고혈압 환자에서 Esmolol 의 지속적 정주가 후두경하 기관내 삽관에 따른 혈역학적 변동에 미치는 영향

김남중,장성호,공명훈 대한마취과학회 1994 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.27 No.10

Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation are potent stimuli that increase heart rate and blood pressure. These transient stress responses are probably not harmful in healthy individuals. However hypertensive patients are more prone to have significant increase in heart rate and blood pressure whether they have been treated beforehand or not and these responses also can lead to fstal complications. A randomized double-blind study was csrried out on 40 ASA physical status II-III adult elective surgical patients with hypertension to assess the effects of continuous intravenous infusion of esmolol, ultrashortacting cardioselective beta blocker, on hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. Patients received a continuous infusion of esmolol(500mcg/kg/min for 1 minute, followed by 200mcg/kg/min for 12minutes) or an equal volume of saline before and throughout the induction periods of anesthesia. Using noninvasive automatic blood pressure monitor, blood pressure( systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure) and heart rate were measured at 6 points: 1) as the control value, on arrival to operating room, 2) just after IV loading dose of saline or esmolol, 3) just after IV thiopental, 4) 1 minute after intuhation, 5) 3 minutes after intubation, and 6) 5 minutes after intubation. The rate-pressure product was calculated in each time. During this study, anesthesia was maintained with enflursne-N2O-O2 vecuronium and controlled ventilstion. In patients given esmolol, systolic pressure, diasolic pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and rate pressure product at 1 minute, 3 minutes, 5 minutes after intubation were less increased than control group. And the heart rste response was more effectively blunted than the blood pressure response. The continuous infusion of esmolol can blunt hemodynamic changes caused by laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation in hypertensive patients, yet it is needed to find out the optimal dosage of esmolol for complete blocking of the sympathetic response without the adverse effects.

낙랑국의 실체와 낙랑 조선․낙랑군의 관계

김남중 고조선단군학회 2022 고조선단군학 Vol.47 No.-

This article deals with the relationship between nakrang-guk, lelang-jun, and nakrang joseon, focusing on the nakrang-guk shown in the samguksagi. Nakrang-guk was destroyed in 37 A.D. due to the invasion of king daemusin of goguryeo. Nakrang-guk is found in the lelang-jun area or near ogjo, and it is reasonable to say that it was in the mountainous area in eastern pyeongannam-do when comparing the distribution of the stone mound tombs of gogulyeo and the ruins of lelang-jun. This area was not properly controlled by lelang-jun, and some residents of nakrang-guk, which flowed into lelang-jun, were organized into ledou-xian. In the northern part of the korean peninsula, there were forces that had been building dolmens and stone coffin tombs since the bronze age, and forces related to the sehyeong bronze dagger connected to the bronze age culture in northeastern china. The distribution of the two forces tends to be slightly divided, and dolmen remains are concentrated in the eastern part of pyeongannam-do and northern part of hwanghae-do. Comparing the distribution of the two forces with the census register produced in the 4th year of chuyuan(45 B.C.), it can be seen that the former-related forces made up the majority of the population. Nakrang-guk was a force related to the former, and was a force distinct from nakrang joseon, that is, ancient joseon people who migrated to the lelang-jun area. The etymology of the word lelang/nakrang originated from nakrang-guk. Han's law was translated and applied as if it were their prohibition law. For this reason, it was seen that the people of nakrang joseon stood at the center of the rule for indigenous forces such as nakrang-guk. In addition, even under han's rule, the indigenous forces of non-han did not assimilate to han and maintained their identity. In this respect, the history of lelang/nakrang is not only seen as chinese history, but can also be treated as part of ancient joseon's history. 이 글은 『삼국사기』에 보이는 낙랑국을 중심으로, 낙랑군, 낙랑 조선의 관계를 다루었다. 낙랑국은 37년에 고구려 대무신왕의 침공으로 멸망하였다. 낙랑국은 낙랑군 지역 또는 옥저 부근에서 찾는데, 고구려 적석총과 낙랑군 유적의 분포를 비교해 보았을 때 평안남도 동부 산간 지역에 있었던 것으로 보는 것이 타당하다. 이 지역은 낙랑군의 통제가 제대로 이루어지지 않았던 곳인데, 낙랑군에 유입된 낙랑국의 일부 주민은 낙도현으로 편제되었다. 한반도 북부 지역은 청동기 시대 이래로 고인돌ㆍ석관묘 등을 축조하던 세력, 중국 동북의 청동기 문화와 연결되는 세형동검 관련 세력 등이 있었다. 두 세력의 유적 분포를 보면 약간 구분되는 경향을 보이는데, 고인돌 유적은 평안남도 동부와 황해도 북부 지역에 집중되어 있다. 두 세력의 분포를 초원 4년(기원전 45) 호구부와 비교해 보면 전자와 관련된 세력이 인구의 다수를 이루었음을 알 수 있다. 낙랑국은 이들과 관련된 세력으로, 낙랑군 지역으로 이주한 고조선 즉 낙랑 조선인들과는 구별되었다. 낙랑군의 낙랑은 낙랑국에서 유래하였다. 낙랑 조선은 한의 낙랑군 통치 과정에서 중간 통치자 역할을 하였다. 한의 법은 이들의 犯禁으로 번역ㆍ적용되었다. 이로 인해 낙랑국 등 토착 세력에게는 낙랑 조선인들이 통치의 중심에 서 있었던 것으로 비춰졌다. 또한 한의 통치 속에서도 非漢系 토착 세력은 한에 동화되지 않고 정체성을 유지하였다. 이런 점에서 낙랑은 중국사로만 볼 수 없고 고조선사의 일부로도 다뤄질 수 있다고 본다.

위만조선의 멸망과 1세기 이전 낙랑 지역에 대한 여러 인식

김남중 고려사학회 2018 한국사학보 Vol.- No.70

The awareness for the fall of Wiman Joseon and Nakrang area of Han people(=chinese) and natives is diverse. Han people thought that they submitted the entire area of Wiman Joseon, but they tried not to change the existing system to minimize the reaction of natives. Several forces under control of Wiman Joseon regarded the fall of Wiman Joseon as the annihilation of forces that prevented direct trade with Han state. The fall of Wiman Joseon was not the end of Old Joseon society. There were, of course, the forces that opposed Han's rule. Han regarded Nakrang area as regions in which governments were installed but also as outside of china. At the same time, they perceived Nakrang as an area where the edification took place. However, they recognized that the people of Nakrang area was not edified by Han but had already been edified at Old Joseon period. The people who lived in the ruling base of Lelang County had some sense of self-awareness as a Han people. However, there were countries with independent kingship like Nakrang state in Nakrang area. Han state saw the inhabitants of eastern Dandandaelyeong as Ye tribes. Prior to the 1st century, the forces around Nakrang did not fully realize that Nakrang area was a part of Han state. Gogulyeo and Silla recognized Nakrang area society centered on indigenous people, Baekje limitedly recognized administrative scope of Lelang County. Silla recognized Nakrang area through Lelang County not Nakrang state. This was because the destruction of Wiman Joseon did not mean that Old Joseon had completely disappeared. 한과 토착 세력의 위만조선의 멸망과 낙랑 지역에 대해 인식은 다양하였다. 한은 위만조선의 영향력이 끼친 전 지역을 복속한 것으로 여겼지만 토착 세력의 반발을 최소화하고자 기존 체제에 변화를 주지 않으려 노력하였다. 위만조선의 통제를 받던 여러 토착 세력은 위만조선의 멸망을 한과의 직접 교역을 방해하는 세력의 소멸로 인식하였을 따름이다. 위만조선의 멸망이 고조선 사회의 소멸은 아니었던 것이다. 물론 한의 통치에 반발한 세력도 있었다. 한은 낙랑을 군현을 설치한 지역으로 인식하면서도 중국과 구별되는 지역으로 인식하였다. 그러면서도 낙랑을 교화가 이루어진 지역으로 인식하였다. 다만 한에 의해 교화된 것이 아니라 고조선 시기에 이미 교화가 이루어졌던 것으로 보았다. 낙랑군 통치의 중심 지역에 있던 자들은 어느 정도 漢人 의식을 지녔다. 그러나 낙랑 지역에는 낙랑국처럼 독립된 왕권을 지닌 세력도 있었다. 또한 한은 단단대령 동쪽의 세력을 예족으로 구분해서 보았다. 1세기 이전 낙랑 주변 세력들은 낙랑 지역이 한의 군현이었음을 제대로 알지 못하였다. 고구려와 신라는 토착 세력들을 중심으로 낙랑 일대 사회를 인식하였고, 백제는 낙랑군의 관할 지역을 제한적으로 인식하였다. 신라는 낙랑군이 아닌 낙랑국을 통해 낙랑을 인식하였다. 이것은 위만조선의 멸망으로 고조선 사회가 완전히 해체된 것이 아니었기 때문이었다.

삼한의 시·공간과 고조선

김남중 한국고고학회 2022 한국고고학전국대회 발표문 Vol.- No.46

진국의 대한(對漢) 교역 추진과 고조선 지역 세력

김남중 경희대학교 인문학연구원 2021 인문학연구 Vol.- No.49

This article paper looked at the possibility of jin state, in the central and southern part of the korean peninsula, and earlier han’s trade in the 2nd century B.C. Hanshu says jin state pushed for exchanges with earlier han during the reign of king ugeo of wiman joseon. This is not an arbitrary revision of the shiji’s record by hanshu’s author, but on some grounds. Around the 2nd century B.C., jinbeon and other forces around wiman joseon interacted with han. Initially, wiman joseon controlled the exchange system with han at the beginning of its founding, controlling the exchange of neighboring forces. Then, jinbeon and other forces which gained experience in exchange directly interacted with han. Jin state attempted to trade with han through ancient joseon regional forces in the middle, rather than directly trade with han. The archaeological culture of the southwestern area of the korean peninsula between the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C. is similar to the sejukri-yeonhwabo type of the northwestern region of the cheongcheon river and the bronze sword culture of the northwestern area, so we can look at the possibility of mutual trade between the two regions. Jin state, like those around wiman joseon, engaged in trade with han because it was stimulated by some kind of influence. Noted in this regard are the activities of pengwu in 128 B.C. Pengwu used sea routes to contact namryeo the chief of ye and others, where chinese goods were directly known to them, stimulating trade with han. As a result, jin state began exchanges with han through forces around wiman joseon, including jinbeon. 이 글은 기원전 2세기 무렵 한반도 중남부의 진국과 전한의 교류 추진 가능성을 살핀 것이다. 『한서』에서는 위만조선 우거왕 시기에 진국이 전한과 교류를 추진했음을 전한다. 이는 『한서』 저자가 『사기』 기록을 임의로 수정한 것이 아니라 어떤 근거에 의거하여 고친 것이다. 기원전 2세기 무렵 위만조선 주변의 진번을 비롯한 여러 세력들이 전한과 교류하였다. 본래 위만조선은 건국 초에 대한 교류 시스템을 장악하여 주변 세력의 대한 교류를 통제했다. 그러다가 진번 등 교류 경험을 쌓은 세력들이 전한과 직접 교류를 하게 된 것이다. 진국은 전한과 직접 교류하기보다는 그 중간에 위치한 고조선 지역 세력을 거쳐 교류 시도를 추진하였다. 기원전 3~2세기경 서남한 지역의 고고 문화는 청천강 이북의 세죽리-연화보 유형, 서북한 지역의 세형동검 문화와 통하는 점이 있어 교류 가능성을 살필 수 있다. 진국이 위만조선 주변 세력과 마찬가지로 대한 교류에 나섰던 것은 자극제가 있었기 때문이다. 이와 관련하여 주목되는 것은 기원전 128년에 있었던 팽오의 활동이다. 팽오는 바다를 통해 예군 남려 등의 세력과 접촉하였고, 이를 통해 중원 물품이 직접 위만조선 주변 세력에게 알려지면서 대한 교류를 자극하였다. 이에 진국이 진번 등 위만조선 주변 세력을 통한 대한 교류에 나서게 된 것이다.

일본어 신조어 생성에 관한 일고찰-인터넷의 발달이 미친 영향을 중심으로

김남중,이경규 한국일본근대학회 2012 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.37

본고는 인터넷의 발달로 인해 생겨난 일본어 신조어 생성에 대해 웹사이트를 중심으로 그 특징을 고찰한 것이며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 인터넷 신조어는 여러 법칙에 의해서 생겨나고 파생되는데 그 법칙은 컴퓨터의 일반화와 인터넷의 보급이라는 사회적 요인에 의해서 비롯되는 것을 알 수 있었다. (2) 이러한 신조어는 인터넷의 발달로 인해 빠른 의사소통, 정보전달을 위해 주로 청소년과 누리꾼들이 만들어낸 것으로 인터넷의 사용이 많지 않은 중장년층과의 소통이 점차 어려워지는 것은 당연하며 그럼에도 불구하고 계속해서 신조어가 만들어지는 이유는 사회에 대한 불만, 그 사회를 지탱하고 있는 기성세대에 대한 불만으로부터의 심리적 요인이 있다고 생각된다. (3) 사회문화가 변화, 발전함에 따라서 단순히 KY식 일본어나 축약과 생략 위주의 조어법뿐만 아니라 더욱 다양한 신조어가 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있었다. (4) 인터넷의 발달로 인해 정보의 공유가 더욱 간편해져 소수 집단에 의해 만들어진 신조어가 빠른 속도로 확산되어 유행어로 발달되고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. (5) 네트워크의 발전으로 인해 보다 빨리 변화에 적응해야 한다는 강박관념이나 정치적, 경제적인 이유로 인해서 많은 신조어가 탄생하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. (6) 인터넷에서는 익명성이 보장됨에 따라 소속감이나 책임감으로부터 벗어나 자유롭게 의사소통이 가능하기 때문에 인터넷 신조어에는 부정적 이미지를 가진 신조어가 많음을 확인할 수 있었다. This research explored characteristic patterns emerging from Japanese neologisms being created as the Internet continues to develop and evolve itself, by looking into websites. Its results are as follows: [1] Internet neologisms tended to be formed and developed according to a wide range of principles or rules that were derived primarily from “social factors”, such as i.e. the popularization of computer and the ensuing wide spread of the Internet. [2] These neologisms were created mainly by teenagers and “netizens (nuri‐kun)” for the increased need of even faster (and more effective) communications and delivery of information as a result of the incessant development and evolution of the Internet. Hence, it is highly noticeable and to a certain extent natural that they led to worsening further the younger generations’ communicational difficulties with the middle‐aged less familiar with and exposed to the Internet than the former. Nonetheless, the reason why the neologisms continue to be produced lies largely in psychological factors derived from complains about society, especially those made by the older generations still remaining as vital constituents in society. [3] Not merely “KY‐style” Japanese and contraction / omission‐centered word formation but more diverse neologisms were generated, as society and culture continued to develop and change. [4] The further increase in the information sharablility through the development of the Internet enabled neologisms invented by minority groups to be spread and diffused even more rapidly, only to become fad words. [5] The reason behind the creation of neologisms lied in either (a) a sense of obsession with having to catch up with and to get accustomed to new changes that grows amongst those living in contemporary society as a result of the development of networks or (b) other political and economic grounds. [6] The Internet’s capabilities of guaranteeing the anonymity of its users enable people to communicate more freely by relieving themselves from such psychological pressures as sense of responsibility and belonging / allegiance to certain communities (both online and offline). Hence, most of Internet neologisms created tended to imply negative meanings.

Titelbaum's Theory of De Se Updating and Two Versions of Sleeping Beauty

김남중 Springer 2015 Erkenntnis Vol.80 No.6

진료 현장에서 엠폭스 의심 환자 대처 방법

김남중,허선 대한의사협회 2023 대한의사협회지 Vol.66 No.5

Background: This article outlines procedures for monitoring and handling mpox outbreaks in Korea based on the 5th edition of the guidelines for response to mpox and recent briefing material from the Korea Disease Prevention and Control Agency (KDCA). Covering epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention, and focusing on domestic resources, it offers guidance for healthcare professionals on coping with suspected mpox cases. Current Concepts: Human mpox infections mainly occur through person-to-person transmission. Historically, sporadic outbreaks of mpox have taken place, primarily in Africa, but mpox has subsequently spread globally. In Korea, after the first case report in June 2022, 52 cases had been reported as of May 1, 2023. Fifty cases had sexual contact with high-risk persons with mpox infection. Furthermore, 46 cases had not travelled abroad within 3 weeks prior to symptoms/signs onset. Mpox lesions involve the skin, lymph node, and respiratory tract. Confirmation of diagnosis requires laboratory testing, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Treatment is mainly supportive, but antivirals, e.g., tecovirimat, show favorable efficacy. The prognosis is generally favorable, with a 0.13% case fatality rate (116/86,930) from January 1, 2021, to April 10, 2023, worldwide. Prevention involves avoiding contact with suspected cases, practicing good hygiene, and timely reporting. Discussion and Conclusion: Suspected mpox cases should receive accurate information and undergo PCR testing while maintaining privacy. Physicians should report suspected cases to the KDCA. Seeking medical attention and vaccination is crucial for preventing infection in higher-risk groups, including men who have sex with men.

An Experimental Study on the Microhardness of 4 Kinds of Direct Composite Resins

김남중 대한예방치과학회 2017 International Journal of Clinical Preventive Denti Vol.13 No.4

Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the microhardness of various direct composite resins. Methods: The authors performed experiments on the microhardness of direct composite resins after polymerizing 4 kinds of direct composite resins on the medio-occluso-distal cavity (MOD) standard specimens. Results: The microhardness of Z350 was the highest (p<0.05). According to post-hoc study with Turkey honest significant difference by multiple comparison on microhardness test results, there were statistically significant differences between all kinds of direct composite resin. The microhardness of the direct composite resin past the expiration date was the lowest. Conclusion: Z350 scored the highest concerning the microhardness, and there was a statistically valid difference from the direct composite resin past its expiration date.

생체내 이식된 흡수성 봉합사들의 물리적 성질 변화와 조직 소견에 관한 연구

김남중,김명철 한국임상수의학회 1996 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.13 No.2

A comparative study of three absorbable suture materials of chromic catgut, Dexon II (a polyglycolic acid suture with a polycaprolate coating system) and Coated Vicryl (a polyglactin 910 suture with a glycolide-lactide-calcium stearate coating system) was undertaken in terms of tensile strength, breaking elongation, appearances of the suture materials in the subcutaneous layer of rats and of tissue reaction in the intramuscular layer of rats. The initial tensile strength of chromic catgut and the tensile strength after 21 days were about 1.55 kg and 0.19 kg, respectively. Those of Dexon II were about 2.01 kg and 0. 20 kg, respectively. Those of Coated Vicryl were about 2.39 kg and 0.48 kg, respectively. Coated Vicryl showed the highest tensile strength among the three materials during the whole period. On the other hand, Dexon II showed the highest breaking elongation among the three materials during the first week. But the breaking elongation of Dexon II rapidly continuously decreased during the whole period. The appearances of the suture materials in the subcutaneous layer of rats showed that chromic catgut was the fastest among the three materials, whereas it formed comparatively much connective tissue. The intramuscular absorption rate and tissue reaction of Dexon II were similar to those of Coated Vicryl. The intramuscular absorption rate of these was fairly late when compared with chromic catgut. And the tissue reaction appearance of these showed the formation of a granuloma with foreign body giant cells, macrothages and epitheloid cells by the 28th day in the experimental period.