바이오매스 자원으로서의 Lemna Paucicostata의 인공배양조건과 이화학적 특성에 관한 연구

곽정훈,이진의,김기혜,엄혜영,신종서,라창식,Kwag, Jung-Hoon,Lee, Jin-Eui,Kim, Ki-Hye,Eum, Hye-Yeong,Shin, Jong-Suh,Ra, Chang-Six 한국축산환경학회 2010 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.16 No.2

본 연구에서는 Lemna P.의 인공배양 조건을 파악하고 생산된 바이오매스의 영양적 가치에 관하여 조사하였다. Lemna P.의 배양을 위해 총용적 $2,630\;cm^3$, 유효용적 $2,240\;cm^3$의 생물배양조를 이용하였으며 인공광원 6,250 lux, 평균온도 $28^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 인공폐수를 이용하여 배양하였다. 물 유동여부가 Lemna P.의 생장에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 하부층의 물 유동이 없는 경우 일일 1.1 이상의 성장률을 보인반면 하부층 물 유동이 있는 경우에는 단지 $0.15\;d^{-1}$의 생장률을 보였다. 또한 인공 폐수내 $NH_4$-N 농도변화와 광 조사시간이 Lemna P. 성장에 마치는 영향을 분석한 결과 광주기 $16h\;d^{-1}$에서의 생장률이 8h 및 $24h\;d^{-1}$에서 보다 높았으며 Lemna P.의 생장은 초기 $NH_4$-N의 농도에 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 초기 $NH_4$-N의 농도가 낮을수록 Lemna P.의 생장률은 높았으나 조단백질 함량은 초기$NH_4$-N 농도에 비례하였다. $NH_4$-N의 농도 2, 10, 50, $100\;mg\;L^{-1}$에서 배양한 후의 Lemna P.의 조단백질 함량은 각각 18, 24, 37, 43%로 50과 $100\;mg\;L^{-1}$ 농도에서 생장한 Lemna P. 바이오매스의 조단백질함량은 현재 단백질원으로 이용되고 있는 아마박(조단백질 함량 35%), 면실박(38%), 대두박(45%)과 비슷한 수준으로 나타났다. 광주기 $16h\;d^{-1}$ 초기 $NH_4$-N 농도 $2\;mg\;L^{-1}$ 이하에서 매우 높은 생장률로 증식한 Lemna P.의 조지방, 조단백질, 조섬유, 조회분, NDF 및 ADF 함량이 각각 2.77, 18.03, 27.02, 20.01, 41.00, 65.68%로 밝혀짐에 따라 우수한 단백질 또는 섬유질 대체자원의 대량 생산이 가능함을 알 수 있었다. 특히 Lemna P.는 식물성 지방보다 동물성 지방에서 검출되는 단일 및 다중 불포화 지방산들을 함유하고 있으며, 가능성 지방산으로 알려진 C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, C20:5n3 및 C22:2 들을 지나고 있어 가축의 가능성 사료자원으로 활용가치가 높을 것으로 판단되었다. Conditions for artificial culture of Lemna Paucicostata and its nutritional values were examined in this study. Lemna P. was cultured using artificial wastewater and a bioreactor (total volume $2,630\;cm^3$, working volume $2,240\;cm^3$) was operated at conditions of 6,250 lux and $28^{\circ}C$. Water flow affected the growth of Lemna P.: growth rate was very high (more than $1.1\;d^{-1}$) at a condition of no-water movement, but it was very low (less than $0.15\;d^{-1}$) when water moved slowly. The growth of Lemna P. was higher in $16h\;d^{-1}$ light cycle than in Sand $24h\;d^{-1}$, and it was also severely affected by the initial $NH_4$-N levels of wastewater. The growth rate of Lemna P. was high in lower $NH_4$-N level, indicating that the growth rate is in inverse proportion to $NH_4$-N concentration in wastewater. However, the contents of crude protein (CP) of Lemna P. were proportional to the initial $NH_4$-N concentration. The CP contents of Lemna P. cultured at 2, 10, 50 and 100 $NH_4$-N mg $L^{-1}$ was 18, 24, 37, 43%, respectively, showing the Lemna P. cultured at 50 and $100\;mg\;L^{-1}$ had similar protein contents to linseed (CP 35%), cottonseed (CP 38%) and soybean (CP 45%). Fat, protein, fiber, NDF and ADF contents of Lemna P. harvested at conditions of $16h\;d^{-1}$ light cycle and less than $2\;mg\;L^{-1}$ of $NH_4$-N level was 2.8, 18, 27, 20, 41 and 65.7%, respectively. Since the growth rate of Lemna P. was very high (more than $1.1\;d^{-1}$) at those conditions, it was convinced that mass production of valuable protein and fiber sources are feasible. In particular, since the Lemna P. has unsaturated fatty acids found mainly in animal fat as well as beneficial fatty acids to health such as C18:ln9c, C18:2n6c, C20:5n3 and C22:2, the Lemna P. biomass would be a highly valuable alternative feed source to grains.

돼지분뇨에 마이크로파 반응시간에 따른 호기성 퇴비화 과정에서 수분증발량 및 특성변화에 관한 연구

곽정훈,정광화,최동윤,김중곤,한덕우,한만희,유용희,라창식,Kwag, Jung-Hoon,Jeong, Kwang-Hwa,Choi, Dong-Yoon,Kim, Jung-Gon,Han, Duk-Woo,Han, Man-Hee,Yoo, Young-Hee,La, Chang-Six 한국축산환경학회 2013 한국축산시설환경학회지 Vol.19 No.2

In this experiment, we hypothesized that pre-conditioning pig manure with microwave radiation can effectively eliminate moisture and consequently, cut down a need for expensive sawdust. For the experiment, pig manure/sawdust mixture of water content 79% was divided into 4 groups and each of them were treated with microwave for predetermined time periods, 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes. Subsequently, they were transferred to chambers (20 L) and aerobically composted. During the 2 weeks composting, air was supplied using blower (150 L per $1m^3$) and temperature and other variables were monitored continuously. When the data were analyzed, it was found, (1) moisture content was significantly decreased as radiation period extended. (2) weight reduction of compost after completion of composting was noticeably bigger in 15 min radiated group(31%), compared with 5 min (24.6%), 10 min (21.4%), 20 min (27.2%) radiated groups.

젖소분뇨 퇴비화에 대한 부숙퇴비 혼합 효과

김중곤,곽정훈,정광화,한덕우,유병기,안희권,라창식,Kim, Jung Kon,Kwag, Jung-Hoon,Jeong, Kwang-Hwa,Han, Deug-Woo,Yu, Byeong-kee,Ahn, Hee-kwon,Ra, Chang-Six 한국축산환경학회 2015 한국축산시설환경학회지 Vol.21 No.3

According to the volumetric mixing rate of dairy cow manure (DCM) and moisture control materials such as decomposed manure (DM) and sawdust (S), 6 reactors (DCM only (R1), DCM : DM = 1:1 (R2), DCM : DM = 1.5:0.5 (R3), DCM : DM = 0.5:1.5 (R4), DCM : DM:S = 1:0.5:0.5 (R5) and DCM : S = 1:1 (R6)) were used for composting of dairy cow manure. Among the composting reactors, composting reactor of R5 was shown the highest temperature of the compost as a $66^{\circ}C$ during composting period. After 3 weeks composting, moisture content of R5 and R6 were 51% and 51.3%, respectively. These values were satisfied with the moisture content standard of livestock manure compost of Korea. We concluded that decomposed manure may be a good moisture control material for dairy cow manure composting when it is used in mixture with sawdust. The optimum volumetric mixing ratio of dairy cow manure and moisture control materials was 50% of livestock manure, 25% of decomposed manure and 25% of sawdust.

돼지분뇨슬러리의 액비조내 저장깊이별 고형물 및 질소, 인의 함량분포에 관한 연구

정광화,정의수,박치호,곽정훈,최동윤,유용희,Jeong, Kwang-Hwa,Chung, Eui-Soo,Park, Chi-Ho,Kwag, Jung-Hoon,Choi, Dong-Yoon,Yoo, Yong-Hee 한국축산환경학회 2006 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.12 No.3

본 연구는 돼지분뇨 슬러리의 액비화시 저장깊이(매 30m 깊이별)에 따른 액비의 수직 적층형 단면을 구분하여 각 단면별로 유기물 및 질소와 인의 농도변화 및 고형물의 분포 형태를 분석하여 액비의 수직 단면별 특성을 구명하고자 수행되었으며 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 침전깊이가 깊어짐에 따라 총고형물 농도는 증가하는 경향을 보인 반면에 총고형물중에 함유된 용해성 물질은 감소하였다. 2. 침전깊이별 오염물 농도는 깊이에 따라 증가하여 저장조 전체깊이 대비 약 70% 정도 내외에서 급격하게 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 3. 총질소와 총인 역시 침전깊이가 깊어짐에 따라 증가하는 결과를 보였는데, 이러한 경향은 총 인의 경우에 있어 더 뚜렷했고 질소의 농도변화는 상대적으로 적었다. 4. 저장 깊이가 깊어짐에 따라 Cr과 Ni 등의 함량도 증가하는 경향을 보였고 그 증가 경향치는 SS의 농도변화와 유사하였다. This paper describes the changes of characteristics of pig slurry according to storing depth. Most of the substances containing pollutants, such as were Management of manure and wastewater from animal confinement facilities is a critical factor for pollution control. With proper treatment processing method in both solid and liquid forms, it can be used as a fertilizer and soil conditioner. In Korea, liquid-manure handling system is very popular because its treatment and application is easy and labor saving. In the storage tank treatment, the period of fermentation process and solids-liquid separation averages six months and the supernatant liquid is being used as a fertilizer. In this study, the changes in chemical characteristics of pig slurry at varying depths of the storage tank were investigated. Results showed that the pH value of the fermented pig slurry was > 7, while the major pollutants such as BOD, SS, N and P were highest in the bottom of the tank. Therefore, the above findings proved that varying depths in the storage tank can influence the concentration of pollutants of the fermented pig slurry.

Vitek 2 Compact System을 이용한 Bacillus licheniformis의 동정 및 NH₃ 저감효과

임정수,한덕우,이상룡,황옥화,곽정훈,조성백,Lim, Joung-Soo,Han, Deug-Woo,Lee, Sang-Ryong,Hwang, Ok-Hwa,Kwag, Jung-Hoon,Cho, Sung-Back 한국축산환경학회 2015 한국축산시설환경학회지 Vol.21 No.3

An attempt to produce more pigs in limited spaces inevitably generalized concentrated feeding operation (CFO). As concentrated pig production practice expanded, concerns on environmental issues grow concurrently. Since odor is the concerned most among those, we attempted to develop means to tackle odor emission from livestock operations. Previously, we excavated few microorganisms from pig manure and, one of them, Bacillus licheniformis was particularly useful to handle odor problem. In this study, we conducted our investigation to further characterize Bacillus licheniformis. Strain identification was conducted using Vitek 2 compact, and the optimal temperature and pH conditions to growth B. licheniformis were searched for by analyzing turbidity on O.D 600 nm. Results of this study can be summarized as these, (1) it was re-verified that the bacterial strain that purified from pig manure was, in fact, Bacillus licheniformis, (2) the bacterial growth was highest when the temperature was kept at $30^{\circ}C$, also (3) growth rate was dependent on media pH as it was high at neutral (6, 7 and 8) but dropped when it was diverged from neutral (4, 5, 9 and 10), and (4) regarding ammonia removal efficiency, B. licheniformis recorded 64% effectiveness after 48 h incubation and reached its highest (80%) at 72 h.

가축 분 퇴비화과정의 온도에 따른 잡초종자 발아억제 효과

정광화,김기용,이동준,이동현,곽정훈,Jeong, Kwang-Hwa,Kim, Ki-Yong,Lee, Dong-Jun,Lee, Dong-Hyun,Kwag, Jung-Hoon 한국초지조사료학회 2018 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.38 No.4

본 연구는 퇴비단 내에서 소리쟁이 종자와 피 종자의 발아력 억제효과를 분석하기 위하여 염소 분 퇴비, 젖소 분 퇴비 그리고 한우 분 퇴비를 대상으로 하여 실험을 수행하였다. 소리쟁이 종자와 피 종자를 거즈에 싸서 퇴비단 내에 묻어놓고 1.5일, 3일, 10일, 20일 경과 후 종자를 회수한 뒤 발아력을 측정하였다. 실험 결과 소리쟁이 종자와 피 종자의 발아율은 가축 분의 종류와 퇴비화 방법에 관계없이 퇴비단의 온도와 직접적인 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 온도가 $60{\sim}70^{\circ}C$인 조건의 퇴비단에서 1.5일 동안 머무른 소리쟁이 종자와 피 종자는 발아력을 완전히 상실하였다. 반면에 퇴비단 최고 온도가 $51^{\circ}C$ 이하인 퇴비단에서는 소리쟁이 종자와 피 종자가 퇴비단 내에서 20일간 머무른 후에도 10 % 정도의 발아력을 유지하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면, 소리쟁이 종자와 피 종자의 발아율을 억제하기 위해서는 가축 분 퇴비화단계에서 최소 $55^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도를 3일 이상 유지하는 것이 좋다. 또한 퇴비단 온도가 $60{\sim}70^{\circ}C$ 정도 상승한다면 약 1.5일 정도 체류하는 것으로도 소리쟁이 종자와 피 종자의 발아력을 억제할 수 있을 것이다. 퇴비화 방법을 기준으로 보면, 호기적 퇴비화 방법이 퇴비단의 온도상승기간이 더 짧았다. 따라서 호기적 퇴비화방법을 적용하는 것이 소리쟁이 종자와 피 종자의 발아력을 억제하는데 더 효율적일 것이다. This study was carried out to assess the composting temperature effects on germination of curled dock and barnyard millet seeds. After the seeds wrapped in gauze were buried in the compost heap, the seeds were taken out under monitering the temperature for measuring germination rate at 1.5, 3, 10 and 20 days of composting. The germination rate of the seeds was directly related to the temperature of the compost heap regardless of the type of composting method. The seeds that buried in the compost for 1.5 days at a temperature of $60{\sim}70^{\circ}C$ were completely lost their germination ability. However, the germination rate of the seeds retained about 10% even after 20 days when compost temperature was below $51^{\circ}C$. Reulsting data suggests that, it is necessary to keep the compost temperature at least $55^{\circ}C$ for more than 3 days in order to suppress the germination of the seeds. On the other hand, if the temperature of the compost rises by $60{\sim}70^{\circ}C$, the seeds will lose their gemination ability with in 1.5 days. In conclusion, aerobic composting would be more effective in suppressing germination ability of curled dock seed and barnyard millet seeds.

양돈 슬러리에 첨가된 발효탄수화물의 종류별 악취물질 농도 비교

황옥화,양승학,전중환,곽정훈,최동윤,양승봉,김두환,조성백,Hwang, Ok Hwa,Yang, Seung Hak,Jeon, Jung Hwan,Kwag, Jeong Hoon,Choi, Dong Yun,Yang, Seung Bong,Kim, Doo Hwan,Cho, Sung Back 한국축산환경학회 2013 한국축산시설환경학회지 Vol.19 No.1

Slurry treatments included peanut shell, palm golden fiber, almond hull, which was added 2% of the amount of slurry, and non-treatment control (n=4 each group). Levels of odorous compounds were measured from the liquid slurry incubated in $20^{\circ}C$ for 2 wk in chamber whose structure is similar to slurry pit. Concentration of phenols and indoles was higher (p<0.05) in control (48.4, 4.0 ppm) compared to almond hull (31.5, 1.4 ppm) or palm golden fiber (29.1, 1.6 ppm) group. Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) level was lowest (p<0.05) in control (2,121 ppm) but highest in peanut shell group (3,640 ppm). Branched chain fatty acid (BCFA) concentration was highest (p<0.05) in peanut shell (296 ppm), but lowest in almond hull (90 ppm). Taken together, concentration of odorous compounds was decreased by addition of almond hull in pig slurry by which crude fiber and non-digestible fiber (NDF) may act as a carbon source.

젖소분뇨 반 건식 혐기소화 잔재물의 고체연료화 가능성 평가

정광화(Kwang Hwa Jeong),김중곤(Jung Kon Kim),이동준(Dong jun Lee),조원모(Won Mo Cho),B. Ravindran,곽정훈(Jung Hoon Kwag) 유기성자원학회 2016 유기물자원화 Vol.24 No.4

본 연구는 젖소분뇨를 원료로 하여 반 건식 혐기소화 방법을 적용하였을 경우의 혐기소화 가능성을 분석하고 혐기소화 과정에서 배출되는 젖소분뇨 혐기소화 잔재물의 고체연료로서의 가치를 평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 젖소분뇨의 반 건식 혐기소화 가능성을 평가하기 위하여 950 mL 용량의 반응조를 제작하여 회분식 혐기소화를 실시하였다. 이와 동시에 젖소분뇨 혐기소화 원료를 가로 1,000 mm, 세로 450 mm 크기의 기밀형 아크릴 반응조에 투입하고 항온실에서 중온 혐기소화를 실시한 후에 배출되는 혐기소화 잔재물을 고체연료화 실험원료로 사용하였다. 혐기소화 기질로 사용된 젖소분뇨의 수분함량은 80.64%였으며 젖소분뇨에 첨가한 식종액의 수분함량은 96.83% 수준이었다. 젖소분뇨를 혐기소화하기 위하여 젖소분뇨와 식종액을 1:1 비율로 혼합하였을 때의 수분함량과 VS/TS(휘발성 고형물/총고형물) 함량은 89.74%와 83.35% 수준이었다. 이 젖소분뇨를 혐기소화 한 결과 식종액을 혼합하였을 때 바이오가스가 생성된 반면에 식종액을 혼합하지 않은 경우에는 바이오가스가 거의 발생되지 않았다. 반 건식 혐기소화를 거친 젖소분뇨 혐기소화 잔재물은 신선분에 비해 열량가가 약 20% 정도 감소하였다. 반면에 회분은 15%에서 18.4%로 증가하였다. 젖소분뇨 혐기소화 잔재물울 고체연료 형태로 펠릿화하였을 경우 크롬과 납, 카드뮴, 황 등의 농도가 규제 수준보다 낮았다. 따라서 젖소분뇨를 혐기소화 하여 바이오가스를 회수하고 난후 혐기소화 잔재물을 고체연료화하여 연료로 활용하는 방법을 적용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. The objective of this study was to investigate feasibility of semi-dry anaerobic digestion using dairy cattle manure and to evaluate solidified fuel value of semi-dry anaerobic digestate. To evaluate semi-dry anaerobic digestion using dairy cattle manure, 950 mL bottle type anaerobic reactor was set in the constant temperature room maintained at 35℃. To produce anaerobic digestate for making solidified fuel, acrylic cylindrical anaerobic digester(1,000 mm width × 450 mm height) was set in the constant room temperature to carry out batch test of semi-dry anaerobic digestion using same dairy cattle manure. Moisture content of dairy cattle manure and inoculum solution for anaerobic digestion were 80.64% and 96.83%, respectively. The dairy cattle manure and the inoculum solution was mixed by 1:1 ratio(v/v) for anaerobic digestion. Water content and VS/TS(Volatile Solids/Total Solids) of mixture of substrate and inoculum were 89.74% and 83.35%, respectively. In case of non-inoculated anaerobic digester, the biogas was not produced. By the semi-dry anaerobic digestion, the calorific value of the digestate was reduced by 20% compare to fresh dairy cattle manure. In other hand, ash content increased from 15% to 18.4%. The contents of Cr, Pb, Cd and S of pellet produced from anaerobically digested dairy cattle manure were not against the standard regulation for livestock manure solidified fuel. Therefore, it can be used as fuel that anaerobic digestate produced after semi-dry anaerobic digestion using dairy cattle manure.

퇴비단을 이용한 혐기소화폐액의 액비화에 대한 연구

한덕우,이동현,정광화,김중곤,최동윤,곽정훈,Han, Deug-Woo,Lee, Dong-Hyun,Jeong, Kwang-Hwa,Kim, Jung-Gon,Choi, Dong-Yoon,Kwag, Jung-Hoon 한국축산환경학회 2014 한국축산시설환경학회지 Vol.20 No.2

This study was aimed at investigating a filtration bed system for the production of liquid fertilizer using wastewater generated after anaerobic digestion of animal manure. Slurry, Compost, & Biofiltration-Methane System, designed by Korean National Institute of Animal Science, is now a standard method to recycle anaerobic digestion wastewater. However, currently provided protocol to run the system needs continuous upgrades as the system is relatively new and can be more cost-effective if few adjustments are made. In this study, we tried to enhance the capability of the system to process anaerobic digestion wastewater by replacing the bed materials with the cheaper one, and determining the time point of operation from which filtrates can be utilized for fertilization.

국내 가축분뇨 처리시설 형태별 특성조사 분석

정광화(Kwang-Hwa ,Jeong),김중곤(Jung-Kon Kim),Modabber Ahmed Khan,한덕우(Duk-Woo Han),곽정훈(Jung-Hoon Kwag) 유기성자원학회 2014 유기물자원화 Vol.22 No.4

국내 경제성장에 힘입어 최근 30여 년 간에 걸쳐서 축산물 소비가 급격하게 늘어나고 있다. 이에 따라 국내 가축 규모는 전업화, 대형화 되는 추세에 있다. 가축 사육두수의 증가는 필연적으로 가축분뇨발생량 증가를 초래하게 되었다. 농림축산 통계에 따르면 2013년 말 기준으로 약 47,235천 톤의 가축분뇨가 발생되었다. 이 분뇨를 처리하기 위해서 퇴비화, 액비화, 정화 그리고 혐기소화와 같은 다양한 가축분뇨 처리방법이 적용되고 있다. 가축분뇨를 퇴비화 처리 하는 시설에 있어서는 에스컬레이터식,패들식, 스크루식 또는 로타리식 등의 4가지 종류의 교반시설이 적용되고 있다. 가축분뇨 액비화 시설의 경우에는 호기적 방법과 무산소적 방법 등의 2가지 시설이 운영되고 있다. 가축분뇨를 액비화하기위해서 전국에 약 8천기에 달하는 액비화 시설이 설치, 운영되고 있다. 가축분뇨 정화처리 시설에서는 고액분리 처리, 2차 처리 그리고 고도 처리의 3가지 단계의 기술을 적용하고 있다. 2012년 말 기준으로 볼 때 혐기소화 처리방법에 의해서 처리된 돼지분뇨 슬러리는 약 21천 톤에 달한다. 가축분뇨 처리를 위해서 퇴비, 액비, 정화 시설, 혐기소화 시설 등을 선택함에 있어서 악취제거 효율을 높이는 것이 대단히 중요한 사안이 되었다. 본 연구에서는 국내에 설치된 가축분뇨처리 시설의 특징과 운영방식을 6년간에 걸친 시설 설치관련 서류 검토와 현장조사를 통하여 분석하였다 Due to development of the national economy growth, livestock goods consumption has rapidly increased over the past 30 years. It has led livestock breeders to increase their livestock numbers. An increased number of livestock have consequently resulted in an increasing animal feces generation. According to the agricultural statistics provided by the Bureau of Statistics, livestock manure amounts to 47,235 thousand tons in 2013. To treat livestock manure, various types of treatment facilities like composting, liquid fertilization, purification, and anaerobic digestion facilities are being applied. In composting facility, there are four kinds of agitation system: escalator, paddle, screw and rotary type. In case of liquid fertilization process, there are two types of system: aeration and anoxic type. There are about 8,000 liquid fertilization facilities for treatment livestock manure in Korea. For purification of livestock manure, the treatment process is divided by three steps: Solid/Liquid separation process, Secondary purification process and advanced oxidation process. About 21 thousand tons of livestock manure was treated by anaerobic digestion facility in 2012. In every type of facility for livestock manure treatment, it is very important to choose the optimal deodorization equipment for the livestock manure treatment facility. In this study, the investigation has been carried out for six years to analyse the characteristics of livestock manure treatment facilities and related technique of Korea.