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서인범 명청사학회 2018 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.50
After the mid-14thcentury, EastAsia underwent a period of dynastic change. Korea changed from Goryeo to Joseon, China changed from the Yuan dynasty to the Ming dynasty, and Japan changed from the Muromachi shogunate to the Ashikaga shogunate. Further significant events transpired in the 17th century, with the replacement of the Mingjo dynasty by the Qing dynasty and the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate. The volatile changes of dynasties in East Asia inevitably formed a new hierarchy within the rituals and forms of international relations. As is widely known, Joseon implemented a ceremonial tribute system with the Ming and Qing dynasties, and began good neighbour policies with Japan and Yugu. From the time of the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Joseon dynasty gained an audience with the emperor, empress and crown prince to offer tributes. Products from Joseon were also presented to the Tokugawa shogunate and Yugu kingdom. Previous studies into the regulations of tributary offerings have achieved significant progress. In addition, the tributary system developed not only the processes of official government trade, but also allowed for great achievements in private trade. There has been a new trend in recent research to study the contents and distribution of tributes, gift items, and trade goods. Thus, it is not only about the production and trade of goods, but also the thorough study of how they were consumed in other countries. This paper aims to investigate the diplomatic order of East Asia from the perspective of the Joseon dynasty, by analysing the rarity, aesthetic value, and symbolism of authority of leopard and tiger pelts.
SARS-CoV-2 항체 검사를 위한 뉴클레오캡시드 단백질 항원을 이용한 ELISA의 분석적, 임상적 성능 평가
서인범,김하나,김채은,박종찬,김수현,민도식 대한진단검사의학회 2021 Laboratory Medicine Online Vol.11 No.4
배경: 코로나바이러스감염증-19 (코로나19)의 팬데믹이 발생하였고, 면역검사를 통한 SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syn[1]drome coronavirus 2)에 대한 항체 검사의 필요성이 대두되었다. 방법: SARS-CoV-2의 특이 IgG, IgM, IgG/M/A total 항체를 각각 검출하는 R-FIND COVID-19 ELISA IgG, IgM, IgG/M/A (SG Medical, Inc., Korea) 3가지 종류의 시약을 개발하여 이를 평가하였다. 코로 나19 양성이 확인된 환자 87명을 대상으로 IgG 및 IgG/M/A를 평가하였고, IgM 평가에는 양성 환자 19명을 대상으로 하였다. 음성대조군으로 코로나19 음성 160명을 대상으로 하였다. 분석적 성능에 대해서는 식품의약품안전처의 체외진단 의료기기 임상적 성능시험 가이드라인에 따라 평가하였으며, 임상적 성능으로 민감도와 특이도를 평가하였다. 결과: R-FIND COVID-19 ELISA 시약의 분석적 성능은 가이드라인을 만족시켰다. 민감도와 특이도는 각각 IgG에서 94.25%와 98.13%, IgG/M/A에서 95.40%와 98.13%, IgM에서 84.21%와 100%로 나타났다. 환자 입원 후 IgM은 1주 이내 100% 양성률을 보였으며, 이후에는 감소하였다. 반면 IgG와 IgG/M/A 항체는 2주 후에 100%를 보였다. 입원 환자 연속 채혈을 통한 항체가의 변화는 입원 후 IgG와 IgG/M/A 항체가는 지속적으로 증가하였으나, IgM 역 가는 점차 감소하였다. 결론: R-FIND COVID-19 ELISA IgG, IgM, IgG/M/A 세 종류의 시약은 국내에서 개발된 제품들로 분석적 성능, 민감도와 특이도가 우수하였다. IgG의 항체가는 양성으로 유지되나 IgM의 항체가는 입원 후 지속적으로 감소하였다 Background: As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic evolves, the development of immunoassays that will help assess population exposure and potentially predict immunity has become a pressing priority. Methods: We evaluated the performance of the R-FIND COVID-19 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (SG Medical. Inc., Korea) for semi-quantitative detection of IgG, IgM, and IgG/M/A total antibodies in serum samples, using the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein as antigen. Serum samples from 87 patients with COVID-19 were tested for IgG and IgG/M/A. Samples from 19 patients were tested for IgM. Specimens from 160 patients without COVID-19 served as negative controls. Analytical performance was evaluated according to Ministry of Food and Drug Safety guidelines. Sensitivity and specificity were the primary measures of clinical performance. Results: The analytical performance of the R-FIND COVID-19 ELISA met Ministry guidelines. Sensitivity and specificity were 94.25% and 98.13% for IgG, 95.40% and 98.13% for IgG/M/A, and 84.21% and 100% for IgM, respectively. IgM showed a 100% positive rate within 1 week of hospitalization, then decreased. IgG and IgG/M/A antibodies displayed 100% positivity after 2 weeks. IgG and IgG/M/A antibody titers steadily increased throughout patient hospitalization, but IgM titers gradually decreased. Conclusions: The R-FIND COVID-19 ELISA detects IgG, IgM, and IgG/M/A and displays excellent analytical performance, sensitivity, and specificity. IgG titers increased steadily throughout hospitalization, but IgM titers peaked at one week post-hospitalization, and then steadily declined