Diversity Capturing Comparison by Combinations among Clustering Methods, Allocation Strategies, and Sampling Strategies in Establishment Core-Sets of Mungbean (Vigna radiata) Germplasm Preserved in NAC Genebank

곽재균,오세종,고호철,마경호,조규택,이기안,이석영,박용진 한국국제농업개발학회 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.4

A core collection is a subset chosen to represent the diversity of a collection with a minimum of redundancies and is established to improve the conservation and use of genetic resources. In this study, eight core subsets were established by combinations among two clustering methods (SUN, UN),two allocation strategies (P, L), and two sampling strategies (R, Pr) using morphological traits and were compared with entire collection by variance, means, Nei's diversity index, goodness of fit, the mean difference percentage (MD%), the variance difference percentage (VD%), coincidence rate (CR%), and the variable rate (VR%) of traits. The variances between entire and eight core subsets was homogeneous for all the traits of all core subsets by Levene's test both 10% and 15% sample sizes and the means between entire and 8 core subsets were found to be non-significant by Newman-Keuls test for all traits of all core subsets both 10% and 15% sample sizes. The average Nei's diversity index of the eight core subsets showed higher than the entire collection. UPGMA NTSYS Logarithmic Pragmatic (UNLPr) showed the highest average Nei's diversity index, and Logarithmic (L) allocation strategy showed higher average diversity index than Proportional (P) strategy in both 10% and 15% sample size. Frequency distribution between the entire collection and the eight core subsets using chi square test showed homogeneous distribution for 13 traits of 16 traits. The proportional allocation strategy showed relatively more homogeneous distribution than the logarithmic allocation strategy for the three qualitative traits; hypocotyl color (HC), luster on seed surface (LS), and growth habit (GH). All the core subsets had significant values of MD% and CR%. Although decrease of VD% and increase of CR% according to sample size increase from 10% to 15%, there was no significant difference between 10% and 15% sample size. Considering all parameters such as means, homogeneous distribution, VD%, CR%, average lodging tolerance, and bruchid resistance, UNPPr is the best among eight core subsets. Present result suggested that with regardless of clustering methods, if group size can be adjusted according to group diversity and utility, better core subset will be established so that original purposes of effective utilization and enhancement of the genetic diversity will be increased.

Uzbekistan 공화국의 농업현황

곽재균,조은기,김행훈,윤문섭,석순종,김창영 한국국제농업개발학회 2004 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.16 No.2

1. Uzbekistan은 전통적인 농업국가로서 농업이 경제의 축이며 농촌인구가 60%,농업부문 종사자가 전 산업에서 차지하는 비율이 44%이고 농업생산이 GNP에서 차지하는 비중이 33%로서 비교적 높은 편이다. 2. 이 나라의 농업은 강우량이 적고 건조한 기후조건 때문에 주로 관개에 의존하고 있으며 안공수로와 저수지의 건설로 관개가능 면적은 430만㏊ 이고 충분한 수량만 확보된다면 700만㏊ 까지 경작이 가능하다. 농업생산은 목화, 밀, 벼, 포도, 채소, 멜론재배가 주종을 이루고 있으며 특히 일조시수가 3,000시간으로 매우 길고 일사량도 많아 목화, 고품질의 포도와 멜론 생산이 유명하다. 3. 축산업도 농업에서 중요한 부문으로 주로 유목에 의존하고 있으며 염소, 고기소, 젖소, 면양이 주된 가축이고 양잠업도 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 4. Uzbekistan은 맥류, 목화, 포도, 사과, 양파 등의 원산지 일 뿐만 아니라 박과 작물의 2차원산지로서 유전적 다양성이 풍부하고 특히 멜론은 많은 재래종 품종들이 분화되어 재배되고 있다. 5. Uzbekistan는 1995년 한·우즈벡 농업기술협력 가능성 조사 이후 1996년부터 양국간 유전자원 공동연구가 활발히 추진되고 있다 금후 인근 중앙아시아 각국과의 유전자원 또는 농업관련 공동연구를 수행함에 있어 우즈베키스탄을 전진기지로 활용하는 방안이 적극 모색되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. The Republic of Uzbekistan is located in the central part of the middle Asia. The area of the Republic makes up 447.4 thousands ㎢ and about 60% of the country is semi-desert or desert with only 4.5 million hectares of the area cropped. The average temperature in July on the plains' territory varies from 26℃ in the North to 30℃ in the South, and the average temperature in January falls to as low as 0℃ in the South and to -8℃ in the North. Precipitation primarily occurs during the winter-spring period. Annual precipitation amounts to 80-200 ㎜ on the plains, 300-400 ㎜ in the foothills area and 600-800 ㎜ on the eastern and south-eastern slopes of the mountain ridges. Natural pastures occupy 50.1% of the total area of Uzbekistan, and 9.7%(4.3 Min. ha) of irrigated lands. Irrigated land is mainly cultivated for cotton, spiked cereals, rice and potato. Cotton plants occupy 36.5% of the cultivated areas and grain crops 39.5%. Given the abundance of solar radiation and heat, the major factor limiting the use of agroclimatic and land resources is a deficit of water. Agriculture in Uzbekistan was and still is the largest sector in Uzbekistan's economy. Agriculture and it's related industries account for approximately 33% of GDP, and 55% of the hard currency revenues of the country is related to Agriculture. Approximately 60% of the population resides in rural areas, and 44% of the work force is engaged in agricultural production. Uzbekistan is the world's fifth largest cotton producer and the second largest exporter. Cotton has been center to the economy because it accounts for about 50% of the country's export earnings. At the same time, however, cotton production has depended on vast amounts of irrigation, and this has had a possibly significant irreversible negative impact on the Aral Sea. The development strategy in the agricultural sector in the country is targeted at ensuring food and environmental security, while increasing the efficiency and export-potential of domestic production. According to the macroeconomic forecast, the agrarian sector will maintain its leading role in the economy (at 25% of GDP). To meet the strategic development goals by 2010, annual growth in agricultural output must be at least 5-6%.

유채의 약배양 연구 1 : 기본배지 선정 및 약의 적정 치상시기 구명

곽재균,정근식,서형수,이덕승,이봉호 한국육종학회 1987 한국육종학회지 Vol.19 No.4

우주베키스탄의 농업현황 및 농업기술 협력방안

곽재균 한국국제농업개발학회 2004 한국국제농업개발학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2004 No.-

식물유전자원 핵심수집단 작성 및 이용에 대한 개념

곽재균,김창영,이석영,조규택,고호철,박용진,김정곤,마경호 한국종자연구회 2010 종자과학과 산업 Vol.7 No.4

연구보문 : 자연과학 ; 녹두 핵심집단 작성에서 군집방법, 핵심자원수 결정방법 및 표본추출 방법의 조합에 따른 다양성 비교

곽재균,오세종,고호철,마경호,조규택,이기안,이석영,박용진 韓國國際農業開發學會 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.4

A core collection is a subset chosen to represent the diversity of a collection with a minimum of redundancies and is established to improve the conservation and use of genetic resources. In this study, eight core subsets were established by combinations among two clustering methods (SUN, UN), two allocation strategies (P, L), and two sampling strategies (R, Pr) using morphological traits and were compared with entire collection by variance, means, Nei's diversity index, goodness of fit, the mean difference percentage (MD%), the variance difference percentage (VD%), coincidence rate (CR%), and the variable rate (VR%) of traits. The variances between entire and eight core subsets was homogeneous for all the traits of all core subsets by Levene's test both 10% and 15% sample sizes and the means between entire and 8 core subsets were found to be non-significant by Newman-Keuls test for all traits of all core subsets both 10% and 15% sample sizes. The average Nei's diversity index of the eight core subsets showed higher than the entire collection. UPGMA NTSYS Logarithmic Pragmatic (UNLPr) showed the highest average Nei's diversity index, and Logarithmic (L) allocation strategy showed higher average diversity index than Proportional (P) strategy in both 10% and 15% sample size. Frequency distribution between the entire collection and the eight core subsets using chi square test showed homogeneous distribution for 13 traits of 16 traits. The proportional allocation strategy showed relatively more homogeneous distribution than the logarithmic allocation strategy for the three qualitative traits; hypocotyl color (HC), luster on seed surface (LS), and growth habit (GH). All the core subsets had significant values of MD% and CR%. Although decrease of VD% and increase of CR% according to sample size increase from 10% to 15%, there was no significant difference between 10% and 15% sample size. Considering all parameters such as means, homogeneous distribution, VD%, CR%, average lodging tolerance, and bruchid resistance, UNPPr is the best among eight core subsets. Present result suggested that with regardless of clustering methods, if group size can be adjusted according to group diversity and utility, better core subset will be established so that original purposes of effective utilization and enhancement of the genetic diversity will be increased.

배추속 식물의 증식시 파리의 꽃가루 수분 효과

곽재균(Jae-Gyun Gwag),김창영(Chang-Yeung Kim),이석영(Sok-Young Lee),여윤수(Yun-Su Yeo),최유미(Yu-Mi Choi),조규택(Kyu-Teak Cho),이호선(Ho-Sun Lee),이영이(Young-Yi Lee),노나영(Na Young Ro),고호철(Ho-Cheol Ko) 한국원예학회 2010 한국원예학회 학술발표요지 Vol.2010 No.5

Uzbekistan 공화국의 농업현황

곽재균,조은기,김행훈,윤문섭,석순종,김창영 한국국제농업개발학회 2004 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.16 No.2

키르기즈스탄의 농업현황 및 금후 농업기술 협력방안

곽재균,고호철,강만정,허온숙,노나영,이주희,조규택,오세종,백형진,김연규 한국국제농업개발학회 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.2

1. 키르기즈스탄은 중앙아시아의 동쪽에 동서로 길게 위치한 국가로서 국토의 약 90%가 해발 1,500 m 이상의 산악지대, 약 41%는 해발고도 3,000미터 이상의 고산지대, 평균해발은2,750 m이며, 국토면적의 약 4%가 만년설과 빙하로 덮여 있다. 2. 키르기즈스탄은 전통적인 농업국가로서 농업이 경제의 축이며 농촌인구가 65%, 농업부문 종사자가 전 산업에서 차지하는 비율이 36%이고, 농업생산이 국가전체 GDP 에서 차지하는 비중이 20% 이상으로서 비교적 높은 편이다. 3. 이 나라의 농업은 강우량이 적고 건조한 기후조건 때문에 주로 관개에 의존하고 있으며, 관개재배 면적은 약 100만 ha이고, 주요 농작물은 밀, 사료용 호박, 보리, 감자, 옥수수, 사과이다. 특히 큰 일교차와 긴 일조시수를 가진 해발 1,700m의 이시쿨 지역에서 생산되는 사과는 품질이 좋기로 유명하다. 4. 축산업이 농업전체 생산액에서 차지하는 비율이 61%를 넘어설 정도로 중요한데 주로 유목에 의존하고 있으며 유우, 육우,면양이 주된 가축이고 양봉도 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 5. 키르기즈스탄은 맥류, 사과, 양파 등의 원산지일 뿐만 아니라 고산식물종의 다양성이 풍부하고, 특히 사과의 야생종이풍부하게 자생하고 있으며, 비타민 나무 등 많은 약용식물 들도 산야에 자생하고 있다. 6. 키르기즈스탄과는 2005년부터 4년 동안 유전자원 공동수집이 추진되었으나, 정부차원에서 농업기술협력 사업은 거의추진되고 있지 않다. 효율적인 협력 사업을 위해서는 상호간의 국익에 도움이 될 수 있는 과제를 발굴하여 우선순위를 정하고 이에 따라 선택과 집중을 하여야 할 것으로 판단된다.특히 키르기즈스탄은 농업유전자원 저장시설이 없고 관련분야에 대한 관심도 없으므로 금후 키르기즈스탄과는 농업유전자원에 대한 교육과 저장시설의 건설을 통하여 협력관계를 구축하면서 상호 도움이 되는 방안이 적극 모색되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. The Kirgyz Republic is situated in the north-east of Central Asia and shares borders with China to the east, Tajikistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west and Kazakhstan to the North. The area of the Republic makes up 199.9 thousands km2 and just over 90 percent of the territory is over 1,500 meters above sea level and 41 percent is over 3,000 meters above sea level. The long term average temperature in July varies from 26.1oC in Jalal-Abad(altitude 763 m) to 17.3oC in Naryn(altitude 2,039 m), and the average temperature in January falls to as low as −2.7oC in Jalal-Abad and to −16.7oC in Naryn. Precipitation primarily occurs during the autumn-spring period. For five years average precipitation amounts to 327mm in Talas and 517mm in Jalal-Abad. The climate in Kyrgyzstan is continental with hot summers and cold winters, during which frost occurs all over the country. The frost-free period is 185 days per year in the Chu valley, 120-140 days per year in the Naryn valley and 240 days per year in the Fergana valley. Double cropping is therefore limited to vegetables. Natural pastures occupy 46.3% of the total area of Kirgyzstan, arable land occupy 6.8%(1,352 thousands ha), and 73.8%(997.5 thousands ha) of arable land is irrigated lands. Irrigated land is mainly cultivated for wheat, fodder crops and rice. Wheat occupy 31.6% of the cultivated areas, pumpkins for fodder 21.1% and barley 10.3%. Given the abundance of solar radiation and heat, the major factor limiting the use of agroclimatic and land resources is a deficit of water, fertilizer and machinery. Agriculture in Kirgyzstan was and still is the largest sector in Kirgyzstan's economy. Agriculture account for approximately 20.2% of GDP in 2011, and approximately 65% of the population resides in rural areas, and 36.3% of the work force is engaged in agricultural production. Though traditionally agricultural country, Kirgyzstan imports a lot of agricultural products include wheat, pork meat, chicken meat and apples. Cotton, tobacco, wool, and meat are the main agricultural products, although only tobacco and cotton are exported in any quantity. Drops in production had been severe after the breakup of the Soviet Union in december 1991, but by mid-1995, production began to recover and exports began to increase. But still agricultural productivity is very low because of deficit of agricultural infrastructure as well as water and fertilizer. Important thing for expanding agricultural cooperation with Kirgyzstan is establishing the investment strategy considering their demands as well as mutual profit.

연구논문 : 사회과학 ; 키르기즈스탄의 농업현황 및 금후 농업기술 협력방안

곽재균 ( Jae Gyun Gwag ),고호철 ( Ho Cheol Ko ),강만정 ( Man Jung Kang ),허은숙 ( On Sook Hur ),노나영 ( Na Young Ro ),이주희 ( Ju Hee Rhee ),조규택 ( Gyu Taek Cho ),오세종 ( Se Jong Oh ),백형진 ( Hyung Jin Baek ),김연규 ( Yeon Gy 한국국제농업개발학회 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.2

1. 키르기즈스탄은 중앙아시아의 동쪽에 동서로 길게 위치한 국가로서 국토의 약 90%가 해발 1,500 m 이상의 산악지대, 약 41%는 해발고도 3,000미터 이상의 고산지대, 평균해발은 2,750 m이며, 국토면적의 약 4%가 만년설과 빙하로 덮여 있다. 2. 키르기즈스탄은 전통적인 농업국가로서 농업이 경제의 축이며 농촌인구가 65%, 농업부문 종사자가 전 산업에서 차지하는 비율이 36%이고, 농업생산이 국가전체 GDP 에서 차지하는 비중이 20% 이상으로서 비교적 높은 편이다. 3. 이 나라의 농업은 강우량이 적고 건조한 기후조건 때문에 주로 관개에 의존하고 있으며, 관개재배 면적은 약 100만 ha이고, 주요 농작물은 밀, 사료용 호박, 보리, 감자, 옥수수, 사과이다. 특히 큰 일교차와 긴 일조시수를 가진 해발 1,700m의 이 시쿨 지역에서 생산되는 사과는 품질이 좋기로 유명하다. 4. 축산업이 농업전체 생산액에서 차지하는 비율이 61%를 넘어설 정도로 중요한데 주로 유목에 의존하고 있으며 유우, 육우, 면양이 주된 가축이고 양봉도 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 5. 키르기즈스탄은 맥류, 사과, 양파 등의 원산지일 뿐만 아니라 고산식물종의 다양성이 풍부하고, 특히 사과의 야생종이 풍부하게 자생하고 있으며, 비타민 나무 등 많은 약용식물 들도 산야에 자생하고 있다. 6. 키르기즈스탄과는 2005년부터 4년 동안 유전자원 공동수집이 추진되었으나, 정부차원에서 농업기술협력 사업은 거의 추진되고 있지 않다. 효율적인 협력 사업을 위해서는 상호간의 국익에 도움이 될 수 있는 과제를 발굴하여 우선순위를 정하고 이에 따라 선택과 집중을 하여야 할 것으로 판단된다. 특히 키르기즈스탄은 농업유전자원 저장시설이 없고 관련분야에 대한 관심도 없으므로 금후 키르기즈스탄과는 농업유전자원에 대한 교육과 저장시설의 건설을 통하여 협력관계를 구축하면서 상호 도움이 되는 방안이 적극 모색되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. The Kirgyz Republic is situated in the north-east of Central Asia and shares borders with China to the east, Tajikistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west and Kazakhstan to the North. The area of the Republic makes up 199.9 thousands km2 and just over 90 percent of the territory is over 1,500 meters above sea level and 41 percent is over 3,000 meters above sea level. The long term average temperature in July varies from 26.1oC in Jalal-Abad(altitude 763 m) to 17.3oC in Naryn(altitude 2,039 m), and the average temperature in January falls to as low as -2.7oC in Jalal-Abad and to -16.7oC in Naryn. Precipitation primarily occurs during the autumn-spring period. For five years average precipitation amounts to 327mm in Talas and 517mm in Jalal-Abad. The climate in Kyrgyzstan is continental with hot summers and cold winters, during which frost occurs all over the country. The frost-free period is 185 days per year in the Chu valley, 120-140 days per year in the Naryn valley and 240 days per year in the Fergana valley. Double cropping is therefore limited to vegetables. Natural pastures occupy 46.3% of the total area of Kirgyzstan, arable land occupy 6.8% (1,352 thousands ha), and 73.8% (997.5 thousands ha) of arable land is irrigated lands. Irrigated land is mainly cultivated for wheat, fodder crops and rice, Wheat occupy 31.6% of the cultivated areas, pumpkins for fodder 21.1% and barley 10.3%, Given the abundance of solar radiation and heat, the major factor limiting the use of agroclimatic and land resources is a deficit of water, fertilizer and machinery. Agriculture in Kirgyzstan was and still is the largest sector in Kirgyzstan`s economy, Agriculture account for approximately 20.2% of GDP in 2011, and approximately 65% of the population resides in rural areas, and 36.3% of the work force is engaged in agricultural production. Though traditionally agricultural country, Kirgyzstan imports a lot of agricultural products include wheat, pork meat, chicken meat and apples. Cotton, tobacco, wool, and meat are the main agricultural products, although only tobacco and cotton are exported in any quantity, Drops in production had been severe after the breakup of the Soviet Union in december 1991, but by mid-1995, production began to recover and exports began to increase. But still agricultural productivity is very low because of deficit of agricultural infrastructure as well as water and fertilizer. Important thing for expanding agricultural cooperation with Kirgyzstan is establishing the investment strategy considering their demands as well as mutual profit.