recognized as a compulsory evaluation possibly leading to negative consequences even after it has ended. Accordingly, this study is reflecting on the view of Vygotsky's Evaluation Paradigm in an attempt to improve the negativity caused by the current evaluation by applying quality assessment through mutual development and collaboration. It also includes suggestions of a process evaluation through collective interaction and adopting a merits finding centered assesment by way of continual observations and face to face interviews. From now on it is necessary to apply the new paradigm to the current teacher evaluation and enforce it. In addition, we should make a great effort to reduce negative attitudes toward educational agents and highlight positive aspects of the teacher evaluation.

공학설계 교육과정의 설계방식 분석 - P대학 공학설계 교육과정을 중심으로 -

이은화(Lee Eun hwa),배원병(Bae Won Byong) 한국공학교육학회 2007 공학교육연구 Vol.10 No.3

본 연구에서는 교육과정 설계모형에 기초하여 기계공학부의 전공교육과정 중 공학설계 교육과정의 설계 방식을 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 Drake & Burns(2004)가 제시한 교육과정 조직요소간의 관계모 형과 Toohey(1999)의 대학교육과정 설계유형을 분석의 틀로 활용하였다. 교육과정의 조직요소간의 관계와 설계유형을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 교육과정 조직요소간의 관계는 각 과목의 교육목표를 달성하기 위하여, 설계의 구체적 정보, 주제와 주요 개념의 순서로 관련된 지식을 습득하고, 공학설계에 관련된 기초기능, 범학문적 기능과 고급 기능을 순차적으로 향상시킬 수 있게 설계되어 있다. 둘째, 분석대상인 창의적 공학설계, 설계 및 제작과제와 졸업설계 및 제작과제의 교육과정 설계유형은 프로젝트, 탐구, 문제 중심설계의 형태를 취하고 있다. 본 연구결과는 공학설계 교육과정의 교육내용들 간의 연계성을 검토하기 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. This study was carried out to analyze the design pattern on engineering design curriculum of P University based on the curriculum design model. For this study, the relation model between organizational factors by Drake & Burns(2004) and university curriculum design pattern by Toohey(1999) were used as a frame of the analysis. From the analysis, we confirmed following results. Firstly, the relation between the subjects in the engineering design curriculum was designed to acquire the knowledges of facts, topics, and concepts and then to improve low-level skills, broad-range skills, and high-level skills related to engineering design sequently. Secondly, the design pattern of the engineering design curriculum analyzed in this paper is a project and problem based structure. This result will be useful for reviewing and improving the relation between engineering design curriculum.