Glass dosimeter와 PCXMC Program을 이용한 소아피폭선량 측정 및 분석

김영은,이정화,홍선숙,이관섭,Kim, Young-Eun,Lee, Jeong-Hwa,Hong, Sun-Suk,Lee, Kwan-Seob 대한디지털의료영상학회 2012 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지 Vol.14 No.2

Exposed dose of young child should be managed necessarily. Young child is more sensitive than adult of a Radioactivity, especially, and lives longer than adult. Must reduce exposed dose which follows The ALARA(As Low As Reasonably Achievable)rule is recommended by ICRP(International Commission on Radiological Protection)within diagnostic useful range. Therefore, We have to prepare Pediatric DRL(Diagnostic Reference Level) in Korea as soon as possible. Consequently, in this study, wish to estimate organ dose and effective dose using PCXMC Program(a PC-Based Monte Carlo Program), and measure ESD(Entrance surface dose)and organ dose using Glass dosimeter, and then compare with DRL which follows EC(European Commission)and NRPB(National Radiological Protection Board). Using glass dosimeter and PCXMC programs conforming to the International Committee for Radioactivity Prevention(ICRP)-103 tissue weighting factor based on the item before the organs contained in the Chest, Skull, Pelvis, Abdomen in the organ doses and effective dose and dose measurements were evaluated convenience. In a straightforward way to RANDO phantom inserted glass dosimeter(GD352M)by using the hospital pediatric protocol, and in a indirect way was PCXMC the program through a virtual simulation of organ doses and effective dose were calculated. The ESD in Chest PA is 0.076mGy which is slightly higher than the DRL of NRPB(UK) is 0.07mGy, and is lower than the DRL of EC(Europe) which is 0.1mGy. The ESD in Chest Lateral is 0.130mGy which is lower than the DRL of EC(Europe) is 0.2mGy. The ESD in Skull PA is 0.423mGy which is 40 percent lower than the DRL of NRPB(UK) is 1.1mGy and is 28 percent lower than the DRL of EC(Europe) is 1.5mGy. The ESD in Skull Lateral is 0.478mGy which is half than the DRL of NRPB(UK) is 0.8mGy, is 40 percent lower than the DRL of EC(Europe) is 1mGy. The ESD in Pelvis AP is 0.293mGy which is half than the DRL of NRPB(UK) is 0.60mGy, is 30 percent lower than the DRL of EC(Europe)is 0.9mGy. Finally, the ESD in Abdomen AP is 0.223mGy which is half than the DRL of NRPB(UK) is 0.5mGy, and is 20 percent lower than the DRL of EC is 1.0mGy. The six kind of diagnostic radiological examination is generally lower than the DRL of NRPB(UK)and EC(Europe) except for Chest PA. Shouldn't overlook the age, body, other factors. Radiological technician must realize organ dose, effective dose, ESD when examining young child in hospital. That's why young child is more sensitive than adult of a Radioactivity.

문제 중심 학습(PBL)을 적용한 ?무기화학실험?수업의 효과

김영은,신예진,윤회정,우애자,Kim, Young-Eun,Shin, Ye-Jin,Yoon, Heo-Jeong,Woo, Ae-Ja 대한화학회 2010 대한화학회지 Vol.54 No.6

본 연구에서는 서울시 소재 대학의 "무기화학실험" 수강생을 대상으로 문제 중심 학습(Problem-based Learning; PBL) 전략을 적용한 실험 수업을 한 학기 동안 진행한 후, PBL 전략이 '자기 주도 학습 능력'과 '과학에 대한 태도'에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 이와 더불어 실험 수업에 적용한 PBL 문제와 PBL 실험 수업 과정에 대한 학생들의 인식을 조사하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, PBL 전략을 적용한 "무기화학실험" 수업 후, 학생들의 '자기 주도 학습 능력'과 '과학에 대한 태도'가 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 나타냈다(p < .05). 특히, '자기 주도 학습 능력'은 7개의 하위 영역 중 '학습자적 신념'을 제외한 6개의 영역에서, '과학에 대한 태도'는 5개의 하위 영역 중 '과학의 유용성'을 제외한 4개의 영역에서 유의미한 차이를 보였다(p < .05). 둘째, 학생들은 PBL 문제가 '자기 주도 학습'을 가능하게 하며 책임감을 가지고 학습할 수 있도록 하는 기회를 제공한다고 응답하였다. 하지만 스스로 문제를 정의하면서 학습 과제를 선정해 나가는 수업 과정에 대해서는 어렵다고 응답하였다. 셋째, 학생들은 PBL 실험 수업을 통해 효과적인 학습을 할 수 있었다고 생각하였으며, PBL이 실험 교과에 적합하고 자기 주도적으로 학습을 할 수 있도록 하는 수업 방식이라고 응답하였다. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of PBL (Problem-based Learning) strategy applied to the "Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory" class. Especially, the changes in 'self-directed learning ability' and 'attitudes toward science' of undergraduate students were examined. In addition, perception on PBL problem and the PBL classes were investigated. The results of this study were as follows: First, after the course, 'self-directed learning ability' and 'attitude toward science' of students were significantly improved (p < .05). There were significant improvements in every sub-categories except 'self-confidence as a learner' for 'self directed learning ability' and every sub-categories except 'usefulness of science' for 'attitude toward science'. Second, the students expressed that PBL strategy provided opportunities to learn self-directively and responsibly, but the process of defining the problem was difficult. Finally on the survey toward PBL strategy, the students responded that PBL problems were authentic and helpful to learn problem solving ability. In conclusion, PBL laboratory course is effective for developing self-directed learning ability and positive attitude toward science.

녹용의 약효 성분에 관한 연구(IV) 녹용 벨?殼?의 프로스타그란딘의 검출

김영은,이승기,이명희,Kim, Young-Eun,Lee, Seung-Ki,Lee, Myoung-Hee 생화학분자생물학회 1977 한국생화학회지 Vol.10 No.1

녹용의 지용성 성분에 관한 생화학적 연구의 일환으로 대만산 꽃사슴(cervus nippou taiouanus)의 녹용을 절단한 후 동결하여 벨?殼?과 해면상 골조직으로 분리하였다. 벨?殼?을 절편으로 만든 후 0.9% saline 용액중에서 Virtis homogenizer로 파쇄하여 Jouvenaz 의 방법에 따라 prostaglandin을 추출하였다. Anderson, Samuelsson 등의 방법에 준하여 thin layer chromatography를 행하여 $PGE_2$, 15-epi-$PGE_1$, $PGE_{1{\alpha}}$ 및 $PGE_{1{\beta}}$로 추정되는 물질을 검출하였으며 preparative T.L.C. 를 행하여 분리한 후 Samuelsson의 방법에 따라 U.V. spectroscopy를 행하여 $PGE_2$, 15-epi-$PGE_1$으로 추정되는 분획에서는 알카리 처리 후에 278nm에서 U.V. 흡수를 나타냈으며 한편 $PGE_{1{\alpha}}$, $ PGE_{1{\beta}}$로 추정되는 분획에서는 알칼리 처리 전후에 U.V. 흡수가 없었으므로 T.L.C의 결과와 U.V. spectroscopy의 결과는 상호간에 일치됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 Fishbein 등의 방법에 의한 gas-liquid chromatography를 행하여 $PGE_2$ standard peak와 일치하는 peak를 얻어 $PGE_2$의 존재를 확인하였으며 retention time이 $PGE_{1{\alpha}}$ 및 $PGE_{1{\beta}}$와 일치되는 peak를 얻어 세방법에서 공히 $PGE_2$, 15-epi-$PGE_1$, $PGE_{1{\alpha}}$, $PGE_{1{\beta}}$의 존재를 검출하였다. The fresh antler was cut, frozen and mechanically separated into spongy bone layer and velvet layer. The prostaglandin-like components were extracted from antler velvet layer and qualitatively analyzed by three different methods: thin layer chromatography, ultra-violet spectroscopy after conversion to PGB series by alkaline treatment, and gas liquid chromatography. The prostaglandins detected were $PGE_2$, 15-epi-$PGE_1$, $PGE_{1{\alpha}}$, $PGE_{1{\beta}}$. The experiments indicated that the petroleum ether fraction contained mostly PGE series and that the ethylether fraction contained PGF series. One major prostaglandin-like components of antler velvet layer was found to be the main compound in the petroleum ether extract. The structure of this compound is still unknown but the gas liquid chromatography data suggest that it is a hydroxy fatty acid.

단어 단위 접근법을 이용한 음운장애 아동과 정상 아동의 음운 분석

김영은,최성일,박상희,Kim, Young-Eun,Choi, Sung-Il,Park, Sang-Hee 한국음성학회 2006 음성과학 Vol.13 No.4

Recently, many researchers have been interested in children with phonological disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine those children in comparison with normal children and to find better assessment criteria of the whole-word approach. Three children with phonological disorders and three normal children of 5 to 7 years old participated in the picture description tasks. Results of this study were as follows: there was a significant difference in the whole-word assessment between normal and phonological disorder children. Such criteria as whole-word correctness, whole-word complexity, whole-word intelligibility proved to be good for diagnosing children's phonological disorders. Further studies would be desirable to apply the approach to more children of various age groups.

동물 경조직 단백성분의 조성과 생리기능에 관한 연구 녹각의 경단백질에 대하여

김영은,이승기,윤웅찬 ( Young Eun Kim,Seung Ki Lee,Ung Chan Yoon ) 생화학분자생물학회 1973 BMB Reports Vol.6 No.1

With an attempt to elucidate the biologically functioning groups of deer horn, we obtained, in this investigation, a protein fraction after extraction of the pulverized deer horn with 5M-urea followed by decalcification with acetic acid. The amino acid composition of deer horn extracted came up to 16 kinds. And analysis of the protein extracted with 5M-urea gave values, as per cent, glycine, 24.51 % ; proline, 11.09% ; glutamic acid, 10.26%, which come up to 46. 86% of the; total amino acids initially present. The existence of glucose and galactose is confirmed with the results of thin-layer chromatography being carried out many times. And the total amounts o_f hexose and hexosamine are accounting for 0.74% and 0.87% for each. The present communication described as above has affirmed the protein from deer horn to be a sort of collagen. However, it can be focused on the significance of the existence of cystine and the absence of valine in deer horn. The contents of inorganic elements detected with emission spectroscophy are listed as following: total inorganic elements are detected to be 13 kinds. And the ash-contents of deer horns are 55.6% (w/w). The quantitative analysis for the ash shows that it contains 36.79 of Ca and 1.42% of Mg against ash contents by weight per weight.

녹용의 약효 성분에 관한 연구 ( 1 ) 녹용 , 녹각 , 고래 코 연골 , 상어 척수 연골의 화학조성에 관하여

김영은,이승기,윤웅찬,김정숙 ( Young Eun Kim,Seung Ki Lee,Ung Chan Yoon,Jung Sook Kim ) 생화학분자생물학회 1975 BMB Reports Vol.8 No.2

In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the differences between the chemical components of antler (Corpus Cervi Parvum) and old antler (Cornus Cervi) . Antler was cut from Cervus nippon taiouanus (3 years and 8 months old) and directly fronzen to storage in solid carbon dioxide. The antler was separated into velvet layer ancf spongy bone layer and cut into small pieces. After dehydration and removal of lipids from the antler with acetone, chloroform-methanol (1 : 1) solvent system, qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out to compare their chemical components in tissue level with those of old antler spongybone layer, shark backbone cartilage and whale nasal cartilage. Quantitative analyses of hexose, pentose, hexosamine, uronic acid, sialic acid, ester-sulfate, hydroxyproline, total nitrogen and inorganic contents were carried out respectively for antler velvet layer, antler spongybone layer, old antler spongybone layer, shark backbone cartilage and whale nasal cartilage. And their relative amounts of the chemical components to the corresponding dry weight of samples were listed in Table XII. The neutral sugar compositions of samples were identified by gas-liquid chromatography. Antler velvet layer, old antler spongybone layer and whale nasal cartilage contained same kinds of neutral sugars, such as glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, deoxyribose, ribose, arabinose and xylose. But antler spongybone layer and shark backbone cartilage did not show any sign of existence of fucose though they contained the same kinds of neutral sugars as the above. The gas liquid chromatography of aminosugars was also carried out. The results said that all five animal tissues contained both glucosamine and galactosamine. From the results of analytical data, the presence of mucopolysaccharides in antler and old antler was revealed. And the contents of hydroxyproline and total nitrogen of samples suggested that the antler-protein was mainly composed of collagen. The relative amounts of hydroxyproline to corresponding dry weight of samples showed that antler velvet layer exhibited the highest amounts (9.09%) and shark backbone cartilage (3.50%) exhibited the lowest amounts of hydroxyproline. The mucopolysaccharide of whale nasal cartilage was known mainly as chondroitin sulfate A and that of shark backbone cartilage mainly as chondroitin sulfate C. A further study on the mucopolysaccharide-protein complex of antler and of old antler is being carried out and will be presented in the next report.

동물 경조직 단백성분의 조성과 생리기능에 관한 연구 녹각의 경단백질에 대하여

김영은,이승기,윤웅찬,Kim, Young-Eun,Lee, Seung-Ki,Yoon, Ung-Chan 생화학분자생물학회 1973 한국생화학회지 Vol.6 No.1

동물 경조직 단백성분의 연구의 일환으로 녹각 및 녹용의 생화학적 기능을 나타내는 성분을 밝히기 위하여 녹각 분말을 0.5M 초산으로 탈칼슘을 한 후 5M 요소로 단백질부분을 추출하였다. 추출한 녹각단액의 아미노산 구성은 16종류에 달했으며 이중 glycine은 24.51%; proline 11.09%; glutamic acid는 10.26%가 되어 검출된 전 아미노산의 45.86%를 차지하고 있음이 밝혀졌다. 박충크로마토그라피로 glucose와 galactose 및 hexoamine의 존재를 확인하였고 정량분석 결과 총 hexose의 양은 추출단백의 0.74%이고, 총 hexoamine의 양은 0.87%였다. 본보에서 보고한 바와 같은 아미노산의 구성비율로 미루어 녹각단백은 일종의 collagen으로 추정하였다. 그러나 녹각단백중에 존재하는 아미노산 구성중 특기할 점은 cystine이 존재하는 반면 valine이 검출되지 않았다는 점이다. emission spectroscopy로 검출된 무기원소의 종류는 13종이며 회화잔사의 함량은 녹각무게의 55.6% (w/w)이며 이 회화잔사중 Ca은 회화잔사의 36.79%이고 Mg은 1.42%를 차지하고 있음을 청량분석의 결과 규명하였다. With an attempt to elucidate the biologically functioning groups of deer horn, we obtained, in this investigation, a protein fraction after extraction of the pulverized deer horn with 5M-urea followed by decalcification with acetic acid. The amino acid composition of deer horn extracted came up to 16 kinds. And analysis of the protein extracted with 5M-urea gave values, as per cent, glycine, 24.51%; proline, 11.09%; glutamic acid, 10.26%, which come up to 46.86% of the total amino acids initially present. The existence of glucose and galactose is confirmed with the results of thin-layer chromatography being carried out many times. And the total amounts of hexose and hexosamine are accounting for 0.74% and 0.87% for each. The present communication described as above has affirmed the protein from deer horn to be a sort of collagen. However, it can be focused on the significance of the existence of cystine and the absence of valine in deer horn. The contents of inorganic elements detected with emission spectroscophy are listed as following: total inorganic elements are detected to be 13 kinds. And the ash-contents of deer horns are 55.6% (w/w). The quantitative analysis for the ash shows that it contains 36.79% of Ca and 1.42% of Mg against ash contents by weight per weight.

녹용의 약효 성분에 관한 연구(V) 녹용 및 판토크린의 당지질과 인지질의 조성에 관하여

김영은,임동구,신승언,Kim, Young-Eun,Lim, Dong-Koo,Shin, Seung-Uon 생화학분자생물학회 1977 한국생화학회지 Vol.10 No.3

녹용의 지용성 성분에 관한 생화학적 연구의 일환으로 대만산 꽃사슴(Cervus nippon taiouans)의 녹용을 직접 절단하여 동결시킨 후, 벨?殼?(velvet layer)과 해면상 골조직층(spongybone layer)을 분리하였다. 조직을 Virtis homogenizer로 분쇄한 후 $CHCl_3$ : $CH_3OH$ (1 : 2) 및 (2 : 1) 비율의 혼합 용매로 지용성 성분을 추출하고, Rouser 법에 따라서 Sephadex G-25 column chromatography를 행하여 총지질로부터 ganglioside 및 nonlipid를 분리하고 이어서 Rouser의 방법에 준하여 silicic acid column chromatography를 행하여 총지질을 중성지질, 당지질, 인지질로 분리하였다. 대조시험으로, 녹용의 수성에탄올 제제인 Pantocrin을 질소 기류하에서 감압 건조한후, 상기와 동일한 방법으로 지질 성분을 분획하였다. 지용성 성분의 건조 중량에 대한 각 분획의 백분율은 녹용의 경우 neutrallipid 65.30%, glycolipid 5.22%, phospholipid 12.86%, ganglioside 6.12%, nonlipid(proteolipid & peptide) 10.51%의 비율로 합류되어 있었으며, Pantocrin은 neutral lipid 41.7%, glycolipid 0.62%, phospholipid 5.39%, ganglioside 49.32%, nonlipid(proteolipid & peptide) 2.93%의 함량이었다. 녹용의 glycolipid는 DEAE Sephadex A-25 column chromatography를 행하여 glycolipid의 전체양에 대하여 cerebroside 63.5%, sulfatide 36.5%를 얻었으며 각각을 표준품과 비교하여 T.L.C.를 행하여 7종의 spots를 얻었으며 그중 2종은 cerebroside로 3종은 sulfatide로 확인되었으나 2종은 미지물질로 확인되지 않았다. Pantocrin에서는 1종의 cerebroside를 확인하였다. 녹용과 Pantocrin에 존재하는 ganglioside는 Sephadex G-25 column chromatography법보다는 용매 분획법에 의해 얻은 시료에서 T.L.C.법으로 확인하였다, 또 녹용에서 얻은 phospholipid로는 phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, sphingomyelin, phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine 및 lysophosphatidyl choline등으로 동정되었으며, Pantocrin에서는 phosphatidyl choline, sphingomyelin을 검출하였다. The lipid soluble fraction of Antler velvet layer (cervus nippon taiouanous) was extracted and compared to that of pantocrin (ethanol preparation of Antler, commercially available). Lipid soluble components (801mg/24.5g from Antler velvet ayer and 979.1mg/143ml from pantocrin) were fractionated by gel filteration using a sephadex CT-25 into neutral lipids, sulfatides, cerebrosides, phospholipids and non-lipid components (lipoprotein and peptide). A silicic acid and a DEAE-sephadex A-25 column chromatography were followed from refractionation and purification. Each fraction was identified by thin layer chromatography using standard materials. Typical lipid soluble fraction of Antler contained 65.3% neutral lipid, 5.2% glycolipid, 12.9% phospholipid, 6.1% ganglioside and 2.9% non-lipid components. The glycolipid was composed of 63.5% cerebroside and 36.5% sulfatide. The cerebroside fraction of the Antler velvet layer showed four spots while pantocrin gave only one spot on a thin layer chromatogram. Among the four spots of Antler cerebroside two had almost same migration with standard but two had quite different mobility compared to the standard. The latter fractions were hydrolyzed by 0.025M methanolic HCl in order to desulfate. The two unknown materials were identified as sulfatides by the method of IR spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography. By two dimensional thin layer chroma tography, it was found that phospholipid of the Antler velvet layer were composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, lysophospahtidylethanolamine, and lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid. On the other hand pantocrin Ccontained phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin as phospholipids.

RF 마그네트론 스퍼터 방법에 의한 다결정 NiO 박막의 비저항 변화

김영은,노영수,박동희,최지원,채근화,김태환,최원국,Kim, Youmg-Eun,No, Young-Soo,Park, Dong-Hee,Choi, Ji-Won,Chae, Keun-Hwa,Kim, Tae-Hwan,Choi, Won-Kook 한국진공학회 2010 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.19 No.6

NiO 산화물 타겟을 이용한 RF 마그네트론 스퍼터 방법으로 유리 기판 위에 NiO 박막을 Ar 가스만을 사용하여 증착하였으며, 증착 온도에 따라 NiO 박막 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. XRD 측정으로부터 증착된 박막의 결정구조는 $200^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 (111) 면의 우선 배향성으로 보이다가 $350^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 (220) 면의 우선 배향성을 가지는 다결정 입방구조임을 확인하였다. NiO 박막의 전기적 특성의 변화는 기판의 온도가 $200^{\circ}C$까지는 $10^5\;{\Omega}cm$의 부도체에 가까운 높은 비저항을 보였고 기판의 온도가 $300^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 $10^{-1}{\sim}10^{-2}{\Omega}cm$의 도체의 특성을 보이는 낮은 비저항으로 감소하는 Mott-Insulator Transition(MIT) 현상을 관측하였다. NiO 박막 내의 증착 온도 변화에 따른 ${\sim}10^7$ 정도의 큰 비저항 변화를 결정성, 결정립의 변화 및 밴드 갭의 변화 등으로 설명하였다. Polycrystalline NiO thin films were deposited on glass substrate by RF magnetron sputtering using only Ar as a plasma sputter gas. based on the analysis of x-ray diffraction (XRD), NiO films had a polycrystalline cubic (NaCl type) structure. NiO thin films grown below and above $200^{\circ}C$ showed preferred orientation of (111) and (220) respectively. It showed colossal change in electrical resistivity as much a ${\sim}10^7$ order form an insulating state of $105\;{\Omega}cm$ below $200^{\circ}C$ to a conducting state of $10^{-2}{\sim}10^{-1}\;{\Omega}cm$ above $300^{\circ}C$ such a Mott metal-insulator transition (MIT) in polycrystalline.

녹용의 약효 성분에 관한 연구 ( Ⅴ ) 녹용 및 판토크린의 당지질과 인지질의 조성에 관하여

김영은,임동구,신승언 ( Young Eun Kim,Dong Koo Lim,Seung Uon Shin ) 생화학분자생물학회 1977 BMB Reports Vol.10 No.3

The lipid soluble fraction of Antler velvet layer (cervus nippon taiouanous) was extracted and compared to that of pantocrin (ethanol preparation of Antler, commercially available). Lipid soluble components (801㎎/24.5g from Antler velvet ayer and 979.1㎎/143㎖ from pantocrin) were fractionated by gel filteration using a sephadex CT-25 into neutral lipids, sulfatides, cerebrosides, phospholipids and non-lipid components (lipoprotein and peptide). A silicic acid and a DEAE-sephadex A-25 column chromatography were followed from refractionation and purification. Each fraction was identified by thin layer chromatography using standard materials. Typical lipid soluble fraction of Antler contained 65.3% neutral lipid, 5.2% glycolipid, 12.9% phospholipid, 6.1% ganglioside and 2.9% non-lipid components. The glycolipid was composed of 63.5% cerebroside and 36.5% sulfatide. The cerebroside fraction of the Antler velvet layer showed four spots while pantocrin gave only one spot on a thin layer chromatogram. Among the four spots of Antler cerebroside two had almost same migration with standard but two had quite different mobility compared to the standard. The latter fractions were hydrolyzed by 0.025M methanolic HCl in order to desulfate. The two unknown materials were identified as sulfatides by the method of IR spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography. By two dimensional thin layer chroma tography, it was found that phospholipid of thr. Antler velvet layer were composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, lysophospahtidylethanolamine, and lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid. On the other hand pantocrin contained phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin as phospholipids.